A Modified Sverdrup Model of the Atlantic and Caribbean Circulation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Modified Sverdrup Model of the Atlantic and Caribbean Circulation MARCH 2002 WAJSOWICZ 973 A Modi®ed Sverdrup Model of the Atlantic and Caribbean Circulation ROXANA C. WAJSOWICZ* Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 9 October 2000, in ®nal form 6 August 2001) ABSTRACT An analytical model of the mean wind-driven circulation of the North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea is constructed based on linear dynamics and assumed existence of a level of no motion above all topography. The circulation around each island is calculated using the island rule, which is extended to describe an arbitrary length chain of overlapping islands. Frictional effects in the intervening straits are included by assuming a linear dependence on strait transport. Asymptotic expansions in the limit of strong and weak friction show that the transport streamfunction on an island boundary is dependent on wind stress over latitudes spanning the whole length of the island chain and spanning just immediately adjacent islands, respectively. The powerfulness of the method in enabling the wind stress bands, which determine a particular strait transport, to be readily identi®ed, is demonstrated by a brief explanation of transport similarities and differences in earlier numerical models forced by various climatological wind stress products. In the absence of frictional effects outside western boundary layers, some weaker strait transports are in the wrong direction (e.g., Santaren Channel) and others are too large (e.g., Old Bahama Channel). Also, there is no western boundary current to the east of Abaco Island. Including frictional effects in the straits enables many of these discrepancies to be resolved. Sensitivity in strait transport to friction parameter is explored for the Caribbean island chain. Transport reversal in the minor passages around the Bahama Banks and Windward Passage as the friction parameter increased is noted. The separation latitude of the western boundary currents on Cuba's east coast moves southward as the friction parameter increases from zero, so making the Great Inagua Passage transport a better proxy for the Windward Passage transport. Major discrepancies with observations, namely, eastward instead of westward ¯ow in Grenada Passage, a southward instead of northward Guyana Current, and hence a Caribbean circulation and Florida Current fed wholly by water masses of North Atlantic origin, cannot be resolved. However, they are simply overcome by extending the model to three layers with the wind-driven and upper limb of the thermohaline circulation con®ned to the top layer, and the lower limb of the thermohaline circulation to the bottom layer. If it is assumed that over the latitudes of the Caribbean there is no signi®cant upwelling/downwelling between the layers, then the thermohaline-driven circulation is effectively a western boundary current, and all of the results for the analytical wind-driven-only model carry over, but with the value of the upper-layer transport streamfunction on the boundary of the American continent set to the magnitude of the thermohaline circulation rather than that on Africa. Exploration of strait transport sensitivity to friction parameter gives that realistic transports through the passages of the Windward Islands are only obtained if the friction coef®cient in these passages is an order of magnitude larger than that in the western passages. Windward Passage transport reverses from south to north for a smaller value of the friction parameter than in the absence of the thermohaline circulation; Anegada and Mona Passages are robust in¯ow passages for the Caribbean Sea. South Atlantic water masses enter the Caribbean Sea through the passages from Grenada Passage to Martinique Passage. As the friction coef®cient in the Windward Islands passages increases from zero, South Atlantic water mass is partially de¯ected northward along the outer arc of the islands and enters the Caribbean Sea through the passages up to Anegada Passage. The model suggests that for realistic friction parameters, South Atlantic water masses are unlikely to be found in the more western passages, or in the western boundary current skirting the edge of the Bahama Banks. 1. Introduction subject of much controversy since Leetmaa et al.'s Whether models based on Sverdrup dynamics explain (1977) note that the observed magnitude of Florida the circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean has been the Strait transport is consistent with that required to bal- ance the southward Sverdrup transport in the ocean in- terior. Wunsch and Roemmich (1985) showed that the * Additional af®liation: Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland. diagnosed northward heat transport for the North At- lantic is not consistent with a Sverdrup model in which the ¯ow through Florida Strait is the return ¯ow of the Corresponding author address: Roxana Wajsowicz, Dept. of Me- northern subtropical gyre. Also inconsistent with this teorology, University of Maryland, 3433 Computer and Space Science Bldg., College Park, MD 20742-2425. simple type of Sverdrup model is evidence of South E-mail: [email protected] Atlantic water masses ¯owing through the passages of q 2002 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 04:15 PM UTC 974 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 32 the Lesser Antilles (Wilson and Johns 1997), and as tilles and exit through the Florida Straits. The exact much as 11 Sv (Sv [ 106 m3 s21) through Florida Strait pathway for the South Atlantic water mass depends on (Schmitz and Richardson 1991). However, realistic the amount of frictional resistance in the passages. The GCM simulations [see, e.g., Maltrud et al.'s (1998) Plate results are summarized and discussed in section 5. 2] show that a Sverdrup model actually describes well the mean transports in the ocean interior of the North 2. The multiple island rule Atlantic over the latitudes of interest from 108 to 308N. Observations of South Atlantic water masses pene- The island rule and multiple-island rule were de- trating the Caribbean can be reconciled with Leetmaa scribed in general form in Wajsowicz (1993). Their der- et al.'s (1977) note if it is recognized that estimating ivation is recapped below in section 2b for the case of transports from the Sverdrup balance does not neces- frictional effects con®ned to oceanic western boundary sarily imply anything about the water mass origin of the layers and assuming that all of the passages are dynam- ¯ow. The properties of the western boundary layer in ically wide and deep. In section 2c, modi®cations to the which the Sverdrupian gyres close are crucial, as de- rules, assuming frictional effects are important, are de- scribed in Wajsowicz (1999b) in the context of the In- scribed with emphasis on the in¯uence of wind stresses donesian Through¯ow. With this revised perspective, for outside the latitude band of the island under con- the wind-driven circulation within the North Atlantic sideration. Asymptotic solutions in the limit of small and Caribbean is reexamined. Sverdrup dynamics are and large friction coef®cient are presented for an ar- shown to be consistent with observations provided a bitrary length island chain, assuming a simple north- thermohaline circulation, which is con®ned to the west- west±southeast skew. ern boundary layer over the domain of interest, is in- cluded, as noted by Townsend et al. (2000). Also, the a. Equations of motion transports through certain straits need to be limited; fric- tional effects are assumed. The streamfunction on island To keep the discussion succinct, the description is boundaries, and so strait transports, are calculated using given in terms of quasi-steady motion of an active layer a frictional form of the multiple-island rule (Wajsowicz above an inert deep layer in which all bottom topog- 1993). This is a quite powerful result, as it enables the raphy is assumed con®ned; the only external forcing is wind stress bands determining a strait transport to be due to surface wind stresses. Let c describe the transport identi®ed, and so in turn the sensitivity of the transport streamfunction of the active layer so that the depth- to changes in the wind stress and strength of the ther- integrated zonal and meridional velocities for the layer mohaline overturning circulation to be better under- are given by u 52cy, y 5 cx. Then, the depth-inte- stood. grated momentum equations are The basic multiple-island rule (Wajsowicz 1993) is P t x 2 f c 52x 1 1F x (2.1a) recapped in section 2, and several extensions appropri- x rr ate for the Caribbean derived. The wind-driven trans- oo ports through the major passages of the Caribbean are P t y f c 52y 1 1F y, (2.1b) calculated using the multiple-island rule and Hellerman y rr and Rosenstein (1983) wind stress climatology in sec- oo tion 3. The cases of dynamically wide and narrow chan- where f is the Coriolis parameter, P is the depth-inte- x y nels are considered. Determining strait transports by the grated pressure, t 5 (t , t ) is the wind stress, ro is the x y multiple-island rule enables the effect of using different density of the layer, and F 5 (F , F ) is the depth wind stress climatologies to be readily deduced, and the integrated friction term. The number of boundary con- variety of behavior Townsend et al. (2000) found for ditions required depends on the form of F. However, 11 different wind stress climatologies is easily ex- the no-normal ¯ow condition reduces to c 5 const on plained. These wind-driven multiple-island rule results boundaries. are described in detail, as adding a thermohaline cir- culation does not alter the basic dependencies. b. Dynamically wide passages The model is extended to three layers in section 4 to From Wajsowicz (1993), if it is assumed that fric- include a meridional overturning thermohaline circu- tional effects are unimportant outside western boundary lation.
Recommended publications
  • An 1867-Class Tsunami: Potential Devastation in the US Virgin Islands
    Watlington, Roy A. (2006) An 1867-class tsunami: potential devastation in the US Virgin Islands. In: Caribbean Tsunami Hazard, (A. Mercado and P. Liu editors, ISBN 981-256-535-3), pp 255-267. AN 1867-CLASS TSUNAMI: POTENTIAL DEVASTATION IN THE US VIRGIN ISLANDS ROY A. WATLINGTON University of the Virgin Islands Abstract This paper describes the potential devastation that might result in the United States Virgin Islands if a tsunami identical to the Virgin Islands tsunami of November 18, 1867 were to occur today. Comparisons are made based on the reported runup in 1867 and also on the changes in population, coastal infrastructure, shipping activity, and in warning and mitigation systems for natural hazards. To find examples and make comparisons to modern demographics and infrastructure, the impacts of recent damaging hurricanes are presented. Recommendations are made on preparing for and mitigating the effects of a local tsunami. Background The 1867 Virgin Islands’ tsunami was initiated by an earthquake along a fault beneath the Virgin Islands Basin. This deep body of water is defined by the islands forming its topographic barriers. St. Thomas, St. John and the British Virgin Islands separate it from the Atlantic; St. Croix separates it from the Caribbean Sea, while Vieques and Culebra define its western boundary. To the east the Basin opens to the Atlantic through the Anegada Passage. It connects to the Caribbean’s Venezuela Basin through the Jungfern Passage and Grappler Channel. Interpretation of historic data and the accounts of witnesses have placed the earthquake’s epicenter at a location approximately equidistant from St.
    [Show full text]
  • Cruise Report W-48 Scientific Activities Undertaken Aboard R/V Westward Woods Hole
    Cruise Report W-48 Scientific Activities Undertaken Aboard R/V Westward Woods Hole - St. Thomas 10 October - 21 November 1979 ff/lh Westward (R.Long) • Sea Education Association - Woods Hole, Massachusetts " CRUISE REPORT W-48 Scientific Activities Woods Hole - Antigua - St. Lucia - Bequia - St. Thomas 10 October 1979 - 21 November 1979 R/V Westward Sea Education Association ',,, Woods Hole, Massachusetts .. SHIPBOARD DRAFT .. ----------------------- - ( PREFACE This Cruise Report is written in an attempt to accomplish two objectives. Firstly, and more importantly, it presents a brief outline of the scientific research completed aboard R/V Westward during W-48. Reports of the status of on-going projects and of the traditional academic program are presented. In addition, abstracts from the research projects of each student are included. Secondly, for those of us that participated, it represents the product of our efforts and contains a record of other events that were an important part of the trip, in particular the activities during port stops. Once again, lowe special thanks to Abby Ames, who was in charge of the shipboard laboratory, and upon whom I was able to depend through­ out the cruise. Her effectiveness and perseverance under the difficult working conditions at sea, and her cheerful attitude and enthusiasm were greatly appreciated by us all. Rob Nawojchik, who participated as an Assistant Scientist, added a new field of interest to the cruise with his vast knowledge of ichthyology. The energy with which he pursued his interest and his enthusiasm for the subject, set an example for us all. Two visiting scholars participated in different legs of this cruise.
    [Show full text]
  • 595 VERIFICATION of an ARCHAIC AGE OCCUPATION on BARBADOS, SOUTHERN LESSER ANTILLES Scott M Fitzpatrick Some of the More Central
    RADIOCARBON, Vol 53, Nr 4, 2011, p 595–604 © 2011 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona VERIFICATION OF AN ARCHAIC AGE OCCUPATION ON BARBADOS, SOUTHERN LESSER ANTILLES Scott M Fitzpatrick Department of Sociology and Anthropology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. The Caribbean Archaic Age (about 3000–500 BC) is thought to represent the earliest migration of humans from South America into the Lesser Antilles. However, there is a conspicuous absence of these early sites on islands south of the Guadeloupe Passage. To date, only a single radiocarbon date derived from a Queen conch (Strombus [Eustrombus] gigas) shell at the Heywoods site on Barbados was indicative of an Archaic occupation in the southern Antilles apart from a scatter- ing of poorly reported (and mostly undated) sites. Given a number of issues associated with reliance on a single date to estab- lish a cultural horizon, along with other problems derived from possible carbonate cement contamination and dating marine shells of a longer-lived species such as Queen conch, 2 additional samples were taken from the same unit and context at Hey- woods to confirm whether the site is truly representative of an occupation during the Archaic Age. Results from a Queen conch shell adze in Context 7 dated to 2530–2200 BC (2 ) and overlaps with the only other Archaic date from the site dating to 2320–1750 cal BC, while a juvenile specimen of the same species from Context 8 at 3280–2940 BC (2 ) indicates that Barbados may have been settled even earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • By W. G. D'arcy Issued by the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 139 THE ISLAND OF ANEGADA AND ITS k'LORA by W. G. D'Arcy Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U. S. A. February 16, 1971 THE ISLAND OF ANEGADA AND ITS nORA The island of Anegada in the British Virgin Islands is of interest because of its isolated location in relation to the Antillean island arc, its unusual topography amongst the Virgin Islands, and also the fact that it has received very little scientific attention. It now seems destined to join the list of islands which have succumbed to modern "development". This checklist combines past published reports with the writer's own collections and attempts to correct the nomenclature formerly applied to this flora. THE ISLAND Anegada is the northeasternmost of the British Virgin Islands and of the entire West Indian arc for that matter, vying with the rocky lighthouse, Sombrero, well to the southeast, as the closest Antillean approach to Europe. Its geographic coordinates are 18'45'N and 64°20'W, and it encompasses 14.987 square miles (Klumb and Robbins 1960) or about 33 square km. In shape it is a rather lumpy crescent with its long axis running approximately west by north and east by south. The nearest land, Virgin Gorda, some thirteen miles (ca 22 km) to the south and slightly west, is a prominent feature on the horizon (Fig. I), as is the mass of the other Virgins--Tortola, Camanoe and Jost Van Dyke-- further to the southwest. To the north and east there is no land for a long way.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Variability and Trends in the Caribbean Sea
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Oceanography Volume 2011, Article ID 465810, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2011/465810 Research Article Long-Term Variability and Trends in the Caribbean Sea Mark R. Jury1, 2 1 Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico at Mayag¨uez, Mayag¨uez 00681, Puerto Rico 2 University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa Correspondence should be addressed to Mark R. Jury, [email protected] Received 30 September 2010; Revised 22 December 2010; Accepted 8 January 2011 Academic Editor: William Hsieh Copyright © 2011 Mark R. Jury. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Upper ocean conditions in the Caribbean Sea are studied for long-term variability and trends using filtered surface observations and ocean model reanalysis fields. A principal component analysis is made, and trends in the leading mode are extracted. Sea surface temperature shows an accelerating upward trend while air pressure exhibits quasidecadal fluctuations. Sea surface height and subsurface temperature rise linearly while subsurface salinity exhibits fresher upper and saltier lower layers. The amplitude of warming is highest in the southern Caribbean east of 75◦W near 150 m and lowest near the surface, indicating little role for a top-down process such as air-sea exchange. The freshening surface layer does not appear connected to river discharge or regional rainfall, so changes in ocean advection and sources are the likely drivers. Westward currents exhibit a reduction of throughflow and an influx from the Windward Passage.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Implications for Cenozoic Biogeography
    PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENOZOIC BIOGEOGRAPHY MANUEL A. ITURRALDE-VINENT Research Associate, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History Curator, Geology and Paleontology Group Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Obispo #61, Plaza de Armas, CH-10100, Cuba R.D.E. MA~PHEE Chairman and Curator, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 238, 95 pages, 22 figures, 2 appendices Issued April 28, 1999 Price: $10.60 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 3 Resumen ....................................................................... 4 Resumo ........................................................................ 5 Introduction .................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................ 8 Abbreviations ................................................................ 9 Statement of Problem and Methods ............................................... 9 Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Evidence and Analysis .................. 18 Early Middle Jurassic to Late Eocene Paleogeography .......................... 18 Latest Eocene to Middle Miocene Paleogeography .............................. 27 Eocene-Oligocene Transition (35±33 Ma) .................................... 27 Late Oligocene (27±25 Ma) ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Map of National and International River Basin Districts Version 29 October 2012
    Map of National and International River Basin Districts Version 29 October 2012 -30° W -20° W -10° W 0° 10° E 20° E 30° E 40° E 50° E 60° E Azores (PT) k ar FI nm in Teno, F RU Atlantic Ocean NO NO Naatamojoki, s 0 100 m FI Paatsjoki ro km T T or T R ne o i r ve n Madeira (PT) r i Madeira (PT) FI o K e m i j o k i WHITE n j SEA o RU k FI d i n a l Atlantic Ocean 60° N d r Bothnian Bay NORWEGIAN o 0 100 N SE Oulujoki SEA km NO FI a Canaries (ES) i Canaries (ES) N g 1. La Palma n a l 2. El Hierro NO h 1 7 Moere NO e t 4 60° N d 3. La Gomera A o A K 5 n G and r o B u K V u o k s i 4. Tenerife e B c k 6 h l o e f y 2 3 Romsdal f o i m r Bothnian t p m o FI 5. Gran Canaria E h T o e f i n a j l F o 6. Fuertaventura Atlantic Sea i a e f a i k g n n i RU l n o j l - 7. Lanzarote 0 100 Ocean o a C Sogn u S S k n km e e i- d and G a a Glomma SE - O Fjordane Guadeloupe (FR) NO d Guadeloupe (FR) NO lan in f F Hordaland f o ul Caribbean age West G ass C E Sea e P Bay t Aland a up k North West s lo a t de a Islands ua r g Baltic Estonia EE E G I r e s t e t t o 0 100 g Agder a EE n km a i T K k Gauja a Rogaland ak r S d LV er n Martinique (FR) Scotland ag K LV D RU Martinique (FR) k a a South LV RU N S V tt e LV a e Baltic Neagh g n u a SE t Lielupe g t a a North Bann BALTIC LT v Caribbean A NORTH SEA LT BY a Western IE Jutland SEA LT Sea Solway and N LT L Swieza UK UK North- Funen e Tweet d Zealand m 0 10 North s umbria RU u Western IE e Bornholm Jarft a km IE IE Vidaa-Krusaa ly n W RU T n Eastern o a o g PL Eastern h DK Schlei/Trave e s 50° N n
    [Show full text]
  • Seattle 2015
    Peripheries and Boundaries SEATTLE 2015 48th Annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology January 6-11, 2015 Seattle, Washington CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS (Our conference logo, "Peripheries and Boundaries," by Coast Salish artist lessLIE) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 01 – Symposium Abstracts Page 13 – General Sessions Page 16 – Forum/Panel Abstracts Page 24 – Paper and Poster Abstracts (All listings include room and session time information) SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS [SYM-01] The Multicultural Caribbean and Its Overlooked Histories Chairs: Shea Henry (Simon Fraser University), Alexis K Ohman (College of William and Mary) Discussants: Krysta Ryzewski (Wayne State University) Many recent historical archaeological investigations in the Caribbean have explored the peoples and cultures that have been largely overlooked. The historical era of the Caribbean has seen the decline and introduction of various different and opposing cultures. Because of this, the cultural landscape of the Caribbean today is one of the most diverse in the world. However, some of these cultures have been more extensively explored archaeologically than others. A few of the areas of study that have begun to receive more attention in recent years are contact era interaction, indentured labor populations, historical environment and landscape, re-excavation of colonial sites with new discoveries and interpretations, and other aspects of daily life in the colonial Caribbean. This symposium seeks to explore new areas of overlooked peoples, cultures, and activities that have
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Transport and Internal Flow Patterns at Windward Passage
    Mass Transport and Internal Flow Patterns at Windward Passage Ryan Smith 23 April 2008 Introduction and Motivation Methodology The Gulf Stream system is fed via Atlantic inflow The study’s moored array consisted of five current through the passages of the Bahamas and the meter moorings, two inverted echo sounders (IES), and Caribbean. Its role both as a return pathway for the two shallow pressure gauges, deployed between Cuba Sverdrup flow from the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and Haiti along the sill of Windward Passage. The and as the upper western boundary component of the array was operational for 16 months, between October Meridional Overturning Cell (MOC) is well- 2003 and February 2005. documented (Schmitz and Richardson, 1991; and others). Over this same period, four oceanographic research cruises were conducted in the region. Repeat Historically, a disparity has existed between the amount hydrographic stations were occupied during each of research focused on the downstream components of survey, and full water column measurements of this system (Florida Current, Gulf Stream, Gulf Stream conductivity, temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen, and extension) and the upstream study of Atlantic inflow velocity were collected using an instrumentation into the Caribbean Sea through the Caribbean passages. package equipped with a Sea-Bird 9plus CTD+O2 and Windward Passage, one of the largest of these passages, 24 bottle rosette water sampler, a lowered downward- separates the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola in the looking 150 kHz RD Instruments (RDI) broadband northern Caribbean Sea. Despite being recognized as acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP), and an an important inflow channel to the Caribbean for over upward-looking 300 kHz RDI Workhorse LADCP 70 years (Seiwell, 1938; Wüst, 1963; Worthington, (cruises 2-4 only).
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti and the United States During the 1980S and 1990S: Refugees, Immigration, and Foreign Policy
    Haiti and the United States During the 1980s and 1990s: Refugees, Immigration, and Foreign Policy Carlos Ortiz Miranda* I. INTRODUCTION The Caribbean nation of Haiti is located on the western third of the island of Hispaniola, and shares that island with the Dominican Republic. To its northwest lies the Windward Passage, a strip of water that separates Haiti from the island of Cuba by approximately fifty miles. 1 Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the Windward Passage has been used as the maritime route of choice by boatpeople fleeing Haiti for political reasons or seeking greater economic opportunity abroad.2 * Assistant General Counsel, United States Catholic Conference. B.A. 1976, University of Puerto Rico; J.D. 1980, Antioch School ofLaw; LL.M. 1983, Georgetown University Law Center. Adjunct Professor, Columbus School of Law, Catholic University of America. The views expressed in this Article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views his employer, nor the Columbus School of Law. I. See CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 167-69 (1994). See generally FEDERAL RESEARCH DIVISION, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DoMINICAN REPUBLIC AND HAITI: COUNTRY STUDIES 243-373 (Richard A. Haggerty ed., 1991) [hereinafter COUNTRY STUDIES]. 2. Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. See COUNTRY STUDIES, supra note 1, at 881. There is no question that poverty is widespread, but poverty is not the only reason why people have fled the island throughout the 1980s and 1990s. See Robert D. Novak, Collison Course on Haiti, WASH. POST, May 2, 1994, at Al9 (explaining that the Clinton administration is taking a harder line against "[t]he military rulers that will expand the flow of refugees, who are fleeing economic 673 Haiti was one of the first nations in the Americas to obtain indepen­ dence.
    [Show full text]
  • A CRUISING GUIDE to HAITI Ed
    A CRUISING GUIDE TO HAITI Ed. 1.1(04/11) by Frank Virgintino Flag of the Republic of Haiti A CRUISING GUIDE TO HAITI. Copyright © 2010 by Frank Virgintino. All rights reserved. Edition 1.1 www.freecruisingguide.com Cruising Guide to Haiti 1.1 (2011.04) www.freecruisingguide.com 2 Dedicated to: All the cruising sailors who have a desire to sail far and wide. May this guide provide you with the insights that will make your voyage to Haiti an unforgettable experience. Map of HAITI with reference to Île à Vache Cruising Guide to Haiti 1.1 (2011.04) www.freecruisingguide.com 3 Contents PREFACE ....................................................................................................... 6 PORT REFERENCES .................................................................................... 8 North Peninsula (north side) ....................................................................... 8 West Side .................................................................................................... 9 South Peninsula (north side) ....................................................................... 9 South Peninsula (south side) ....................................................................... 9 HEADING SOUTH: Approaches from the NORTH of Haiti ..................... 10 The Traditional Route ............................................................................... 10 The Alternative Strategy ........................................................................... 12 OTHER APPROACHES TO HAITI: ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transport Investigations in the Northwest Providence Channel
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1966 Transport investigations in the Northwest Providence Channel. Finlen, James Rendell. University of Miami http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9661 Postgraduate Sc'iooT ,j_ 9-66 51+2883/110° JUH7 1965 University of Miami Causeway 1 Rickenbacker Miami, Florida 33W Postgraduate School TJ.&. Superintendent, f* To- ^939^0Q n Monterey, California Forwarding of Suoj: Theses; o* 1*3 -HOC, I»ST r5000.2B * ™ L: (a) «*«*««. Investigations Absracts ,,* ^..,« "Transport ^.^"^s/wlth ** ls U) ~1" by Sraaient Variations ^k»? trr^;maf ^ '' by LT (2) ErxS«- B eaob ~~~ Wo coPies - aoooraanos - ^ , 2 forwarded^ herewi™. and (2) are = (1) |^X^ 0\31 PINLEN, JAMES RENDELL (M.S., Physical Oceanography) Transport Investigations in the Northwest Providence Channel . (June 1966) Abstract of a Master's Thesis at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by Associate Professor William S. Richardson. This thesis describes a short investigation of the circulation pattern in, and volume transport through the Northwest Providence Channel. Measure- ments were made on the 20th, 21st and 22nd of March 1966 along a transect between Lucaya and Little Isaac, Bahama Islands. Such measurements included direct transport and surface current determinations using free-drop instruments and a highly accurate navigation system. A current meter and tide gage were also installed on both the north and south shores of the channel to provide additional information on the nature and influence of the tides. Results of the investigation showed that two major flows existed in the channel. An easterly directed movement was taking place throughout the southern section and in the upper (above 275 meters) layer of the central section representing an off- shoot of the Florida Current.
    [Show full text]