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By Elizabeth Gibney Feature MBRSC The Mars Hope orbiter at the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre in Dubai. SPACE RACE How a leap to Mars is jump-starting science in the United Arab Emirates. By Elizabeth Gibney hen the United Arab Emirates Six years on, Al Amiri beamed as she unusually for a space mission, the EMM will (UAE) announced in 2014 that admired the country’s fully assembled Mars release its data to the international scientific it would send a mission to orbiter while it underwent tests in February. community without an embargo (see page 184). Mars by the country’s 50th In the bright, clean room at the Mohammed Progressing from Earth-orbiting satellites birthday in December 2021, bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) in Dubai, to a deep-space mission in six years is it looked like a bet with astro- engineers were testing the car-sized orbiter “incredible”, says Brett Landin, an engineer at nomically tough odds. At the before shipping it to the Tanegashima Space the University of Colorado Boulder, who leads time, the nation had no space Center in Japan. It will launch sometime during the mission’s spacecraft team. The UAE hired Wagency and no planetary scientists, and had a three-week window starting on 15 July. the US engineer in an unusual partnership in only recently launched its first satellite. The The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) will be the which the Colorado team provided both men- rapidly assembled team of engineers, with an first interplanetary venture of any Arab nation, toring and construction expertise. “I’ve never average age of 27, frequently heard the same but it’s not just a technology demonstrator. seen anything like this before,” says Landin. jibe. “You guys are a bunch of kids. How are Once it arrives at the red planet in February But for Emiratis, space-science goals you going to reach Mars?” says Sarah Al Amiri, 2021, the orbiter, known as Hope (or Amal come second. Faced with economic and originally a computer engineer and the science in Arabic), will produce the first global map environmental challenges, the small, oil- lead for the project. of the Martian atmosphere. And, somewhat rich Gulf state hopes the Mars project can 190 | Nature | Vol 583 | 9 July 2020 ©2020 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. ©2020 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. accelerate its transformation into a knowledge appealing. Although the UAE is famous for its women make up almost 60% of all university economy — by encouraging research, degree breathtaking goals, its citizens are typically graduates and 41% of those in science, tech- programmes in basic sciences and inspiring left with little ambition, says Jon Alterman, nology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), the youth across the Arab states. Like major director of the Middle East Program at the converting this talent into a workforce, port and road ventures before it, the Mars Center for Strategic and International Studies especially in science, has been recognized as mission is a mega-project designed to cause in Washington DC. “The government has been a challenge. “a big shift in the mindset”, says Omran Sharaf, trying for years to create both alternative path- The idea to use Mars both to create science the mission’s project manager. The driver “is ways and alternative incentives to have people jobs and inspire young Emiratis to want to do not space, it’s economic”, he says. aspire to something more than a low-effort them came straight from the top — out of a cab- It is early days, but there are hints that government job,” he says. inet retreat at the end of 2013. Sharaf, then one it is working, says Al Amiri, who is also the The country is not only running out of oil, of the country’s few satellite engineers, got country’s minister for advanced sciences. but also faces major challenges in providing a call directly from the UAE’s vice-president She has assembled a team of planetary sci- enough food and water for its population. and prime minister, Mohammed Bin Rashid entists, who are ‘reprogrammed’ engineers, Emirati undergraduates tend to study engi- Al Maktoum, asking if the country could go and the UAE’s top universities have in the neering or business, but fewer than 5% pursue to Mars by 2021. past few years opened new degree courses in degrees in basic sciences, including medicine, A Mars mission is many times more complex astronomy, physics and other basic sciences. or progress to PhD level. Data from the United than parking a satellite into a low-Earth orbit, Women make up 34% of the team (see ‘Women Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Al Amiri says, and historically around half of in Emirati science’) and 80% of the mission’s Organization data show that the country pro- the trips to the red planet have failed. A Mars- scientists. And the UAE government is now duced no PhD graduates before 2010 — and in bound craft needs to be largely autonomous to mulling involvement in future Moon missions 2017, doctoral students made up less than 0.8% deal with the communications delay to Earth and considering setting up the country’s first of the tertiary-education population, half the (as long as 22 minutes). It must also be able national grant-funding programme. level for the Arab states overall. And although to survive the extreme forces of lift-off and But the UAE has a long way to go. Just a handful employ sophisticated propulsion and naviga- of its 100 or so higher-education institutions tions systems to get into Martian orbit, none do research, and Al Amiri estimates that there of which the UAE had expertise in. “You can’t are perhaps only a few hundred full-time aca- wake up and say I want to go to Mars. I want to demic researchers. Although the country has build a spacecraft. You have to really learn it,” many engineers and technicians, “we’ve discov- says Belhoul. ered we have a big shortage of scientists”, says WHATEVER THE UAE To do it, the country tapped into foreign Ahmad Belhoul, minister for higher education HAS DONE SINCE DAY expertise, using a model that had shown suc- and chair of the UAE Space Agency, which was cess before. In 2007, the UAE had hired South created alongside the Mars mission in 2014. ONE HAS BEEN ABOUT Korean firm Satrec Initiative to design and If they can pull off that economic build its first satellites, with the understand- transformation, it would be a much greater SURVIVAL.” ing that the company would also train Emirati prize than getting data from Mars. Getting to engineers. By 2018, the UAE was able to launch Mars is important, says Al Amiri, but “how we a satellite designed and built entirely at home. get there is even more important”. Applying the same process to the Mars mission, the UAE hired old hands from NASA Beyond petroleum missions, mainly at the University of Colorado Much of the UAE is so new it feels like the Boulder, to work alongside them and provide future. But Dubai’s Burj Khalifa — the world’s training in how to send a probe to another tallest building — and driverless metro system planet. At the outset, Landin, who leads the are a long way from the country’s beginnings mission’s 45-person international spacecraft as a group of impoverished communities from team, says he initially heard people implying distinct tribes that joined forces in the wake of that the UAE might merely be buying its way independence from the United Kingdom in into space. “That is just absolutely, no question 1971. Since then, oil wealth and bold infrastruc- about it, not how this mission worked,” he says. ture projects have helped to turn the desert Sharaf was told by his superiors to “build it, nation into a global business, shipping and not buy it”, to create skills within the UAE itself. tourism hub and one of the richest countries So under Sharaf’s leadership, US and Emirati in the world per capita. “Whatever the UAE has engineers worked together on every part of done since day one has been about survival,” the mission’s development, from design to says Sharaf. manufacture, with work taking place largely But the very sectors that helped the UAE’s in Boulder, but also at the MBRSC. Many of the major cities to thrive have proved vulnerable Emirati engineers, some living away from their to a series of economic crashes, and the Arab families for six months at a time, got the full Spring rocked the region. Some aspects of Rocky Mountain experience, including skiing oil wealth have created long-term problems, and camping. “Some of the friendships I’ve NATURE especially the UAE’s high-paying government made will last forever,” says Landin. jobs and its generous subsidies for citizens, Sharaf declined to provide the mission’s who make up just 12% of the population (which budget, saying the plan is to reveal the overall consists largely of immigrants). Throughout cost once Hope is in orbit around Mars. He the Gulf, these factors have long made jobs in Sarah Al Amiri is science lead for the mission. insists, however, that the speedy six-year turn- NATALIE NACCACHE FOR FOR NACCACHE NATALIE start-ups, the private sector or research less around is not the result of throwing money at Nature | Vol 583 | 9 July 2020 | 191 ©2020 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. ©2020 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved.
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