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The Tectonic Evolution of the North Central &C //)~ "/ .1 7~ ..-.,/"c: ./' &t,7 -1- /3g/ THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE NORTH CENTRAL CARIBBEAN PLATE MARGIN by PETER DAVID EFRAN GOREAU BSc. (Honours) University of Bristol (1975) Submi t ted in par t ial ful f ill men t 0 f th e r Eq uir emen ts for th e degr ee of DOCTOR OF SCIENCE at the t.\) MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY " and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION Jpi uar y ~ 1981 Signature of Author: ............. .. i'......................... Join t P r ogr aI1 )1 Ocean ogr aph y , Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Woods H 01 e Ocean ogr aph ic In s ti tu ti on , and the Depar tmen t of Ear th & P1 anetary Scien ces, Massach usetts Insti tu te of Techn 01 ogy. ":. Cer ti fied by: Th es is Superv isor. ~. '" " Accepted by: . .-. e. .................. ) Chairman, Joint Oceanographic Comittee in the Earth Sciences, Massachusetts k¡ Institute of Technology - Woods Hole ~ Ocean ogr aph ic In sti tu tion . ~ -2- THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE NORTH CENTRA CARIBBEAN PLATE MARG IN . by Peter David Efran Goreau Submitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti tution Joint Program in Oceanography on January 10th. 1981 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science. ABSTRACT The results of a detailed geophysical survey are used in conjunction wi th all available information in a study of the tectonic development of the Cayman Trough and the Greater Antilles Ridge. This development is connected wi th the relative motions of the North and South Americas' and the eastern Paci fic plates. Thus, the pre-Tertiary history of the region is one of simple convergence. This contrasts wi ththe complex tectonism of primary translation, wi th secondary convergence and divergence during the Tertiary. The ancestral Greater Antillean Arc suffered fracturing during collision wi th the Bahamas stable platform in the Late Cretaceous. Oblique convergence re-established itself across the remnant fragments of the ancestral arc in the Tertiary, producing a sheared wel t partially decoupled from both the North American and Caribbean pIa tes. Pronounced temporal and structural heterogenei ty Occurs within this Plate Boundary Zone. Along its northern margin secondary convergence with the North American plate formed the massive subduction complex of the Cuchillas Uplift and the Sierra Septentrional. Convergence between the Plate Boundary Zone and the Caribbean plate resulted in the triple virga tion of the fold bel ts extending westward from the Los Muertos Trough to Oriente Province (Cuba), the -Cayman Trough and the Nicaraguan Rise. Tectonism along these fold bel ts youngs southwestward preserving the stratigraphy of the Caribbean Basin at the time of their formation during the early, middle, and late Tertiary. The Caribbean/North American Plate boundary occured along the zones of major strain accomoda tion wi thin the Plate Boundary Zone. The Cayman Trough was produced dur ing a per iod of divergence between the Nicaraguan Rise and the North American plates during the Miocene. Since the Pliocene, the shear boundary wi thin the Cayman Trough occurs along the Oriente Deep proceeding via the -3- Windward Passage Deep and the Valle del Cibao to the Puerto Rico Trench. Convergence and shear predominate the present tectonic framework of the Plate Boundary Zone. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Elazar Uchupi Ti tIe: Senior Scientist -4- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My foremost thanks go to the tax payers of the Uni ted States of America who created the wealth that supported my graduate internship. I hope to repay them many fold for this honour. Cruise #97 of the R. V. ATLATIS II was sponsored by the Na tional Science Foundation (OCE78-20/ 11336.00). Further support was received from the Ocean Industry Program and the Educational Program of Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti tution. The relationships of all those people and events that influenced me during this period appear to be like a spiders web in the early morning dew. They are too delicate to capture. By acknowledging only the complexity and recursion of the structure can I hope to thank all those who helped and hindered me. These include ships, computers, labourers, teachers, friends, artists, authors, poets, philosophers, arguments, oceans, emptiness and silence. Elazar Uchupi, John Sclater, Henry Dick, Hans Schouten, Kevin Burke and Hartley Hoskins require special mention. I humbly thank them. Henry will long be remembered for his honesty. In so much that li fe is a footnote in the evolution of the vOlatiles of the Universe, I acknowledge those organic components, and the paths that energy, space-time and chance took to assemble them. My final thanks go to my family. Their quali ty and intelligence burn brightly in a dark world. -5- TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ABS TRACT. .. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.. .. ... .4 L 1ST OF -F 'IGURES. .-. .. .- . '. .. 7 æAPTER 1: INTRODUCT ION. .'. '. '. ..10 a. Th e Car ibb e an Pl a te . .. .10 b. D'a ta Ba s e . .1 8 CHA PTER 2: GEOLOGICAL SETTING.............................. 24 a. The Old Bahama Channel/Caicos Basin System...........24 b. The Cuchillas Uplift/Windward Passage Si11/Ile de la Tortue/Cordillera Septen tr iona1 System........ 29 c. The Windward Passage Deep/Canal de la Tortue/ Valle de Cibao/Bahia de Samana System..................... .32 d. The Cordillera Central System........................ 33 e. The ruchi11as Uplift/Montagnes Noires/Massif Trou d'Eau/Plateau Central/Valle de San Juan System.......36 f. The Cayman Ridge/Sierra Maestra/Cauto Basin/ G uan tan amo Bas in Sys tem. .38 g. The C'ayman Trough/Northern Gonave Basin/Plaine de 1 'Artibonite/Chaines des Matheaux/Sierra Neiba Sy ~ tern. .. .. .. -4 i h. The Gonave Ridge/Gonave Rise/Massif de la Selle/ Sierra Bahoruco/Beata Ridge/Enriquillo cul de Sac S ys tern. .. _. 4- 5 i. The Southern Gonave Basin............................50 j. The Formigas Bank/Navassa Rise/Massif de 1 a Hotte . Sy s tern. .. 5 i k . Th e N i car a 9 u an R i s e . _. _. -. ,. 53 i . Th e C 01 omb ian Bas in . .. _. '. 56 m. The Venezuelan Basin/Los Muertos Trough............. .61 n. The Sou th ern Domin ican Sh el f. .. .62 -6- CHAPTER 3: ACOUSTIC STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, GEOPHySICS.... 64 a. Introduction. .. .. .64 b. The Old Bahama Channel/Caicos Basin System...........64 c. The Windward Passage Sill/Ile de la Tortue System... .78 d. The Windward Passage Deep/Canal de la Tortue System.. 79 e. The Cayman Ridge/Sierra Maestra System............... 90 f. The Cayman Trough/Northern Gonave Basin System..... .100 g. The Gonave Ridge/Gonave Rise/Beata Ridge System.... .113 h. The Southern Gonave Basin...........................129 i The Formigas Bank/Navassa Rise/Massif de la Hot te Sys tem. 131 j. The Nicaraguan Rise................................ .136 k. The Colombian Basin.............. e...... '............ .147 CHAPTER 4: GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.................... ~ . .154 a . Introduction. .154 b. Tectonic Fabr ic. .158 c. The Tectonic model..................................169 1. Pre Mid-Tertiary ca. 160-53 MYBP.............. .171 2. Mid-Tertiary ca. 40 MYBP.......................191 3. Early Miocene ca. 20 MYBP......................196 4. Late Mioèene to Early Pliocene ca. 15-10 MYBP. .200 5. Late Pliocene ca. 5 MYBP.......................205 d. Discussion of the tectonic evolution............... .209 APPENDIX 1. DISCUSSION OF THE GEOLOGY OF ORIENTE PROVINCE, CUBA................................. 221 APPENDIX 2. AVAILABILITY OF DATA............................ 228 i REFERENCES. .229 -7- LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PAGE 1. Pr in cip1e fea tur es in the Caribbean and adjacent borderlands...... ................................... .13 2. Ear th uake epicen ters in th e Car ibbean and adjacen t bor de r 1 an ds . .. .15 3. In ferred present day plate boundaries in the Car ibbean region. .- . .............. .1 7 4. Detailed topography of the study ar ea . .................. .21 5. Major physiographic units in the study area...............23 6. Major geological units in the study area..................26 7. Diagr amma tic section s over the major ph ys iogr aph ic provinces within the study ar ea . .28 8. Magnetic anomaly contour map for studyarea...............66 9. L in e i. .' . _.68 10. L in e 2.................................................... 70 1 i. L in e 3.. _ . 72 12. Free air gravity contour map..............................75 13. Bouguer gravity anomaly map................................77 14. Lin e 10. ...... ................ ......... .......... ...... ...82 15. Line 11. ................................................ .84 16. Line 12. .......................................~........ .86 i 7. L in e s 6 ar d 7............................................. 8 8 18. Line 8. ..... ............ ...... ... ....... ...... ... .... .... .92 19. Line 17 . .. .94 -8- FIGURE PAGE 20 . Line 20.................................................... 96 21. L i n e 21.................................................... 98 22. Line i 3 . i 0 2 23. Line 14. .............. ........... ..... ......... ... .... .104 24. Line i 9 . .;. i 0 6 25. L i n e 9................................... _. 110 26. Line 15. -e . .116 27. Line 16. ............................................. .118 28 . Line 26.................................................. i 20 29. Line 27. .. .... ... .... .... ......... ... .................. .122 30. Line 28.................................................. i 24 31. Line 24................................................. .138 32. Line 25. ........
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