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The Boating Ceography of Cuba and South Florida, in Terms of Growth

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The Boating Ceography of Cuba and South Florida, in Terms of Growth The Boating Ceography of Cuba and Its Recreational Potentials Gustavo A. Antonini ' Abstract This paperdescribes the boatinggeography of Cuba, The evolutionof recreationalboating in pre- Revolutionary Cuba is traced. Physical and infrastructural conditions that determine the island's marine recreationalgeography are discussed. Nine boating regions are identified and described,in terms of area, coastaltopography, shoreline, water depth, currents, entrance channels, anchorages, shore facilities, boating activities, and hazardsto navigation. Boating facilities in Cuba are comparedwith other Caribbeancountries andsouth Florida, in termsof growthover the past40 years. Developmenttrends in marinasand yacht clubs,boat yards, and other boating facilities, as charter boating, are analyzed. Finally, the dilemmasand opportunitiesfacing boaters in searchof discoveringCuba are highlighted. introduction Cubahas a specialallure it is a subtropicalisland, unspoiled and largely undeveloped. This is appealingto a growingnumber of recreationalboaters, disenchanted with increasedregulation of U,S, coastal watersand the crowdedcondition of Caribbeancruising locales. To manyFlorida boaters, Cuba's geographicallocation, one-day's sail from our shores, gives the island a specialappeal it is a tropical destinationjust over the horizon Figure I!, This paperdescribes the boatinggeography of Cuba. The evolutionof recreationalboating in pre- Revolutionary Cuba is traced. Physical and infrastructuralconditions that determinethe island's marine recreationalgeography are discussed. Nine boating regions are identified and described, in termsof area, coastaltopography, shoreline, water depth, currents, entrance channels, anchorages, shore facilities, boating activities,and hazards to navigation.Boating facilities in Cubaare compared with otherCaribbean countries andsouth Florida, in termsof growthover the past 40 years, Development trends in marinasand yacht clubs,boat yards, and other boating facilities, as charter boating, are analyzed. Finally, the dilemmas and opportunitiesfacing boaters in searchof discoveringCuba are highlighted. Boating Before the Revolution Yachtracing on the island can be traced to 1930when "Gidge" Gandy of St. Petersburgand Rafael Possoof Havanaorganized a racethat becamethe classicSt, Petersburgto HavanaRace, the forerunnerof theSouthern Ocean Racing Circuit SORC!,and an annual ocean sailing event for over30 years Hewitt, ' Professorof Geographyand Latin American Studies, Sea Grant Extension Specialist, Department of Geography,3141 Turlington, University of Florida,Gainesviile, FL 32611, 904! 392-6233. A number of individuals provided assistancewhich made this study possible. Kiko villal6n Marine Concepts,Ft, Myers!examined the environmentalsite analysisbased on his extensivesailing experiences in cuba, and georgeFoyo Instftuto de Dceanologfa,Havana! reviewed current shore facilities. HectorRenh Ledesma and Pauleox, Geographygraduate students, prepared the camera- ready maps and tables. Arturo Sordo,Mario Bustarnante,Sergio Callo and Kikovillal6n gaveoral accountsof sailingand recreational boating history during this period. 1985!.4Cuban boaters, as GomezMena, Heron Dorena,Vidana, Rasco, Inclan, Gallo, Sordo,and the Bustamantebrothers, promoted offshore yacht racing with their boats,Gaiocamm, Polux, Bicho Malo, Bellatrix, andthe famedCriollo and Ciclon.' The Club NauticoInternacional de la Habana Photo 1! served asthe catalyzinginstitution, which sponsored boating and sailing events. In time, powerboat cruises and racesbetween Miami andHavana were organized Photo 2!, asboating became more popular on the island, and betweenFlorida and Cuba, Boating in Cubaduring the pre-1950period was, to a large degree,a pastimeof upper-middleclass and well-to-do individuals, Beginningin the early 1950s,however, boating became more popular as organizations, like the Federaci6nNautica Cubana and Amigos del Mar, wereformed by Cubansseeking to learnmore about the lore of the sea, Recreationalboating facilities began to be establishedin Havanaand elsewhere, such as the Club Amateurde Pescain Santiago Photo 3! andthe CienfuegosYacht Club Photo4!. Recreationalboating facilities,by the late 1950s,were being built at SantaFh andJaimanitas west of Havana!and at Varaderoto the easton the north coast Photo5!, By andlarge, however, boating in pre-RevolutionaryCuba offered primitivemaintenance facilities Photo 6!. Shoreaccess outside Havana was restricted to towndocks Photo 7!. This was the statusof Cuba's recreationalboating when the Revolution occurred and the island was sealedfrom outsidecontacts. At the close of the 1950s,recreational boating and fishing were beginning to appealto an increasingnumber of middle-incomeCubans. Local boating clubs had been organized. Some specializedmarina facilities had been built to meetlocal andU.S. demands,However, the popularity of offshorecruising, as it is knowntoday, had not yet emerged.An islandcruise, in thosedays, was an exceptionalevent.' Typical boating activities were day sailing, design class racing, and deep sea fishing, The St. Petersburgto HavanaRace was the annualevent that cappedthe boatingseason, The Revolution froze constructionof boating facilities. The dredgedresidential canal-front developmentat Barlovento,predecessor of MarinaHemingway, and the AcuaMarina at Varadero,had just beencompleted. The Club Nauticosituated in Havanaharbor eventually was converted to an OfficersClub. Cubanboating was poised for the 1960s"take-off" in popularityand growth, However,the islandnever experiencedthe demandfor tropicalcruising vacation-lands as did otherCaribbean islands. Theseconditions maywell changein the nearfuture.' 'Motor Boating, The Rudder and Yachting magazines,during the post-war to early 1960s,published race results, Examples include Bertram 951 and 1952!, coulson 956!, Loomis 954 and 1957!, MCMas'ters 951!. Both criollo and ocldn, a 47' sparkman-stevensdesigned yawl, were built at the Hermanos Blanco boat yard on the Almendares River in Havana. Local high quality boat-building and superior seamanship provided the Cubanswith winning results. Vidana'sCriollo took overall ClassA honors in tHe st. petersburg-Havana Race and won the southern ocean Racing circuit in 1957, successfully competing against such heavyweights as Carleton Mitchell's Flnlsterre. Local construction elsewhere produced quality commercial vessels.Two-masted 60 ft fishing schooners were built at Bataban6 and a full displacement launch built at Cienfuegos lancha Cienfuegina!were noted products. Jansen 950! cruised from cabo Ivlals to cayo verde, on eilly ll, a 58 ft Elco in 1949, en route from san Juan to Miami. The stevensons 955a,b,c! spent 10 months in 1952 cruising cuba aboard Sea Eagle,a 46 ft cruiser, and reported conditions west of Havanaand for the south coast from Cabo SanAntonio to Nlquero. Aguilera 956! circumnavigated the island during NOvember-December 1955,logging 2178 miles aboard Indra, a 47 ft Chris Craft, Conover 958!, aboard the sloop Revonoc, sailed the Isle of Youth-Cabo San Antonio-Havana coast, 'There is substantial evidence that Cuba is being redlscovered by recreational boaters, judging from recently published art cles, as Allen 991a,b!, cushlng 994a,b,c!, Flannery 992!, and Fleming 992!. Small-craft charts :50,000 scale! are being published by the Cuban lnstituto de Boating Environment Cuba'scoastal geography presents a varietyof boatingconditions. An understandingof the pattern anddistribution of theseconditions offshore, nearshore,onshore is basicto appreciatingCuba's boating potentials. This sectionexamines key physical resourcedeterminants'. Cubahas a 1900mile coastline longer than Florida! which trends southeast - northwest.' Largeopen embaymentsfringed by coralreefs are found along the southcoast; smaller, island-studded bays characterize the northcentral and westernshores, Coastalshelf areas,which comprise60% of the inshore zone, have water depthsless than 100 f Figure 2!, Elsewheredeep water o100 f! lies within 2 miles of the coast. Seventypercent of Cuba's coastalshelf waters Figure 3! are navigable ~ 1 f! for small-craft. The setand <hift of offshoreand coastal currents are shown in Figure4 adaptedfrom Blazquez, 1989a,band Garcia Diaz, 1989a,b!.Offshore currents along the north coastare moderate 0-100 cm/sec!to strong ! 100 cm/sec!. Set varies seasonallyin the vicinity of Old BahamaChannel southeast in the summerand northwest in the winter. There is a weak 0-50 cm/sec!coastal current which setsnorthwest along the coasteast of Havanaand northeastfrom Havanato Cabo San Antonio. Cuba's western and eastern capeshave notoriously unpredictablecurrent conditions, Weak to very weak 0 cm/sec!coastal currents are found along the island's embayed south shore, Eighty percentof the island'scoastline is lowland, Uplandsand mountains predominate in the southeast Figure 5, adaptedfrom Diaz Diaz, 1989!, The shorelinealong the coastallowlands typically is mangrove,beaches and floodplains, or somecombination, Upland shorelinesinclude cliffed headlands, escarpmentsand elevated marine terraces Figure 6, adaptedfrom RamirezCruz andSosa Fernandez, 1989!. The island'ssubtropical location in the TradeWind Belt andits coastaltopography strongly influence seasonalprecipitation and wind patterns.A two wet-dryseasons regime covers 22 percentof the coastline and coincides with the mountainous southeastern sector; this is also an area of reinforced Trade Winds. A onewet-dry season regime covers 78% of Cuba'scoast. Figure7 mapsthese
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