DOCSLIB.ORG

PV Status Report 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PV Status Report 2018 PV Status Report 2018 Jäger-Waldau, A. 2018 EUR 29463 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymak- ing process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Nei- ther the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information Name: Arnulf JÄGER-WALDAU Address: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy Email: [email protected] Tel.: +39 033278-9119 JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC 113626 EUR 29463 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-97465-6 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/826496 Print ISBN 978-92-79-97466-3 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2760/924363 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 © European Union, 2018 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 De- cember 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Reuse is authorised, pro- vided the source of the document is acknowledged and its original meaning or message is not distorted. The European Commission shall not be liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse. For any use or repro- duction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All images © European Union 2018, except: cover page, © malp, #109221543, Source: stock.adobe.com How to cite this report: Jäger-Waldau, A., PV Status Report 2018, EUR 29463 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-97465-6, doi:10.2760/826496, JRC113626 Title PV Status Report 2018 Photovoltaics is a solar-power technology for generating electricity using semiconductor devices known as solar cells. A number of solar cells form a solar ‘module’ or ‘panel’, which can then be combined to form solar power systems, ranging from a few watts of electricity output to multi-megawatt power stations. Growth in the solar photovoltaic sector has been robust. The Compound Annual Growth Rate over the last decade was over 40 %, thus making photovoltaics one of the fastest growing industries at present. The PV Status Report provides comprehen- sive and relevant information on this dynamic sector for the interested public, as well as decision-makers in policy and industry. Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................. 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 2 The PV market .................................................................................................. 9 2.1 EUROPE, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND TURKEY ........................................ 11 2.1.1 Austria ............................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Belgium ............................................................................................ 14 2.1.3 Denmark .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 France .............................................................................................. 15 2.1.5 Germany .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.6 Greece ............................................................................................. 16 2.1.7 Hungary ........................................................................................... 17 2.1.8 Italy ................................................................................................. 17 2.1.9 The Netherlands ................................................................................ 17 2.1.10 Poland .............................................................................................. 18 2.1.11 Spain ............................................................................................... 18 2.1.12 Switzerland ....................................................................................... 18 2.1.13 UK ................................................................................................... 19 2.1.14 Other European countries, Russia and Turkey ........................................ 19 2.2 Asia and the Pacific region .......................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Australia ........................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 India ................................................................................................ 21 2.2.3 Israel ............................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Japan ............................................................................................... 22 2.2.5 Jordan .............................................................................................. 23 2.2.6 Malaysia ........................................................................................... 23 2.2.7 Pakistan ........................................................................................... 24 2.2.8 People’s Republic of China .................................................................. 24 2.2.9 Philippines ........................................................................................ 25 2.2.10 South Korea ...................................................................................... 25 2.2.11 Taiwan ............................................................................................. 26 2.2.12 Thailand ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.13 Emerging markets ............................................................................. 27 2.3 Americas .................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Argentina .......................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Brazil ............................................................................................... 31 i 2.3.3 Canada ............................................................................................. 31 2.3.4 Chile ................................................................................................ 32 2.3.5 Dominican Republic ............................................................................ 32 2.3.6 Honduras .......................................................................................... 32 2.3.7 Mexico .............................................................................................. 33 2.3.8 Panama ............................................................................................ 33 2.3.9 Peru ................................................................................................. 33 2.3.10 United States of America .................................................................... 34 2.3.11 Emerging markets ............................................................................. 34 2.4 Africa ....................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1 Algeria ............................................................................................. 36 2.4.2 Cape Verde ....................................................................................... 36 2.4.3 Egypt ............................................................................................... 37 2.4.4 Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 37 2.4.5 Mauritania ........................................................................................ 38 2.4.6 Morocco ............................................................................................ 38 2.4.7 Senegal ............................................................................................ 38 2.4.8 South Africa ...................................................................................... 39 2.4.9 Emerging markets ............................................................................. 39 3 Electricity costs and the economics of PV systems ............................................... 42 3.1 LCOE ........................................................................................................ 44 3.2 Influence of financing costs on LCOE ............................................................ 46 3.3 LCOE of residential grid-connected PV systems .............................................. 48 3.4 Residential and commercial electricity storage models .................................... 51 3.5 LCOE of utility-scale PV systems .................................................................. 52 4 THE PV MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ................................................................. 54 4.1 Technology mix ......................................................................................... 55 4.2 Polysilicon supply ....................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Silicon
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CC22 N848AE HP Jetstream 31 American Eagle 89 5 £1 CC203 OK
    CC22 N848AE HP Jetstream 31 American Eagle 89 5 £1 CC203 OK-HFM Tupolev Tu-134 CSA -large OK on fin 91 2 £3 CC211 G-31-962 HP Jetstream 31 American eagle 92 2 £1 CC368 N4213X Douglas DC-6 Northern Air Cargo 88 4 £2 CC373 G-BFPV C-47 ex Spanish AF T3-45/744-45 78 1 £4 CC446 G31-862 HP Jetstream 31 American Eagle 89 3 £1 CC487 CS-TKC Boeing 737-300 Air Columbus 93 3 £2 CC489 PT-OKF DHC8/300 TABA 93 2 £2 CC510 G-BLRT Short SD-360 ex Air Business 87 1 £2 CC567 N400RG Boeing 727 89 1 £2 CC573 G31-813 HP Jetstream 31 white 88 1 £1 CC574 N5073L Boeing 727 84 1 £2 CC595 G-BEKG HS 748 87 2 £2 CC603 N727KS Boeing 727 87 1 £2 CC608 N331QQ HP Jetstream 31 white 88 2 £1 CC610 D-BERT DHC8 Contactair c/s 88 5 £1 CC636 C-FBIP HP Jetstream 31 white 88 3 £1 CC650 HZ-DG1 Boeing 727 87 1 £2 CC732 D-CDIC SAAB SF-340 Delta Air 89 1 £2 CC735 C-FAMK HP Jetstream 31 Canadian partner/Air Toronto 89 1 £2 CC738 TC-VAB Boeing 737 Sultan Air 93 1 £2 CC760 G31-841 HP Jetstream 31 American Eagle 89 3 £1 CC762 C-GDBR HP Jetstream 31 Air Toronto 89 3 £1 CC821 G-DVON DH Devon C.2 RAF c/s VP955 89 1 £1 CC824 G-OOOH Boeing 757 Air 2000 89 3 £1 CC826 VT-EPW Boeing 747-300 Air India 89 3 £1 CC834 G-OOOA Boeing 757 Air 2000 89 4 £1 CC876 G-BHHU Short SD-330 89 3 £1 CC901 9H-ABE Boeing 737 Air Malta 88 2 £1 CC911 EC-ECR Boeing 737-300 Air Europa 89 3 £1 CC922 G-BKTN HP Jetstream 31 Euroflite 84 4 £1 CC924 I-ATSA Cessna 650 Aerotaxisud 89 3 £1 CC936 C-GCPG Douglas DC-10 Canadian 87 3 £1 CC940 G-BSMY HP Jetstream 31 Pan Am Express 90 2 £2 CC945 7T-VHG Lockheed C-130H Air Algerie
    [Show full text]
  • Konarka Technologies
    Colorado Renewable Energy Collaboratory Partners for Clean Energy Center for Revolutionary Solar Photoconversion updateSummer 2010 CRSP Research Profile Plasma Sheds Light on Mysteries of PV Efficiency Stars are made of plasma, an ionized gas comprising a complex mixture of gas-phase species. So it’s remarkable that CRSP researchers are using plasmas to create photovoltaic (PV) devices that can better convert energy from our own star, the sun, into power we can use here on Earth. A CRSP research team, made up of re- searchers from CSU and NREL, has been using plasmas to modify PV materials and improve the interfaces between the layers of materials in thin-film solar cells. The goal is to increase efficiency in PV devices. Ellen Fisher is an analytical/materials The CRSP plasma processing project team Ina Martin (left) and Ellen Fisher are shown chemist and the project’s principle investiga- includes Ina Martin, an analytical chemist at in the laboratory with a low-pressure rf plasma reactor. The two chemists work to- tor at CSU. “We know we can use plasmas NREL. Her role is to extend the character- gether on a CRSP project that uses plasmas to change materials and get different device ization of the modified materials and evalu- results, but we need to know exactly how it to modify PV materials and improve the ate the resulting devices under real-world interfaces between the layers of materials in works,” she says. conditions. The rest of the team includes thin-film solar cells. Credit: Jeff Shearer. The team is developing new materials for Michael Elliott, a CSU electrochemist with solar cells by taking known materials, such a background in PV device testing; Patrick McCurdy, a CSU staff scientist who special- chemistry, applying these results to as titanium dioxide (TiO2), and improv- ing their properties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Solar Power
    The Economics of Solar Power Solar Roundtable Kansas Corporation Commission March 3, 2009 Peter Lorenz President Quanta Renewable Energy Services SOLAR POWER - BREAKTHROUGH OR NICHE OPPORTUNITY? MW capacity additions per year CAGR +82% 2000-08 Percent 5,600-6,000 40 RoW US 40 +43% Japan 10 +35% 2,826 Spain 55 1,744 1,460 1,086 598 Germany 137 241 372 427 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008E Demand driven by attractive economics • Strong regulatory support • Increasing power prices • Decreasing solar system prices • Good availability of capital Source: McKinsey demand model; Solarbuzz 1 WE HAVE SEEN SOME INTERESTING CHANGES IN THE U.S. RECENTLY 2 TODAY’S DISCUSSION • Solar technologies and their evolution • Demand growth outlook • Perspectives on solar following the economic crisis 3 TWO KEY SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EXIST Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Key • Uses light-absorbing material to • Uses mirrors to generate steam characteristics generate current which powers turbine • High modularity (1 kW - 50 MW) • Low modularity (20 - 300 MW) • Uses direct and indirect sunlight – • Only uses direct sunlight – specific suitable for almost all locations site requirements • Incentives widely available • Incentives limited to few countries • Mainly used as distributed power, • Central power only limited by some incentives encourage large adequate locations and solar farms transmission access ~ 10 Global capacity ~ 0.5 GW, 2007 Source: McKinsey analysis; EPIA; MarketBuzz 4 THESE HAVE SEVERAL SUB-TECHNOLOGIES Key technologies Sub technologiesDescription
    [Show full text]
  • Q2/Q3 2020 Solar Industry Update
    Q2/Q3 2020 Solar Industry Update David Feldman Robert Margolis December 8, 2020 NREL/PR-6A20-78625 Executive Summary Global Solar Deployment PV System and Component Pricing • The median estimate of 2020 global PV system deployment projects an • The median residential quote from EnergySage in H1 2020 fell 2.4%, y/y 8% y/y increase to approximately 132 GWDC. to $2.85/W—a slower rate of decline than observed in any previous 12- month period. U.S. PV Deployment • Even with supply-chain disruptions, BNEF reported global mono c-Si • Despite the impact of the pandemic on the overall economy, the United module pricing around $0.20/W and multi c-Si module pricing around States installed 9.0 GWAC (11.1 GWDC) of PV in the first 9 months of $0.17/W. 2020—its largest first 9-month total ever. • In Q2 2020, U.S. mono c-Si module prices fell, dropping to their lowest • At the end of September, there were 67.9 GWAC (87.1 GWDC) of solar PV recorded level, but they were still trading at a 77% premium over global systems in the United States. ASP. • Based on EIA data through September 2020, 49.4 GWAC of new electric Global Manufacturing generating capacity are planned to come online in 2020, 80% of which will be wind and solar; a significant portion is expected to come in Q4. • Despite tariffs, PV modules and cells are being imported into the United States at historically high levels—20.6 GWDC of PV modules and 1.7 • EIA estimates solar will install 17 GWAC in 2020 and 2021, with GWDC of PV cells in the first 9 months of 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Punctuality Statistics Economic Regulation Group Aviation Data Unit
    Punctuality Statistics Economic Regulation Group Aviation Data Unit Birmingham, Gatwick, Glasgow, Heathrow, Luton, Manchester, Stansted Full and Summary Analysis August 1995 Disclaimer The information contained in this report will be compiled from various sources and it will not be possible for the CAA to check and verify whether it is accurate and correct nor does the CAA undertake to do so. Consequently the CAA cannot accept any liability for any financial loss caused by the persons reliance on it. Contents Foreword Introductory Notes Full Analysis – By Reporting Airport Birmingham Edinburgh Gatwick Glasgow Heathrow London City Luton Manchester Newcastle Stansted Full Analysis With Arrival / Departure Split – By A Origin / Destination Airport B C – E F – H I – L M – N O – P Q – S T – U V – Z Summary Analysis FOREWORD 1 CONTENT 1.1 Punctuality Statistics: Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham, Luton, Stansted, Edinburgh, Newcastle and London City - Full and Summary Analysis is prepared by the Civil Aviation Authority with the co-operation of the airport operators and Airport Coordination Ltd. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. 2 ENQUIRIES 2.1 Statistics Enquiries concerning the information in this publication and distribution enquiries concerning orders and subscriptions should be addressed to: Civil Aviation Authority Room K4 G3 Aviation Data Unit CAA House 45/59 Kingsway London WC2B 6TE Tel. 020-7453-6258 or 020-7453-6252 or email [email protected] 2.2 Enquiries concerning further analysis of punctuality or other UK civil aviation statistics should be addressed to: Tel: 020-7453-6258 or 020-7453-6252 or email [email protected] Please note that we are unable to publish statistics or provide ad hoc data extracts at lower than monthly aggregate level.
    [Show full text]
  • Punctuality Statistics Economic Regulation Group Aviation Data Unit
    Punctuality Statistics Economic Regulation Group Aviation Data Unit Birmingham, Edinburgh, Gatwick, Glasgow, Heathrow, Luton, Manchester, Newcastle, Stansted Full and Summary Analysis August 1996 Disclaimer The information contained in this report will be compiled from various sources and it will not be possible for the CAA to check and verify whether it is accurate and correct nor does the CAA undertake to do so. Consequently the CAA cannot accept any liability for any financial loss caused by the persons reliance on it. Contents Foreword Introductory Notes Full Analysis – By Reporting Airport Birmingham Edinburgh Gatwick Glasgow Heathrow London City Luton Manchester Newcastle Stansted Full Analysis With Arrival / Departure Split – By A Origin / Destination Airport B C – E F – H I – L M – N O – P Q – S T – U V – Z Summary Analysis FOREWORD 1 CONTENT 1.1 Punctuality Statistics: Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham, Luton, Stansted, Edinburgh, Newcastle and London City - Full and Summary Analysis is prepared by the Civil Aviation Authority with the co-operation of the airport operators and Airport Coordination Ltd. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. 2 ENQUIRIES 2.1 Statistics Enquiries concerning the information in this publication and distribution enquiries concerning orders and subscriptions should be addressed to: Civil Aviation Authority Room K4 G3 Aviation Data Unit CAA House 45/59 Kingsway London WC2B 6TE Tel. 020-7453-6258 or 020-7453-6252 or email [email protected] 2.2 Enquiries concerning further analysis of punctuality or other UK civil aviation statistics should be addressed to: Tel: 020-7453-6258 or 020-7453-6252 or email [email protected] Please note that we are unable to publish statistics or provide ad hoc data extracts at lower than monthly aggregate level.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Program Monday, June 15Th
    42ND IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE TECHNICAL PROGRAM MONDAY, JUNE 15TH 2 MONDAY, JUNE 15TH Monday, June 15, 2015 Keynote - Keynote 8:15 - 8:30 AM Empire Ballroom Highlights & Announcements Chair(s): Alexandre Freundlich 8:15 Conference Welcome Steven Ringel1, Alexandre Freundlich2 1General Conference Chair , 2Program Chair 8:20 IEEE Electron Device Society and IEEE Photonics Society Welcome Address Dalma Novak1, Christopher Jannuzzi2 1IEEE Photonics Society , 2IEEE Electron Device Society 8:25 Technical Program Highlights Alexandre Freundlich 42nd IEEE PVSC Program Chair Area 3 - Plenary 8:30 - 9:00 AM Empire Ballroom Area 3 Plenary Chair(s): Paul Sharps (1) Challenges and Perspectives of CPV Technology Andreas W. Bett Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg, Germany Area 2 - Plenary 9:00 - 9:30 AM Empire Ballroom Area 2 Plenary Chair(s): Sylvain Marsillac (2) Polarization Probes Polycrystalline PV Performance Precisely Robert W. Collins University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States Area 9 - Plenary 9:30 - 10:00 AM Empire Ballroom Area 9 Plenary Chair(s): Clifford Hansen 9:30 (3) Challenges and Opportunities of High-Performance Solar Cells and PV Modules in Large Volume Production Pierre J. Verlinden State Key Laboratory of PV Science and Technology, Trina Solar, Changzhou, China 3 MONDAY, JUNE 15TH Break 10:00 - 10:30 AM Empire Ballroom Foyer (Level 2) Coffee Break Keynote - Keynote 10:30 - 12:00 PM Empire Ballroom Opening Keynotes 10:30 (4) Opening Remarks Steven A. Ringel 42nd IEEE PVSC Conference Chair 10:40 (5) Keynote I: Changing
    [Show full text]
  • AB INITIO Advertised Before Acceptance Under Section 20(1) Proviso 1189611 04/04/2003 AB INITIO SOFTWARE LLC 201 SPRING STREET, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02421, U.S.A
    Trade Marks Journal No: 1843 , 02/04/2018 Class 9 AB INITIO Advertised before Acceptance under section 20(1) Proviso 1189611 04/04/2003 AB INITIO SOFTWARE LLC 201 SPRING STREET, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02421, U.S.A. MANUFACTURERS, MERCHANTS AND DISTRIBUTORS A CORPORATION DULY ORGANISED AND EXISTING UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE, U.S.A. Address for service in India/Agents address: ARCHER & ANGEL K - 4, SOUTH EXTENSION - II, NEW DELHI - 110 049. Used Since :15/07/2002 KOLKATA COMPUTER SOFTWARE, NAMELY, GENERAL PURPOSE PROGRAMMING PLATFORM FOR PROCESSING LARGE VOLUMES OF DATA; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR DATA WAREHOUSING, BATCH PROCESSING, CLICKSTREAM PROCESSING, DATA MANAGEMENT, DATA TRANSFORMATION, AND ANALYTICS APPLICATIONS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A DATA PROCESSING REPOSITORY FOR METADATA, APPLICATION PROGRAMS, AND APPLICATION PROGRAM EXECUTION RESULTS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR COMMUNICATING AND PROCESSING DATA AMONG MULTIPLE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE, NAMELY COMPUTER SCRIPTING PROGRAMS FOR ALLOWING A USER TO WRITE PROGRAMS AND FOR DISPLAYING, MANIPULATING, AND UPDATING INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DATA; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR OPERATING OTHER SOFTWARE ON PARALLEL PROCESSORS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR CONTROLLING AND INTEGRATING ENTERPRISE-WIDE COMPUTER RESOURCES, APPLICATIONS, METADATA, AND DATA; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR BUILDING COMPONENT-BASED PARALLEL AND/OR DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR INTEGRATING THE FUNCTIONS OF MULTIPLE COMPUTERS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR INTERACTING OR CO-OPERATING WITH NATIVE OPERATING SYSTEMS ON MULTIPLE COMPUTERS; COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR DEVELOPING, COMBINING, INTEGRATING, TRANSFORMING, EXECUTING AND MANAGING PROCESSORS, DATA, AND APPLICATIONS. 2362 Trade Marks Journal No: 1843 , 02/04/2018 Class 9 1862714 15/09/2009 RKKR FOUNDATION PLOT NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Engine Failure, Aircraft Incident at Kajaani Airport, Finland 1. October 1996
    Engine failure, Aircraft incident at Kajaani airport, Finland 1. October 1996 Micro-summary: This McDonnell Douglas MD-83 experienced engine abnormalies during takeoff, resulting in an RTO. Event Date: 1996-10-01 Investigative Body: Finland Accident Investigation Board (AIB), Finland Investigative Body's Web Site: http://www.onnettomuustutkinta.fi/ Cautions: 1. Accident reports can be and sometimes are revised. Be sure to consult the investigative agency for the latest version before basing anything significant on content (e.g., thesis, research, etc). 2. Readers are advised that each report is a glimpse of events at specific points in time. While broad themes permeate the causal events leading up to crashes, and we can learn from those, the specific regulatory and technological environments can and do change. Your company's flight operations manual is the final authority as to the safe operation of your aircraft! 3. Reports may or may not represent reality. Many many non-scientific factors go into an investigation, including the magnitude of the event, the experience of the investigator, the political climate, relationship with the regulatory authority, technological and recovery capabilities, etc. It is recommended that the reader review all reports analytically. Even a "bad" report can be a very useful launching point for learning. 4. Contact us before reproducing or redistributing a report from this anthology. Individual countries have very differing views on copyright! We can advise you on the steps to follow. Aircraft Accident Reports on DVD, Copyright © 2006 by Flight Simulation Systems, LLC All rights reserved. www.fss.aero Aircraft Incident Report B 11/1996 L Translation of the Finnish original report Aircraft incident at Kajaani airport, Finland 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets & Trends Applications & Installations Industry & Suppliers
    08 | 2016 | 78538 Photo: ARENA Photo: Photo: SolarwattPhoto: Photo: European Parliament/Flickr European Photo: Markets & Trends Industry & Suppliers Applications & Installations UK: Already facing an uphill battle, Made in the EU: Module production Offgrid+storage: Solar, backed by can the U.K.’s solar sector find ways in Europe explored through the lens storage, is proving its worth in the to thrive post-Brexit? Page 22 of five manufacturers. Page 50 vast Australian outback. Page 72 2016 | 08 PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKETS & TECHNOLOGY solar speaks A special In Conversation edition in which industry leaders discuss the markets of today and technology Illustration: Harald SchüttIllustration: Harald of tomorrow. Pages 28 to 46 / Perfect Welding / Solar Energy / Perfect Charging THE FUTURE LIES NOT IN OUR STARS, BUT IN OUR SUN. WE ARE DEVELOPING THE SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE. / We believe in a future where humankind covers 100% of our energy requirements from renewa- 24HRS ble sources: a world of 24 hours of sun. Solar energy plays a key role in this world - both day and SUN night, summer and winter. This future is already fast approaching as more and more people are converting to solar. To drive this major change forward we are developing technologies that help 24hoursofsun.com make solar the cornerstone of our future energy systems. Visit www.fronius.com SE_AD_Stars_Solar_Technologies_EN_72220_2.indd 1 18.05.2016 09:07:27 From the Editor A second half to remember Cue: a collective sigh of relief. Solar’s silly season has passed. magazine/Maximilian Rügamer pv Photo: The eight-week crunch of three major solar events in quick suc- cession – the SNEC, Intersolar Europe and Intersolar North America – is now behind us.
    [Show full text]
  • Fascinology in the Society and Literature of the British Isles
    Fascinology in the Society and Literature of the British Isles Milagros Torrado Cespón 2011 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Milagros Torrado Cespón Tese dirixida polo Doutor Fernando Alonso Romero Catedrático de Universidade ISBN 978-84-9887-798-4 (Edición digital PDF) Fascinology in the Society and Literature of the British Isles Milagros Torrado Cespón 2011 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela A doutoranda, Visto e prace do director de tese Milagros Torrado Cespón Doutor Fernando Alonso Romero Acknowledgments In Galicia: Dr. Fernando Alonso Romero, Dr. María Castroviejo Bolíbar, Dr. Cristina Mourón Figueroa, Dr. Luis Rábade Iglesias, José María Costa Lago, Lourdes Cespón Saborido, Lucía Cespón Saborido, Nati Triñanes Cespón, José Manuel Triñanes Romero, Brais Triñanes Triñanes, Ainoa Triñanes Triñanes, Dolores Rodríguez Costa, Jesús Brandón Sánchez, Alberto Piñeiro, Manuel Pose Carracedo, Cecilia Fernández Santomé and Aitor Vázquez Brandón In the Isle of Man: The Centre for Manx Studies, Dr. Peter Davey, Dr Philippa Tomlinson, Dr. Harold Mytum, Dr Fenella Bazin, Dr. Catriona Mackie, Gill Wilson, The Manx Museum, The Manx National Heritage, Wendy Thirkettle, Paul Speller, Jackie Turley, Breesha Maddrew, Kevin Rothwell , Paul Weatherall and Claus Flegel, In England: The British Museum, Museum of London, Geraldine Doyle, Angie Worby and Tom Shoemaker In Scotland: Bill Lockhart In Wales: Tim Gordon and Gwynneth Trace In Ireland: Oisín McGann Thank you all Fascinology in the Society and Literature of the British Isles Milagros Torrado
    [Show full text]
  • Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants a Project Developer’S Guide
    Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants A Project Developer’s GuIDE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH © International Finance Corporation 2015 All rights reserved. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 ifc.org The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the content included in this work, or for the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. Cover Image: SunEdison Amanecer project in Chile, by Juan Payeras/IFC Table of Contents FOREWORD . 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 2 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 3 2 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) PROJECT DEVELOPMENT . 9 3 SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY . 23 4 THE SOLAR RESOURCE . 42 5 ENERGY YIELD PREDICTION . 51 6 SITE SELECTION . 58 7 PLANT DESIGN . 66 8 PERMITS, LICENSING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS . 94 9 EPC CONTRACTS . 103 10 CONSTRUCTION . 112 11 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE . .. 125 12 POLICIES AND SUPPORT MECHANISMS FOR SOLAR PV .. 135 13 POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS . 149 14 FINANCING SOLAR PV POWER PROJECTS . 159 15 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – PROJECT COSTS AND REVENUE . 173 ANNEX 1: COMMON CONSTRUCTION MISTAKES . 182 ANNEX 2: EPC CONTRACT HEADS OF TERMS . 187 ANNEX 3: O&M CONTRACT HEADS OF TERMS . 192 ANNEX 4: ROOFTOP PV SYSTEMS . 195 Table of Contents i List of Figures Figure 1: Project Development Stages . 10 Figure 2: Overview of Solar PV Power Plant . 24 Figure 3: PV Technology Classes .
    [Show full text]