River Water Chemistry … Geologist's Wish List

VOL. 30, NO. 3–4 | MARCH-APRIL 2020

¡Cuba! River Water Chemistry … Geologist's Wish List

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THE GEOSCIENCE HANDBOOK 2016 AGI Data Sheets, Fifth Edition Compiled by Mark B. Carpenter Christopher M. Keane Graphics by Kat Cantner

v. 4.0

PICKS (Ma) AGE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OFMESOZOIC AMERICA 66.0 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALEEPOCH MAGNETIC 72.1 POLARITY PERIOD

AGE MAASTRICHTIAN

CHRON. ANOM. (Ma) HIST PICKS C30 30 83.6 (Ma) 31 C31 CAMPANIAN 86.3 AGE C32 0.01 70 32 89.8 CENOZOIC SANTONIAN 1.8 33 LATE EPOCH 2.6 C33 CONIACIAN 93.9 MAGNETIC CALABRIAN 3.6 . PERIOD TURONIAN POLARITY GELASIAN 80

HOLOCENE . * 100

AGE 5.3 N

CHRO PIACENZIAN

. NOM A ST (Ma) HI QUATER- PLEISTOCENE CENOMANIAN 1 C1 NARY ZANCLEAN 7.2 90 2 C2 PLIOCENE MESSINIAN ALBIAN 113 2A C2A C34 34 PALEOZOIC C3 3 100 AGE 11.6 5 TORTONIAN (Ma) PERIOD 3A C3A APTIAN 126 13.8 EPOCH 4 C4 110 31 4A C4A SERRAVALLIAN 1 AGE 16.0 EARLY 134 5 C5 BARREMIAN PICKS PRECAMBRIAN 10 LANGHIAN 260 Lopin- (Ma)

120 HAUTERIVIAN 39 AGE

M0r 1 CHANGHSINGIAN CRETACEOUS gian 5A C5A M1 (Ma) VALANGINIAN WUCHIAPINGIAN EON M3 Guada-145

20.4 M5 252 MIOCENE BURDIGALIAN C5B CAPITANIAN ERA 5B 130 BERRIASIAN280 lupian 254 15 M10

5C C5C 152 WORDIAN 260 NEOGENE 23.0 PERIOD 5D C5D M12 ROADIAN M14 TITHONIAN 265 BDY. C5E AQUITANIAN PERMIAN Cisura- 5E M16 157 KUNGURIAN C6 269 AGES 6 140 M18 lian 750 300 272 (Ma) C6A M20 KIMMERIDGIAN 164 ARTINSKIAN EDIACARAN 20 6A LATE 279 NEOPRO- M22 166 C6B CHATTIAN SAKMARIAN 541 6B 28.1 OXFORDIAN 168 TEROZOIC C6C 150 M25 LATE ASSELIAN 6C CALLOVIAN 170 290 CRYOGENIAN GZHELIAN 1000 635 7 C7 M29 320 BATHONIANMIDDLE 74 C7A 1KASIMOVIAN 296 7A VANIAN BAJOCIANPENNSYL- 299 8 C8 MOSCOVIAN 25 160 MIDDLE AALENIANEARLY 304 C9 TONIAN 9 RUPELIAN 307 850 33.9 BASHKIRIAN83 C10 LATE 1 1250 10 340 TOARCIAN 11 SERPUKHOVIAN 315

11 C OLIGOCENE 170 STENIAN CHANGES MIDDLE 191 MESOPRO- 1000 30 12 MISSIS- 323 C12 SIPPIAN 37.8 PLIENSBACHIAN TEROZOIC PRIABONIAN CARBONIFEROUS VISEAN 331 1500 180 360 EARLY EARLY 199 ECTASIAN 13 C13 1200

SINEMURIAN 201 C15 JURASSIC TOURNAISIAN 15 41.2 C16 35 16 BARTONIAN HETTANGIAN 347

C17 190 209 RAPID POLARITY RAPID 17 CHANGES POLARITY RAPID CALYMMIAN 380 LATE RHAETIANFAMENNIAN 359 1750 1400

18 C18 19 LUTETIAN 200 40 C19 FRASNIAN STATHERIAN 47.8 MIDDLE 372 1600 400 NORIAN 2000 20 DEVONIAN GIVETIAN C20 LATE EIFELIAN 228 PROTEROZOIC 210 383 PALEOPRO-

EOCENE 388 OROSIRIAN 1800 45 EARLY EMSIAN TEROZOIC 420 393 21 237 2250 C21 220 PRAGIANCARNIAN YPRESIAN 241

PRIDOLI LOCHKOVIAN PALEOGENE 408 22 C22 LUDLOW LADINIAN RHYACIAN 2050 56.0 411 247 WENLOCK LUDFORDIAN 50 C23 440230 ANISIAN 250 23 MIDDLEGORSTIAN 419 2525002 LLANDO- HOMERIAN 423

SILURIAN SHEINWOODIAN 24 59.2 VERY TRIASSIC OLENEKIAN426 THANETIAN TELYCHIAN INDUAN427 C24 SIDERIAN 2300 240 EARLYAERONIAN 430 61.6 460 RHUDDANIAN 433 LATE HIRNANTIAN 2750 NEOARCHEAN 55 SELANDIAN 439 25 C25 KATIAN 441 444 250 SANDBIAN 445 2500 26 MIDDLE C26 DANIAN 66.0480 DARRIWILIAN 453 60 458 3000 EARLY DAPINGIAN

27 C27 ORDOVICIAN PALEOCENE FLOIAN 467 MESO- C28 28 FURON- TREMADOCIAN 470 ARCHEAN 2800 29 500 C29 GIAN AGE 1 478 3250 65 JIANGSHANIAN0 30 C30 485 Epoch 3 PAIBIAN GUZHANGIAN 490 520 DRUMIAN 494 Epoch 2 AGE 5 497 PALEO- 501 3500 AGE 4 ARCHEAN 505 3200 CAMBRIAN AGE 3 509 ARCHEAN TERRE- 540 514 Get full-size chart: NEUVIANwww.gsapubs.orgAGE 2 521 3750 FORTUNIAN 529 EOARCHEAN 4000 3600 541 HADEAN FIELD TOOLS 3300 Penrose Place • P.O. Box 9140 • Boulder, CO 80301 4000 1-888-443-4472 • 1 © 2015

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toll-free 1.800.472.1988 | +1.303.357.1000, option 3 | [email protected] MARCH-APRIL 2020 | VOLUME 30, NUMBER 3–4 SCIENCE 4 ¡Cuba! River Water Chemistry Reveals Rapid Chemical Weathering, the Echo of Uplift, and GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) prints news the Promise of More Sustainable Agriculture and information for more than 22,000 GSA member readers and subscribing libraries, with 11 monthly issues (March- Paul Bierman et al. April is a combined issue). GSA TODAY is published by The Geological Society of America® Inc. (GSA) with offices at Cover: The Cuban–U.S. team works to collect water and sediment 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, USA, and a mail- from Rio Congojas at high flow (40 m3/s) after heavy thunder- ing address of P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation storms the evening before. The water had high E. coli and turbidity of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, but low conductivity and dissolved oxygen. Photo by Joshua regardless of race, citizenship, gender, sexual orientation, Brown, University of Vermont. See related article, p. 4–10. religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. © 2020 The Geological Society of America Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within the scope of 11 Give Us Your Best Shots: 2021 GSA Calendar Photo Search their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or request to GSA, to use a single 12 GSA 2020: Montréal, Québec, Canada figure, table, and/or brief paragraph of text in subsequent work and to make/print unlimited copies of items in GSA TODAY for noncommercial use in classrooms to further 14 GSA/ExxonMobil Field Awards education and science. In addition, an author has the right to use his or her article or a portion of the article in a thesis 15 GSA J. David Lowell Field Camp Scholarships or dissertation without requesting permission from GSA, provided the bibliographic citation and the GSA copyright credit line are given on the appropriate pages. For any 15 2020 Undergraduate Student Research Grants other use, contact [email protected]. Subscriptions: GSA members: Contact GSA Sales & Service, 16 On To the Future Travel Awards +1-888-443-4472; +1-303-357-1000 option 3; gsaservice@ geosociety.org for information and/or to place a claim for 16 Expanding Representation in the Geosciences (ERG) Scholarships non-receipt or damaged copies. Nonmembers and institutions: GSA TODAY is US$105/yr; to subscribe, or for claims for non-receipt and damaged copies, contact gsaservice@ 17 In Memoriam geosociety.org. Claims are honored for one year; please allow sufficient delivery time for overseas copies. Peri- odicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, USA, and at 20 2020 Section Meetings Calendar additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Sales & Service, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, 21 GeoCareers Programs at the 2020 Section Meetings CO 80301-9140. GSA TODAY STAFF 22 Call for Nominations: GSA Scientific Division Awards Executive Director and Publisher: Vicki S. McConnell Science Editors: Mihai N. Ducea, University of Arizona, 24 Elections: GSA Officers and Councilors Dept. of Geosciences, Gould-Simpson Building, 1040 E 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA, [email protected] 25 Call for Committee Service .edu; Peter Copeland, University of Houston, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Science & Research Building 1, 3507 Cullen Blvd., Room 314, Houston, Texas 28 Geoscience Jobs & Opportunities 77204-5008, USA, [email protected]. Member Communications Manager: Matt Hudson, 31 GSA Foundation Update [email protected] Managing Editor: Kristen “Kea” Giles, [email protected], [email protected] Graphics Production: Emily Levine, [email protected] Advertising Manager: Ann Crawford, +1-800-472-1988 ext. 1053; +1-303-357-1053; Fax: +1-303-357-1070; [email protected] GSA Online: www.geosociety.org GSA TODAY: www.geosociety.org/gsatoday Printed in the USA using pure soy inks. ¡Cuba! River Water Chemistry Reveals Rapid Chemical Weathering, the Echo of Uplift, and the Promise of More Sustainable Agriculture

Paul Bierman, Dept. of Geology and Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA; Rita Yvelice Sibello Hernández, Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba; Amanda H. Schmidt, Geology Dept., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA; Héctor Alejandro Cartas Aguila, Yoelvis Bolaños Alvarez, Aniel Guillén Arruebarrena, Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba; Mae Kate Campbell, Dept. of Geology and Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA; David Dethier, Geosciences Dept., Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA; Monica Dix, Geology Dept., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA; Marika Massey-Bierman, Geosciences Dept., Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA; Alejandro García Moya, Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba; Julia Perdrial, Dept. of Geology and Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA; Jason Racela, Geosciences Dept., Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA; Carlos Alonso-Hernández, Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba

ABSTRACT concentrations of dissolved nitrogen are far central Cuba, the result of a bi-national, col- For the first time in more than half a cen- lower than other areas where intensive agri- laborative field campaign. Biogeochemical tury, a joint Cuban/American science team culture is practiced, such as the Mississippi analyses allow us to address fundamental has worked together to quantify the impacts River Basin. This suggests the benefits of geologic questions, such as the pace of of chemical weathering and sustainable agri- Cuba’s shift to conservation agriculture after chemical weathering in the tropics, as well culture on river water quality in Cuba—the 1990 and provides a model for more sustain- as applied environmental questions related largest and most populous Caribbean island. able agriculture worldwide. to the quality of river water and human Such data are critical as the world strives to impacts on a landscape where small-scale, meet sustainable development goals and for INTRODUCTION sustainable farming has replaced substan- understanding rates of landscape change in The Republic of Cuba (Fig. 1) has more tial swaths of industrial agriculture (The the tropics, an understudied region. To char- than 11 million inhabitants, but there has Guardian, 2017). acterize the landscape, we collected and ana- been little collaboration between U.S. and lyzed water samples from 25 rivers in central Cuban scientists for more than half a cen- BACKGROUND AND METHODS Cuba where upstream land use varies from tury although only 160 km separates the Cuba’s wet, warm tropical landscape is forested to agricultural. two countries (Feder, 2018). River biogeo- dominated by mountains (up to 1917 m Cuban river waters bear the fingerprint chemistry data, which are sparse in tropical above sea level [asl] in the east, 500–700 m of the diverse rock types underlying the regions, are needed to guide sustainable asl elsewhere) running parallel to the north island, and many carry exceptionally high development in Cuba and, by example, in and south coasts (Fig. 1). Mainly forested dissolved loads. Chemical denudation rates other tropical and island nations. uplands descend into farmed rolling plains are mostly among the top 25% globally and Here, we present and interpret extensive and mangrove-lined, low-lying coastal are similar to those measured in other new data characterizing river waters in estuaries. The climate is summer-wet and Caribbean islands. High rates of solute export and the distinct composition of the waters in specific basins suggest flow paths Elevation [m] that bring river source waters into contact 1900 m with fresh, weatherable rock—unusual in a 0 m ¹ warm, wet, tropical climate where weathering should extend deep below the surface. 90°W 70°W Tectonically driven uplift likely maintains 30°N Guadeloupe the supply of weatherable material, leading United States to channel incision and, thus, to the expo- Dominica sure of bedrock in many river channels. Martinique Cuba Despite centuries of agriculture, the 20°N Jamaica 0100 200 Km impact on these rivers’ biogeochemistry is Mexico Dominican Republic limited. Although river water in many central Cuban rivers has high levels of E. coli Figure 1. Cuba with elevation as color ramp. Black outline is area mapped in Figure 3. Inset shows loca- bacteria, likely sourced from livestock, tion of Cuba in relation to North America.

4 GSA Today | March-April 2020 winter-dry with precipitation delivered sizes, while avoiding rivers that had major ing in two samples with MPN/100ml >1000 both by trade-wind showers and by larger dams (Figs. 2 and 3N). See the GSA Data (CU-107 and 110) did not identify any human- tropical storms. Repository1 for detailed methods. Our anal- sourced bacteria; rather, the bacteria in sam- The diverse geology of Cuba reflects its ysis assumes that the concentration of cat- ple CU-110 were identified as being of ungu- tectonic setting at the boundary of the ions and anions we measured are represen- late origin, and no specific source could be North America and Caribbean plates. tative of annual average values (Godsey et determined for bacteria in CU-107. Central Cuban basement lithologies include al., 2009). There are numerous correlations between accreted igneous rocks, sediments (clastic, anions and cations in our river water sam- carbonate, and evaporite) formed along pas- RESULTS ples (Table S5 [see footnote 1]). Na and Cl sive margins, obducted ophiolite, and island River water samples from central Cuba are positively correlated (p < 0.01) as well arc rocks (Iturralde-Vinent et al., 2016). contain high concentrations of dissolved as Na and HCO3, F, SO4, NO2, K, Ca, Br, Ti, This basement is unconformably overlain material (Figs. 3 and 4). Conductivity and As, Rb, Sr, Ba, and U (p < 0.05, all positive, by slightly deformed, younger marine and total dissolved load were high (130–1380 Fig. 4). These elements are also correlated terrestrial sedimentary rocks (Iturralde- μS/cm and 117 to over 780 mg/L, respec- to one another positively and significantly. Vinent, 1994). Where river water has inter- tively, Tables S1 and S2 [see footnote 1]); In addition, Mg is positively correlated to acted with these diverse rocks, surface stream water, except that sampled from for- SiO2, V, Cr, and Ni (p < 0.05). NO2 is posi- water chemistries should reflect the compo- ested catchments, was turbid. Sample pH tively correlated with conductivity. sition of underlying rock units. was near neutral to slightly alkaline with Four of the 25 samples (CU-120, -121, Agriculture has been practiced in Cuba for high values of bicarbonate alkalinity (65– -122, and -132), all collected in the north- centuries. Indigenous people cultivated cas- 400 mg/L). As, Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr, and U western part of the field area, are geochemi- sava, yucca, and maize (Cosculluela, 1946). were present in some or all of the Cuban cally distinct (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). These sam- Spanish colonization from 1492 brought river waters we analyzed, in all cases at lev- ples have the highest or nearly highest Cl, slaves, large-scale sugar agriculture, and els below drinking water standards (Table SO4, Br, NO2, and Na concentrations, field cattle farming (Zepeda, 2003). Following S3 [see footnote 1]). Dissolved oxygen mea- conductivity, and TDS (Fig. 4, red symbols) Cuba’s independence from Spain in 1898, sured in the field ranged from 59% to 145% in the sample set. These are four of only sugar production in Cuba quadrupled under (average 97%). Using basin-specific pre- five samples to contain low but measurable U.S. influence (Whitbeck, 1922). When cipitation (Fig. 3), along with run-off esti- As (1.0–1.4 ppb). They plot in a distinct Cuba allied with the Soviet Union in 1959, mates (Beck et al., 2015, 2017) and total dis- zone of the Piper diagram (Fig. 5) and also industrialization of the sugar industry to solved solids (TDS) from each Cuban water have higher Rb, Sr, Ba, and U concentra- increase yields and exports became a central sample, we estimate chemical weathering tions (1.8–4.3 ppb) than other Cuban river goal (Pérez-López, 1989). By the 1980s, rates between 42 and 302 t km–2 y–1 with a water samples. Three of the four samples Cuba boasted the most mechanized agricul- mean of 161 ± 66 t km–2 y–1. contain >115 mg/L Ca and high concentra- tural sector in Latin America (Febles- Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was tions of Na, Cl, and SO4. These four sam- González et al., 2011); however, the collapse highly variable, ranging from <1 mg/L to ples were collected near one another and of the Soviet Union in 1991 catalyzed Cuban 9 mg/L (Table S4 [see footnote 1]). Total drain the same bedrock map unit (post- adoption of reduced tillage, organic soil dissolved nitrogen (TDN) ranged from Eocene marine sediment). One (CU-122) amendments, the use of cover crops, and the <0.1–1.5 mg/L (mean = 0.76 mg/L); on aver- drains mostly wetland while the others replacement of fuel-hungry tractors with age 60% was present as nitrate (range 24%– drain dominantly agricultural catchments. domesticated draft animals, including horses 93%). Nitrate values measured in the field and oxen (Gersper et al., 1993). and then in the lab several weeks later are DISCUSSION/INTERPRETATION Surface water biogeochemical monitor- well correlated. Nitrite was present in all ing in central Cuba has focused mainly on samples, averaging 1.2 mg/L (0.37 mg/L of Bedrock Controls Central Cuban reservoirs. In central Cuba, water chemis- N). DOC/TDN ratios also vary widely, from River Water Chemistry try data (1986–2005) from four reservoirs, 1.3 to 14.8. Anion concentrations decreased In central Cuba, river water composition representing two river systems and four in the order HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3 > HPO4 and TDS covary with rock types (Figs. 3 and basins with varied geology (Betancourt et > NO2 > Br > F. 4D) suggesting a close connection between al., 2012) showed that the primary control The anion orthophosphate (as P) was mea- river water chemistry and underlying rock on major ion concentration is rock weather- sured both in the field (0.1–0.8 mg/L) and lab units. For example, high concentrations of ing upstream; there was no statistically sig- (0.4–0.5 mg/L); field and lab analyses were Ca, Mg, and alkalinity in most samples are nificant difference in water chemistry positively correlated. Cations decreased on consistent with the mapped presence of car- between dry and rainy seasons in three of average in the order Ca > Na > Mg > Si > K. bonate rocks in most sampled drainage the four basins. E. coli bacteria were found in all samples, basins (Fig. 3). Distinct anion, cation, and In August 2018 (the wet season), we col- and most samples (20/24) contained enough trace metal compositions of rivers draining lected water samples from 25 river basins in bacteria to be deemed unsafe for recreational four (CU-120, -121, -122, -132) watersheds in central Cuba. We selected these sites to use according to World Health Organization the NW quadrant of our field area and under- encompass a range of land uses, underlying criteria (Most Probable Number (MPN) > lain by marine sediments (French and upstream rock types, discharges, and basin 127/100 ml). Genetic microbial source trac- Schenk, 2004) suggest dissolution of evap-

1GSA Data Repository item 2020097, data tables and extended methods, is available online at https://www.geosociety.org/datarepository/2020.

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 5 A B C

D E F

G H I !"

Figure 2. Common Cuban landscapes and example sample sites. (A) Sugarcane and dirt roads are common on the island. (B) Cattle grazing on cleared fields. (C) Citrus groves on slopes in southern field area. (D) Horses were frequently in rivers, CU-132. (E) Plane-bed sand and gravel channel with cows in the river, CU-101. (F) Large point bar flooded during Hurricane Alberto showing dynamic range of river flows over time, CU-114. (G) Boulder/bedrock channel during conductivity measurement, CU-115. (H) Bedrock channel, CU-114. (I) Low flow sample site in incised channel, CU-122. Locations identified by letter in Figure 3N. orite deposits including those that contain Cuba exceeds that on other, e.g., volcanic, with tectonically induced rock fracturing, is nitrite (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). Caribbean islands (Fig. 6A), chemical denu- likely responsible for the continued supply The relationship between water chemis- dation rates estimated from central Cuban of fresh, easily weatherable rock, and thus try and bedrock type in central Cuba sug- river water samples are similar to other high chemical weathering rates. gests the presence of fresh, weatherable Caribbean islands (Fig. 6B) because mean mineral surfaces along flow paths carrying annual precipitation and thus runoff in Human Activities and Water Quality subsurface flow to Cuban rivers. This infer- Cuba is lower. All Caribbean chemical High TDS in central Cuban river water as ence is supported by comparison of Cuban denudation rates are high when compared a result of bedrock chemical weathering is river water chemistry with that from to global data (Larsen et al., 2014). not hazardous but could limit some uses. Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Dominica Field observations of incised, bedrock- About 20% of samples we collected have (Rad et al., 2013). The latter three islands floored river channels and the chemical TDS and Na levels above the taste threshold. are underlain primarily by andesite, and data that mandate extensive water/rock High TDS samples may cause CaCO3 scal- their surface water contains more Si and K interaction similar to that on tectonically ing on pipes, household cooking imple- and less Ca and Mg than Cuban rivers (Fig. active, volcanic Caribbean islands suggest ments, and industrial equipment; scaling 6A). The higher concentration of most other ongoing bedrock uplift in central Cuba could be a health benefit if lead remains in anions and cations in Cuban waters as com- rather than tectonic stability and the devel- the water distribution system. High levels pared to waters from volcanic Caribbean opment of a deep tropical weathering man- of DOC (up to 9 mg/L) in central Cuban islands reflects the influence of readily sol- tle. Raised marine terraces along southern river water suggest a potential risk of triha- uble carbonate and evaporite rocks in Cuba. and eastern Cuba (Muhs et al., 2017) are lomethane formation during chlorination Although average TDS for waters from consistent with such uplift, which, along (Engelage et al., 2009), which is the most

6 GSA Today | March-April 2020 Lithologic Fingerprints Dissolution Rates Human Influence Cl [mg/L] MAP [mm/yr] % Ag. <15 <1100 <10 15-30 1100-1200 10-25 30-40 1200-1300 25-50 40-60 1300-1400 50-75 >60 >1400 >75

50 A B C Km

SO4 [mg/L] Cond. [µS] E Coli [MPN/100 mL] <15 <250 No data 200-500 15-25 250-400 <85 >500 25-35 400-600 85-200 35-60 600-1000 >60 >1000

D E F TDS [mg/L] HCO3 [mg/L] TDN [mg/L] <150 <200 <0.5 150-200 200-400 0.5-0.75 200-250 400-600 0.75-1 250-350 >600 >1 >350

G H I

-2 -1 PO (P) [mg/L] SiO2 [mg/L] Chem. denud. [t km yr ] 3 <10 <100 150-200 0.1 10-20 100-150 200-250 0.2 20-30 >250 0.4 30-40 0.6 >40 0.8

J K L

104 Sampled basins and Ultramafic K [mg/L] ! pE Marine Strata <1.0 bedrock lithology 1.0-1.5 124 uC Marine Strata ¹ ! Metamorphic 1.5-2.0 106 ! 119 Amphibolites 2.0-2.5 Plutonic >2.5 122 107 Undivided 132 I ! D ! 118 Volcanic ! ! 109 Other A ^ ! ! 108 Reservoirs ^ ! ! 120 121 ! Sample sites M ! 131! ! Watersheds ! 16 102 ^ DOC [mg/L] C,F,H 115 <2 B ! 2-3.5 114 ^ 111 ! 3.5-4.5 ! ^! ! 4.5-8 ! ! ! 15 >8 ! 101 117 E G 14 ! 116 110 25 ! Km N 113 O

Figure 3. Results of river water biogeochemical analyses plotted for 25 sampled basins. (A) Chloride. (B) Mean annual precipitation. (C) Percent agricultural land use. (D) Sulfate. (E) Conductivity. (F) E. coli. (G) Bicarbonate. (H) Total dissolved solids. (I) Total dissolved nitrogen. (J) Silica. (K) Chemical denudation rate. (L) Orthophosphate as phosphorus. (M) Potassium. (N) Sampled basins overlain on generalized geological map (French and Schenk, 2004). Letters show location of photos in Figure 2. Four basins (CU-120, -121, -122, and -132 labeled with red text and points) have distinct water chemistry. Dots represent sample sites. Stars shows reservoir water samples (Betancourt et al., 2012). (O) Dissolved organic carbon.

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 7 A ● B ● frequently used water treatment technique in Cuba (Cueto and De Leon, 2010). 150 ● Bacterial contamination of river water in ● 1000 central Cuba is consistent with the nearly ● ● ubiquitous presence of livestock on the

[mg/L] 100 4 landscape, perhaps because animals have in ● ● ● ● part replaced fossil-fuel–powered transpor- ● ●● ● tation and farm equipment (Fig. 3). We do 500 ● 50 ● ●● not know the source of the detected E. coli; ● ● ●●● Cl and SO ● Field conductivity [µS] ●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● however, the ungulate match in one of two ● ● ● Cl ●●●● ●● 2 ● samples we tested is consistent with numer- ● R = 0.95 0 SO4 ous cows we observed walking in and 200 400 600 800 050 100 around rivers as well as extensive pastures Total dissolved solids [mg/L] Na [mg/L] near and upstream of many sampling sites. High levels of E. coli are found in rivers C● ● Conductivity 800 D TDS around the world. Data from other Caribbean islands, including Martinique, Trinidad, and ● Puerto Rico, show similarly high E. coli lev- 1000 600 ● els in river, spring, and coastal waters (Bachoon et al., 2010; Pommepuy et al.,

● ● ed solids [mg/L] ● ● 2000; Wampler and Sisson, 2011). E. coli lev- ● 400 ● ● ● els above health advisory levels are routinely 500 ● ● ● measured in Vermont river water, a similarly ● ● ● ● ● ● ● agricultural state with more than a quarter ● tal dissolv 200

To million cows, only half the stocking density ● per area of Cuba (Riera, 1994). Although TDS [mg/L] and Conductivity [µS] 0255075 100 ContinentalMafic Marine pigs and chickens were common in central Agricultural land use [%] Dominant rock type Cuba, we did not see them near rivers, which may explain why tests for fecal matter from Figure 4. Rock type influences river water chemistry. Red symbols indicate basins with distinct water chemistry highlighted in Figures 3 and 5. (A) Total dissolved solids (TDS) and field conductivity are well these animals were negative as were those correlated. (B) Positive correlation of Na with SO and Cl suggests evaporite source of these solutes. 4 for human fecal bacteria. (C) No correlation between percent basin area used for agriculture and total dissolved solids or conductivity. (D) Basins underlain by marine and mafic rocks have higher river water TDS. Central Cuban river waters provide evidence that agriculture need not overload rivers, and thus reservoirs and coastal zones, with nutrients. N and P are present in Cuban river waters, but at lower concentrations than Dominant Rock 80 in the United States, where agriculture is 80 ● Ultramafic intensive and fertilizer use is heavy (Fig. 6). C 60 a + Mg ● pE marine strata Total dissolved nitrogen in central Cuban river 60 ● uC marine strata water is <50% of the Mississippi River aver- 40 4 ● Metamorphic 40 age and <25% of peak Mississippi River con- SO + Cl ● Amphibolites centrations (Fig. 6C). Cuban waters have only 20 120 Plutonic ● 20 ● slightly more TDN than less agricultural ●121 ● Undivided ● Caribbean volcanic islands (Rad et al., 2013). ●●● ● ● Volcanic ●●●● 122 ● The history of fertilizer use over time is ●●● ● ● telling (Fig. 6D). Cuban fertilizer use peaked 132 in 1978 and then declined, whereas fertilizer ● 20 0 use in the United States rose after 1961 and 2 3 80 80 O has remained high, more than twice the area- N HC a + K 40 S s normalized value as Cuba. Sustainable agri- 40 60 O 60 a ● ty 4 cultural initiatives, implemented in Cuba Mg ● ini60 60 l after the end of Soviet assistance, have 40 ● a 40 ● k 121 resulted in less fertilizer use and better river ●●● Al ● 122 80 ●● ●●●● 120 20 ● 80 20 water quality (Fig. 6). The result is far less 120●● 132 132 ● ●●●● ● ● 122 downstream transport and loading of nutri- ● 121 ●● ● ●●●●●● ● 80 60 40 20 ents into coastal waters, nutrients that can 20 40 60 80 Ca Cl have a profound and negative effect, includ- Figure 5. Piper diagram of all data color-coded by mapped lithology (Fig. 3) (French and Schenk, 2004). ing the presence of anoxic, marine dead Numbered samples are those with distinct water chemistry influenced by evaporite rocks. zones (Obenour et al., 2013).

8 GSA Today | March-April 2020 ]

60 −1 Cuba 103 B

A yr

Dominica 400 -2 Guadeloupe 40 Martinique 300 102

200 20 101 100 erage concentration [mg/L] 0 0 0 Av 10 Ca Cl KMgNaNO Si SO HCO TDS Cuba DominicGuadeloupMart Globa

3 4 3 Chem. weath. rate [tons km Analyte inique l a e

] 1961 D 3 C Mississippi River -1 6 1978 yr -2 1995 2016 2 4

TDN [mg/L] 1 2

25 Cuban Rivers (2018), 0.76±0.37 mg/L Fertilizer use [tons km 0 Cuba DominicanJamaica United 2012 2014 2016 2018 Republic States Year

Figure 6. Cuban river water data in context. (A) Cuban waters contain greater dissolved concentrations for most elements or ions than other Caribbean islands (Rad et al., 2013). (B) Chemical weathering rates (cations, anions, and Si) in rivers sampled in central Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique (Rad et al., 2013) are high and similar (cf. global from Larsen et al. [2014]; n = 299). Note log scale. Median is middle line, the 25th and 75th percentiles are the edges, and whiskers extend to include all samples within 1.5 times the range of the box. (C) Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) for Mississippi River at Baton Rouge (water.usgs.gov) compared to central Cuban rivers (this paper). (D) Cuban fertilizer use (P, K, N) normalized by arable land area is stable and less than other nations. Data from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/, Rawlins et al. (1998), and https://www.epa.gov/roe/.

IMPLICATIONS where suspended sediment, and bacteria from Beck, H.E., de Roo, A.D., and van Dijk, A.I.J.M., 2015, Global maps of streamflow characteristics based Our data provide a comprehensive snap- agricultural activity, impact water quality and on observations from several thousand catchments: shot of the chemistry of water moving through clarity on coral reefs and beaches frequented Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 16, no. 4, p. 1478– rivers in central Cuba. From these data, we by tourists (Rawlins et al., 1998), a source of 1501, https://doi.org/ 1 0 . 1 1 7 5 / JHM-D - 1 4 - 0 1 5 5 . 1 . calculate high rates of rock weathering and income to Cuba (Duffy and Kline, 2018). Beck, H.E., Vergopolan, N., Pan, M., Levizzani, V., landscape-scale denudation and thus infer the van Dijk, A.I.J.M., Weedon, G.P., Brocca, L., presence of flow paths through fresh rock or ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Pappenberger, F., Huffman, G.J., and Wood, E.F., Support for field and analytic work provided by 2017, Global-scale evaluation of 22 precipitation regolith supplying water to rivers we sam- datasets using gauge observations and hydro- pled—perhaps in response to tectonic uplift. NSF EAR-1719249 and NSF EAR-1719240 to Bierman and Schmidt. Cuban researchers supported logical modeling: Hydrology and Earth System Cuba’s transition toward sustainable agricul- by the MICATIN and ISOAGRI projects. We thank Sciences, v. 21, p. 6201–6217, https://doi.org/ ture (and its reduced use of fertilizer per acre W. Amidon, P. Ryan, and J. Smith (Middlebury Col- 10.5194/hess-21-6201-2017. of crop land) results in much lower river-water lege) for ICP-MS data and J. Brown UVM for photog- Betancourt, C., Suarez, R., and Jorge, F., 2012, In- nutrient concentrations in central Cuban riv- raphy. Some field costs and DNA tests supported by fluence of natural and antropic processes on the water quality in four Cuban reservoirs: Limneti- ers than in the Mississippi River—a model for Oberlin College. We thank T. Dunne, B. McDowell, and students in University of Vermont Geology 351 ca, v. 31, p. 193–204. other agricultural economies. Additional for feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript. Cosculluela, J.A., 1946, Prehistoric Cultures of management strategies to reduce manure and Cuba: American Antiquity, v. 12, no. 1, p. 10–18, sediment loads to rivers (such as fencing to REFERENCES CITED https://doi.org/10.2307/275809. keep cattle off river banks) could further and Bachoon, D.S., Markand, S., Otero, E., Perry, G., Cueto, J., and De Leon, O., 2010, Evaluation of Cuba’s rapidly improve central Cuban river water and Ramsubhag, A., 2010, Assessment of non- water and watershed infrastructure: Annual Meet- point sources of fecal pollution in coastal waters ings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban quality. Reducing sediment and manure loads of Puerto Rico and Trinidad: Marine Pollution Economy Miami, Florida, https://www.ascecuba will have economic benefits, because rivers Bulletin, v. 60, no. 7, p. 1117–1121, https://doi.org/ .org/asce_proceedings/appendix-b-evaluation eventually discharge into the coastal zone 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.020. -cubas-water-watershed-infraestructure-student

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 9 -paper-presented-annual-meeting-not-included Guardian, The, 2017, Organic or starve: Can Cuba’s on, M., 2000, Microbial water quality on a Ca- -printed-version-proceedings/ (accessed 7 Jan. 2020). new farming model provide food security?: The ribbean Island (Martinique): Small Islands, Big Duffy, L., and Kline, C., 2018, Complexities of tour- Guardian, 28 Oct. 2017, https://www.theguardian Issues, v. 37, no. v, p. 284–297. ism planning and development in Cuba: Tourism .com/environment/2017/oct/28/organic-or-starve Rad, S., Rivé, K., Vittecoq, B., Cerdan, O., and Al- Planning & Development, v. 15, no. 3, p. 211–215, -can-cubas-new-farming-model-provide-food lègre, C.J., 2013, Chemical weathering and ero- https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2018.1440830. -security (accessed 16 Dec. 2019). sion rates in the Lesser Antilles: An overview in Engelage, S., Stringfellow, W., and Letain, T., 2009, Iturralde-Vinent, M., 1994, Cuban geology: A new Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica: Journal Disinfection byproduct formation potentials of plate-tectonic synthesis: Journal of Petroleum of South American Earth Sciences, v. 45, p. 331– wetlands, agricultural drains, and rivers and the ef- Geology, v. 17, no. 1, p. 39–69, https://doi.org/ 344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.03.004. fect of biodegradation on trihalomethane precur- 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1994.tb00113.x. Rawlins, B.G., Ferguson, A.J., Chilton, P.J., Ar- sors: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, Iturralde-Vinent, M., Garcia-Casco, A., Rojas-Agra- thurton, R.S., Rees, J.G., and Baldock, J.W., p. 1901–1908, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0015. monte, Y., Proenza, J., Murphy, J.B., and Stern, B., 1998, Review of agricultural pollution in the Ca- Febles-González, J.M., Tolón-Becerra, A., Lastra- 2016, The geology of Cuba: A brief overview and ribbean with particular emphasis on small island Bravo, X., and Acosta-Valdés, X., 2011, Cuban synthesis: GSA Today, v. 26, no. 10, p. 4–10, developing states: Marine Pollution Bulletin, agricultural policy in the last 25 years: From https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG296A.1. v. 36, no. 9, p. 658–668, https://doi.org/10.1016/ Larsen, I.J., Montgomery, D.R., and Greenberg, S0025-326X(98)00054-X. conventional to organic agriculture: Land Use H.M., 2014, The contribution of mountains to Riera, A.J., 1994, Cattle: The Forgotten Industry: Mi- Policy, v. 28, p. 723–735, https://doi.org/10.1016/ global denudation: Geology, v. 42, no. 6, p. 527– ami, Florida, Annual Proceedings of the Associa- j.landusepol.2010.12.008. 530, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35136.1. tion for the Study of the Cuban Economy, v. 4, ab- Feder, T., 2018, Physics in Cuba: Physics Today, v. 71, Muhs, D.R., Schweig, E.S., Simmons, K.R., and Halley, stract #63, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/ no. 3, p. 48–54, https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3871. R.B., 2017, Late Quaternary uplift along the North annual-proceedings/cuba-in-transition-volume French, C.D., and Schenk, C.J., 2004, Map showing America–Caribbean plate boundary: Evidence from -04/ (accessed 7 Jan. 2020). geology, oil, and gas fields, and geologic provinc- the sea level record of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba: Qua- Wampler, P., and Sisson, A., 2011, Flow, bacterial cones of the Caribbean Region: U.S. Geological Sur- ternary Science Reviews, v. 178, p. 54–76, https://doi tamination, and water resources in rural Haiti: En- vey Open-File Report 97-470-K, https://pubs.usgs .org/10.1016/j.quascirev .2017.10.024 . vironmental Earth Sciences, v. 62, no. 8, p. 1619– .gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470K/ (accessed 7 Obenour, D.R., Scavia, D., Rabalais, N.N., Turner, 1628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0645-9. Jan. 2020). R.E., and Michalak, A.M., 2013, Retrospective Whitbeck, R.H., 1922, Geographical relations in the Gersper, P.L., Rodríguez-Barbosa, C.S., and Or- analysis of midsummer hypoxic area and volume development of Cuban agriculture: Geographical lando, L.F., 1993, Soil conservation in Cuba: A in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1985–2011: Envi- Review, v. 12, no. 2, p. 223–240, https://doi.org/ key to the new model for agriculture: Agricul- ronmental Science & Technology, v. 47, no. 17, 10.2307/208738. ture and Human Values, v. 10, no. 3, p. 16–23, p. 9808–9815, https://doi.org/10.1021/es400983g. Zepeda, L., 2003, Cuban agriculture: A green and https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02217835. Pérez-López, J.F., 1989, Sugar and structural red revolution: Choices: The Magazine of Food, Godsey, S.E., Kirchner, J.W., and Clow, D.W., 2009, change in the Cuban economy: World Develop- Farm, and Resource Issues, v. 18, 4th quarter, 5 p. Concentration-discharge relationships reflect ment, v. 17, no. 10, p. 1627–1646, https://doi.org/ chemostatic characteristics of US catchments: 10.1016/0305-750X(89)90033-8. Manuscript received 17 July 2019 Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 13, p. 1844– Pommepuy, M., Derrien, A., Le Guyader, F., Men- Revised manuscript received 17 Dec. 2019 1864, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315. ard, D., Caprais, M.P., Dubois, E., and Gourmel- Manuscript accepted 20 Dec. 2019 YOUR SCIENCE HERE Get your science out in front of thousands of readers, with open access bringing in more readers all the time. 222 Sept. GSA 20 Annual Meeting Exposition

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10 GSA Today | March-April 2020 Give us your best shots! 2021 GSA CALENDAR PHOTO SEARCH Each year, we enjoy seeing how you connect with the natural world through your camera lens. If you have a remarkable or note- worthy geologic image that’s sure to wow us, enter the 2021 GSA Calendar Photo Search. Send up to three of your best images in landscape orientation, using the following categories as a guide:

HOW TO ENTER ICONIC LANDSCAPES Email the following to [email protected] with the subject Striking or notable geologic landscapes and line “Calendar Submission”: features. • Your name, email, and mailing address. ABSTRACT IMAGES • A caption describing the image(s), plus a photo credit, including a one-sentence bio. Feel free to include information on The patterns of geology at any scale, photomicro- how you captured the image. graphs to satellite images. • Up to three images in landscape orientation, in .jpg format, and no larger than 1 MB each (if your image is chosen, GEOLOGIC PROCESSES PAST AND PRESENT we’ll ask for a high-resolution file). Process or feature resulting from a specific pro- • Name your file using your initial and last/family name cess. For example: An erupting volcano or volcanic (e.g., FBascom_image1.jpg). rocks that represent ancient eruptions. Deadline: 19 March 2020

Go to https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Publications/GSA/Pubs/Photos.aspx for more information.

If you have some amazing shots in a vertical orientation, please send them to [email protected] for consideration for publication in GSA Today. IMPORTANT DATES

Late March: Space request system opens (non-technical, social, and 4 Aug.: Abstracts submission deadline business-meeting room requests) Early Aug.: Student volunteer program opens Early May: Housing opens 21 Sept.: Early registration deadline and GSA Sections travel grants 1 April: Abstracts submission form opens deadline

Early June: Registration opens; travel grant applications open 28 Sept.: Registration and student volunteer cancellation deadline

8 June: Meeting room request deadline—fees increase after this date 30 Sept.: Housing deadline for discounted hotel rates

Meeting Location con 2.5 million North Americans out of US$220 million every Registration, technical programs, poster sessions, exhibits, and year. Only use a trusted source to make your hotel reservation, field trip departures will be at the Palais des congrès de Montréal and beware of anyone contacting you directly via email, phone, (Palais), 1001 Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle, Montréal, Québec, H2Z 1M2. or fax. If you have any questions, please contact the GSA meetings department at [email protected]. We will post information Hotel Information to our website regarding hotel reservations in early May. The GSA Housing Bureau will open for reservations in early May. The DoubleTree by Hilton Montréal will serve as GSA head- Don’t Forget Your Passport quarters, and the Le Westin Montréal is the co-headquarters hotel. Passports will be required for entry into Canada. In addition, Both hotels are a five-minute walk from the Palais des congrès de passports should be valid for at least six months on the date of appli- Montréal (Palais). The GSA block includes nine hotels offering cation for a visa. Participants are invited to consult the website of rates from C$255 to C$159 single occupancy (per night, plus tax). the visa office to determine whether they will need a visa: https:// All other hotels are within a half a mile of the Palais. www.cic.gc.ca/english/visit/visas.asp. As a general rule, the valid- Protect yourself: As the number of online hotel bookings con- ity of a Canadian visa cannot go beyond the validity of the passport. tinues to increase, so does the rate of booking scams. According to Also, the passport must have at least two blank pages. the American Hotel & Lodging Association, fraudulent websites

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12 GSA Today | March-April 2020 SCIENCE EDITOR GSA is soliciting applications for three science co-editors for the journal Geology. The uryear terms bei auary . Duties include: ensuring stringent peer OPENINGS review and expeditious processing of manuscripts; making nal acceptance or rejection decisions after considering reviewer recommendations; and, along with your co-editors, setting the editorial tone of Geology and maintaining excellent FOR content through publication of a diverse range of papers. Geology editors should expect to handle 200–250 manuscripts each year, with ~35 active manuscripts on any given day. 2021

3 POSITIONS AVAILABLE

GEOLOGY Research interests that complement those of the GEOLOGY continuing editors include, but are not limited to: geochemistry, geomorphology, petrology, tectonics, tectonophysics, structural geology, seismology, volcanology, Earth surface processes, planetary geology, Quaternary studies, hydrogeology, and economic geology.

Note: Because of the volume of papers received by Geology and the breadth of the topics covered, editors must be willing to handle papers outside of their main disciplines. A SUCCESSFUL EDITOR WILL HAVE: } a broad interest and experience in geosciences, TO APPLY including familiarity with new trends; Submit the following to Jeanette Hammann, hammaesietyr: } experience as an editor } A etter detailing how your experience (including editorial or associate editor for experience) quali es you for a science editor position, and a geoscience journal } A urriuum vitae (experience with a GSA publication is preferred The GSA Publications Committee will review applications at its spring but not required); 2020 meeting. The Committee won’t consider incomplete applications. } international recognition and familiarity with many Editors work out of their current locations at work or at home. The geoscientists and their positions are considered voluntary, but GSA provides an annual stipend work; and funds for of ce expenses. First consideration will be given to nominations or applications received by arh . } a progressive attitude and a willingness to take risks and encourage innovation; } ability to make timely decisions; and } a sense of perspective and humor.

GSA encourages applications from all quali ed persons and is committed to diversity. GSA/ExxonMobil Field Awards

GSA/ExxonMobil Bighorn Basin Field GSA/ExxonMobil Field Camp Award Excellence Award Who should apply? Undergraduate and graduate students and Who should apply? Anyone, but the award must be used toward faculty field camp operations Deadline: 27 March Deadline: 27 March Camp dates: 19–26 July 2020 This US$10,000 award is given to a geology field camp that This award offers 20 undergraduate and graduate students and clearly focuses on the fundamentals of geologic mapping and field five faculty members a high-quality educational experience in the methods. It is based on safety awareness, diversity, and technical spectacular Bighorn Basin of north-central Wyoming, USA. This excellence. One field camp instructor/director will receive the one-week field seminar is free to accepted participants, and all award to assist with his or her summer field season. transportation, meals, and living expenses are covered. To apply, go to https://www.geosociety.org/field-experiences. Supported by Students and recent graduates must submit an online application form, two letters of recommendation, and a cover letter. Questions? Contact Jennifer Nocerino at jnocerino@geosociety .org or +1-303-357-1036.

GSA Member Benefit Become an Interior Federal Credit Union member with just a $25 deposit. We have some of Check the GeoCareers website for upcoming the best rates in the country. webinars and view recordings of past webinars on Young Adult Accounts offer ideal petroleum, minerals, and environmental consulting benefits for students ages 18-26. at https://www.geosociety.org/webinars.

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14 GSA Today | March-April 2020 GSA J. David Lowell Field Camp Scholarships

The importance of field schools to practicing geologists is unquestionable, yet the opportunities to experience field geology are dwindling. J. David Lowell Field Camp Scholarships give undergraduate students the opportunity to experience the wonder of the geosciences and learn something new about the world. These scholarships will provide US$2,000 to undergraduate students so they can attend the summer field camp of their choice. Awards will be based on diversity, economic/financial need, and merit. Students must submit an online application form, two letters of recommendation, and a cover letter by 27 March. Go to https:// www.geosociety.org/field-experiences to apply. Questions? Contact Jennifer Nocerino, [email protected], +1-303-357-1036.

Supported by “I am very thankful for the support of GSA, which helped make it possible for me to partake in this educational adventure. My skills in geologic mapping and interpretation were brought to a new level, and I leave with many fond memories I will enjoy for years to come.” —Cody Keith, 2019 GSA Field Camp Scholar Award Winner

Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Resources of the Michigan Basin Edited by G. Michael Grammer, William B. Harrison III, and David A. Barnes Edited by G.M. Grammer, W.B. Harrison III, and D.A. Barnes Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Resources of the Michigan Basin Edited by G. Michael Grammer, William B. Harrison III, and David A. Barnes Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Resources Basin of the Michigan

Special Paper 2020 Undergraduate Student 531 Research Grants

Take advantage of this opportunity: Five of GSA’s geographic Special Paper 531 Sections offer undergraduate research grants. Deadlines vary by Section, ranging from 1 March to 1 April. This volume provides significant new insights into the Michigan Basin to both academic and applied geo https://www.geosociety.org/undergradgrants scientists. It includes papers that discuss various aspects of the sedimentology and stratigraphy of key units within the basin, as well as papers that analyze the diverse distri bution of natural resources present in this basin.

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www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 15 On To the Future Travel Awards

• 75% of applicants awarded grants Awardees are paired with a mentor and have opportunities to • Average award: US$516 interact with GSA leadership. GSA encourages low-income, underrepresented, first-generation, non-traditional, women, veter- Join more than 600 students from diverse backgrounds who ans, LGBTQ+, and students with disabilities to apply. Application have received travel grants to attend their first GSA Annual deadline: 29 May. Meeting & Exposition, this year in Montréal, Québec, Canada, 25–28 October. https://www.geosociety.org/OTF

Expanding Representation in the Geosciences (ERG) Scholarships

Undergraduate students from groups who are underrepresented in the geosciences are encouraged to apply or be nominated for this scholarship. Up to six awards include a US$1,500 scholarship, GSA student membership, and full meeting registration for the 2020 Annual Meeting & Exposition. Qualified applicants must be U.S. citizens studying at an accredited university or college in one of GSA’s geographic sections (including Canada and Mexico). Application/nomination deadline: 15 May.

https://www.geosociety.org/erg

16 GSA Today | March-April 2020 In Memoriam

The Society notes with regret the deaths of the following members (notifications received between 1 Aug. 2019 and 1 Jan. 2020). Memorials to deceased members are published open access at www.geosociety.org/memorials. Visit that page for links to information on how to honor someone with a memorial.

Sarah Andrews Frank D. Eckelmann Sr. Ralph L. Langenheim Jr. Jack A. Redden Sebastopol, California, USA Brevard, North Carolina, USA Urbana, Illinois, USA Rapid City, South Dakota, USA Date of death: 24 July 2019 Date of death: 7 Dec. 2019 Date of death: 3 Aug. 2019 Date of death: 20 May 2019

Albert W. Bally Ralph H. Espach Jr. Alvis L. Lisenbee Robert H. Rutford Houston, Texas, USA Loveland, Colorado, USA Rapid City, South Dakota, USA Lincoln, Nebraska, USA Date of death: 1 Aug. 2019 Date of death: 10 May 2019 Date of death: 16 Nov. 2018 Date of death: 1 Dec. 2019

Clifford A. Balster Warren A. Evenson Lawrence R. Matson Dale R. Simpson Billings, Montana, USA Cross Lanes, West Virginia, Accord, New York, USA Winchester, Virginia, USA Date of death: 12 Jan. 2019 USA Date of death: 2 Nov. 2019 Date of death: 18 Oct. 2019 Date of death: 10 July 2019 Jackson M. Barton Jr. Alexander R. McBirney Brian J. Skinner Dainfern, Sandton, South Africa Henry Frankel Eugene, Oregon, USA New Haven, Connecticut, USA Date of death: 21 Jan. 2019 Prairie Village, Kansas, USA Notified 12 Sept. 2019 Date of death: 21 Aug. 2019 Date of death: 2 Nov. 2019 Edward Scudder Belt Andrew H. Merritt Mary-Camilla Wallis Amherst, Massachusetts, USA Erik H. Hauri Gainesville, Florida, USA Santa Barbara, California, USA Date of death: 23 Mar. 2019 Washington, D.C. Date of death: 2 Nov. 2019 Date of death: 6 Dec. 2018 Date of death: 5 Sept. 2018 James E. Brooks William R. Moore Willard Lynn Watney Dallas, Texas, USA Dennis Lee Hipple Lake Jackson, Texas, USA Baldwin City, Kansas, USA Date of death: 13 Sept. 2019 Miami, Florida, USA Date of death: 1 July 2019 Date of death: 9 July 2019 Date of death: 22 Nov. 2019 F. William Cambray Kurt L. Othberg William J. Wayne Okemos, Michigan, USA Charles W. Holmes Walla Walla, Washington, USA Lincoln, Nebraska, USA Date of death: 2 June 2019 Tallahassee, Florida, USA Notified 24 Sept. 2019 Date of death: 5 Nov. 2019 Notified 12 Sept. 2019 Robert G. Corbett Zell E. Peterman John L. Wray Normal, Illinois, USA Marvin E. Kauffman Lakewood, Colorado, USA Colorado Springs, Colorado, Date of death: 27 July 2019 Pearland, Texas, USA Date of death: 21 July 2019 USA Date of death: 15 Aug. 2019 Date of death: 7 July 2019 Howard R. Dixon William C. Peters Bettendorf, Iowa, USA Thomas C. Klekamp Tucson, Arizona, USA Lynn A. Yehle Date of death: 1 Aug. 2019 Mandeville, Louisiana, USA Date of death: 5 Feb. 2019 Lakewood, Colorado, USA Date of death: 4 Oct. 2018 Notified 23 Oct. 2019 James Robert Dodd Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Date of death: 15 Sept. 2019

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 17 – Spotlight on Mexico – TECTONICS Geology of México: Celebrating the

Centenary of the Special Paper Guides and Research on This Seismically Geological Society of México 422 Geology of México: Celebrating the Centenary of the Geological Society of México Active Region and Its Geology Edited by Susana A. Alaniz-Álvarez and Ángel F. Nieto-Samaniego SPE422P, 458 p., ISBN 9780813724225 | $9.99 This volume focuses on three subjects: reviews of some of the geological provinces, major faults that constitute tectonic borders, and ore deposits. Papers are of general or VOLCANOLOGY regional character but provide a deep treatment of the themes and bring together useful information for researchers, students, technicians, and others interested in México.

Edited by Susana A. Alaniz-Álvarez and Ángel F. Nieto-Samaniego A PENROSE CONFERENCE VOLUME FIELD GUIDE RELATED TO SPECIAL PAPER 402 Neogene-Quaternary Continental Volcanic Hazards in the Mexico City Margin Volcanism: A Perspective Metropolitan Area from Eruptions from México at Popocatépetl, Nevado de Toluca, Special Paper 494 Edited by Claus Siebe, José Luis Macías, and Jocotitlán Stratovolcanoes and and Gerardo J. Aguirre-Díaz Monogenetic Scoria Cones in the SPE402, 329 p., ISBN 0813724023 | $10.00 Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field This volume represents the culmination of a By Claus Siebe and José Luis Macías Penrose Conference held in January 2004 at the FLDPEN01P, 77 p. | $9.99 foot of Popocatépetl volcano in central México. At the conference, specialists discussed Tephrochronological studies carried out in the petrological and geochemical issues, eruption area surrounding Mexico City have yielded a dynamics, hazard studies, and other topics wealth of radiocarbon ages from eruptions at relating to arc volcanoes in great detail. This Popocatépetl, Nevado de Toluca, and Jocotitlán volume includes the most recent advances in stratovolcanoes and monogenetic scoria cones our knowledge of the subduction-related Trans- in the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field. These Mexican Volcanic Belt. This area is densely dates allow us to constrain the frequency and populated and includes some of the potentially types of eruptions that have affected this area most dangerous volcanoes in the world. during the course of the past 25,000 yr. New Perspectives on Rio Grande Rift The Mojave-Sonora Megashear Hypothesis: Tectonic Evolution of Northwestern Basins: From Tectonics to Groundwater Development, Assessment, and Alternatives México and the Southwestern USA Edited by Mark R. Hudson and Edited by Thomas H. Anderson, Edited by Scott E. Johnson, Scott R. Paterson, V.J.S. (Tien) Grauch Jonathan A. Nourse, James W. McKee, John M. Fletcher, Gary H. Girty, David L. SPE494, 500 + CD-ROM, ISBN 9780813724942 | $10.00 and Maureen B. Steiner Kimbrough, and Arturo Martín-Barajas Field Guide 25 SPE393P, 712 p., ISBN 0813723930 | $9.99 SPE374P, 478 p., ISBN 0813723744 | $9.99

A FIELD GUIDE VOLUME The Southern Cordillera and Beyond Edited by José Jorge Aranda-Gómez, Gustavo Tolson, and Roberto S. Molina-Garza FLD025, 193 p., ISBN 9780813700250 | $10.00 Prepared in conjunction with the 2012 GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting, Querétaro, Mexico, this volume’s eight guides showcase three aspects of the geology of the southern end of the North America cordillera: Mid-Tertiary and Quaternary volcanology, environmental geology, and Mesozoic tectonics. This volume explores the Cenozoic stratigraphy of Sierra de Guanajuato, an important Mexican mining district, and addresses the accretion of the Guerrero terrane and its possible role in the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary orogeny.

Edited by José Jorge Aranda-Gómez, Gustavo Tolson, and Roberto S. Molina-Garza

Cenozoic Tectonics and Mesozoic Sedimentary and Tectonic Proterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Volcanism of Mexico History of North-Central Mexico Grenville Orogen in North America Edited by Hugo Delgado-Granados, Edited by Claudio Bartolini, Edited by Richard P. Tollo, James McLelland, https://rock.geosociety.org/store/ Gerardo J. Aguirre-Díaz, and Joann M. Stock James Lee Wilson, and Timothy F. Lawton Louise Corriveau, and Mervin J. Bartholomew SPE334P, 275 p., ISBN 0813723345 | $9.99 SPE340P, 380 p., ISBN 081372340X | $9.99 MWR197P, 830 p., ISBN 0813711975 | $9.99 toll-free + 1-800-472-1988 | +1.303.357.1000, option 3 | [email protected] – Spotlight on Mexico – TECTONICS Geology of México: Celebrating the

Edited by José Jorge Aranda-Gómez, Gustavo Tolson, and Roberto S. Molina-Garza

South-Central Joint Southeastern–Northeastern 9–10 March 20–22 March Fort Worth Convention Center Hyatt Regency Reston Fort Worth, Texas, USA Reston, Virginia, USA Chairs: Omar Harvey, omar.harvey@ Chairs: Arthur Merschat, [email protected]; tcu.edu; Arne Winguth, [email protected] Patrick Burkhart, [email protected] www.geosociety.org/sc-mtg www.geosociety.org/se-mtg

Fort Worth Stockyards. Photo by Visit Fort Worth. Great Falls Park. Photo by Visit Fairfax.

Rocky Mountain 4–5 May Utah Valley Convention Center Provo, Utah, USA Chair: Daniel Horns, [email protected] www.geosociety.org/rm-mtg

Mount Timpanogos. Photo by Hike395 via Wikimedia Commons.

Cordilleran North-Central 12–14 May 18–19 May The Westin Pasadena Duluth Entertainment Convention Center Pasadena, California, USA Duluth, Minnesota, USA Chair: Doug Yule, [email protected] Chair: Karen Gran, [email protected] www.geosociety.org/cd-mtg www.geosociety.org/nc-mtg

City Hall. Photo by Pasadena Convention & Visitors Bureau. Aerial Lift Bridge at sunrise. Photo by Visit Duluth. GSA Section 2020 Meetings

GeoCareers Programs at the 2020 Section Meetings

South-Central Joint Southeastern–Northeastern 9–10 March 20–22 March Fort Worth Convention Center Hyatt Regency Reston Career Workshops Fort Worth, Texas, USA Reston, Virginia, USA Chairs: Omar Harvey, omar.harvey@ Chairs: Arthur Merschat, [email protected]; Geoscience Career Workshop Part 1: Career Planning and and industry? Workshop presenters and professionals in the field tcu.edu; Arne Winguth, [email protected] Patrick Burkhart, [email protected] Networking will address these issues. www.geosociety.org/sc-mtg www.geosociety.org/se-mtg Your job-hunting process should begin with career planning, not when you apply for jobs. This workshop will help you begin Geoscience Career Workshop Part 3: Cover Letters, Résumés, Fort Worth Stockyards. Photo by Visit Fort Worth. Great Falls Park. Photo by Visit Fairfax. this process. This section is highly recommended for freshmen, and CVs sophomores, and juniors. The earlier you start your career plan- How do you prepare a cover letter? Does your résumé need a good ning the better. edit? Whether you are currently in the market for a job or not, learn how to prepare the best résumé possible. You will review numerous Rocky Mountain Geoscience Career Workshop Part 2: Geoscience Career examples to help you learn important résumé dos and don’ts. 4–5 May Exploration Utah Valley Convention Center What do geologists in various sectors earn? What do they do? Provo, Utah, USA What are the pros and cons of working in academia, government, Chair: Daniel Horns, [email protected] www.geosociety.org/rm-mtg

Mount Timpanogos. Photo by Hike395 via Wikimedia Commons. Mentor Programs for GSA Student Members

GSA student members: Enjoy a free lunch while meeting with Rocky Mountain Section: Provo, Utah, USA geoscience mentors working in applied sectors. The popularity of Shlemon Mentor Luncheon: Monday, 4 May these programs means that space is limited, so plan to arrive early, Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrology Luncheon: Tuesday, 5 May because lunch is first-come, first-served. For further information, contact Jennifer Nocerino at [email protected]. Cordilleran Section: Pasadena, California, USA Shlemon Mentor Luncheon: Tuesday, 12 May South-Central Section: Fort Worth, Texas, USA Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrology Luncheon: Wednesday, Shlemon Mentor Luncheon: Monday, 9 March 13 May Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrology Luncheon: Tuesday, 10 March North-Central Section: Duluth, Minnesota, USA Shlemon Mentor Luncheon: Monday, 18 May Cordilleran North-Central Joint Meeting: Southeastern and Northeastern Sections: Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrology Luncheon: Tuesday, 19 May 12–14 May 18–19 May Reston, Virginia, USA The Westin Pasadena Duluth Entertainment Convention Center Shlemon Mentor Luncheon: Friday, 20 March Pasadena, California, USA Duluth, Minnesota, USA Mann Mentors in Applied Hydrology Luncheon: Saturday, Chair: Doug Yule, [email protected] Chair: Karen Gran, [email protected] 21 March www.geosociety.org/cd-mtg www.geosociety.org/nc-mtg

City Hall. Photo by Pasadena Convention & Visitors Bureau. Aerial Lift Bridge at sunrise. Photo by Visit Duluth. www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 21 CALL FOR NOMINATIONS GSA Scientific Division Awards

GEOARCHAEOLOGY DIVISION MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROLOGY, AND VOLCANOLOGY (MGPV) DIVISION Claude C. Albritton, Jr., Award Nominations due 15 Mar. MGPV Distinguished Geologic Career Award Submit nominations to [email protected] Nominations due 31 Mar. https://community.geosociety.org/geoarchdivision/awards/ Submit nominations to J. Alex Speer at [email protected] student/albritton https://community.geosociety.org/mgpvdivision/awards/dgca

Richard Hay Student Paper/Poster Award MGPV Early Career Award Nominations due 30 Aug. Nominations due 31 Mar. Submit nominations to [email protected] Submit nominations to J. Alex Speer at [email protected] https://community.geosociety.org/geoarchdivision/awards/ https://community.geosociety.org/mgpvdivision/awards/ student/hay earlycareer

GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION DIVISION PLANETARY GEOLOGY DIVISION

Biggs Award for Excellence in Earth Science Teaching Eugene M. Shoemaker Impact Cratering Award Nominations due 15 Mar. Nominations due 19 Aug. Submit nominations online Submit nominations online https://community.geosociety.org/gedivision/awards/ https://community.geosociety.org/pgd/awards/shoemaker biggsaward Ronald Greeley Award for Distinguished Service Nominations due 30 June HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF GEOLOGY Submit nominations to the Division management board at DIVISION https://community.geosociety.org/pgd/aboutus/officers https://community.geosociety.org/pgd/awards/greeley History and Philosophy of Geology Student Award Nominations due 15 June QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY Submit nominations to Michael Smith at [email protected] DIVISION https://community.geosociety.org/histphildiv/awards/student Farouk El-Baz Award for Desert Research LIMNOGEOLOGY DIVISION Nominations due 1 Apr. Submit nominations to the first vice-chair Israel C. Russell Award https://community.geosociety.org/qggdivision/awards/el-baz Nominations due 15 Mar. Submit nominations to David Finkelstein at [email protected] Distinguished Career Award https://community.geosociety.org/limnogeologydivision/ Nominations due 1 Apr. awards/russell Submit nominations to Sarah Lewis at [email protected] https://community.geosociety.org/qggdivision/awards/ Kerry Kelts Research Award distinguished-career Nominations due 30 June Submit nominations to David Finkelstein at [email protected] SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY DIVISION https://community.geosociety.org/limnogeologydivision/ awards/kerrykelts Sedimentary Geology Division and Structural Geology & Tectonics Division Joint Award Stephen E. Laubach Structural Diagenesis Research Award Nominations due 15 May Submit nominations to Timothy Byrne at [email protected] https://community.geosociety.org/sedimentarygeologydiv/ awards/laubach

22 GSA Today | March-April 2020 Take the lead in applied geosciences

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The Edwards Aquifer: The Past, Present, The Edwards Aquifer: The Past, Present, and Future of a Vital Water Resource Edited by John M. Sharp Jr., Ronald T. Green, and Future of a Vital Water Resource and Geary M. Schindel Edited by John M. Sharp Jr., Ronald T. Green, and Geary M. Schindel Member Price Memoir 215 $60.00 The Edwards aquifer system is one of the great karstic aquifer systems of the world. It supplies water for more than 2 million people and for agricultural, municipal, industrial, and recreational uses. The Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer in the San Antonio, Texas, area was the ﬁ rst to be designated a sole source aquifer by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1975. The Edwards Aquifer also hosts unique groundwater, cave, and spring ecosystems. This 27-chapter memoir reviews the current state of knowledge, current and emerging challenges to wise use of the aquifer system, and some of the technologies that must be adopted to address these challenges.

MWR215, 312 p., ISBN 9780813712154 list price $86.00, member price $60.00

toll-free 1.888.443.4472 1.303.357.1000, option 3 [email protected] Meoir 15

Buy online at http://rock.geosociety.org/store/

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 23 Elections: GSA Officers and Councilors

GSA’s success depends on you—its members—and the work of a member-only secure electronic ballot will be active on the GSA the officers serving on GSA’s Executive Committee and Council. website, and biographical information on the nominees will be GSA elections begin 5 March. Ballots must be submitted elec- online for review. Paper versions of the ballot will also be available. tronically or postmarked by 4 April. During this voting period, Vote on these nominees and shape GSA’s future.

PRESIDENT (July 2020–June 2021)

J. Douglas Walker University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, USA

We congratulate our incoming president, J. Douglas Walker, voted into office by J. Douglas Walker GSA members in 2019.

2020 OFFICER AND COUNCIL NOMINEES

PRESIDENT-ELECT/ COUNCILOR POSITION 1 COUNCILOR POSITION 2 COUNCILOR POSITION 3 PRESIDENT (July 2020–June 2024) (July 2020–June 2024) (July 2020–June 2024) (July 2020–June 2022) Susan G. Stover Madeline E. Schreiber Abhijit Mukherjee Barbara (Barb) L. Dutrow Kansas Geological Survey Professor, Virginia Tech Indian Institute of Technology Louisiana State University Topeka, Kansas, USA Blacksburg, Virginia, USA (IIT)–Kharagpur Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA West Bengal, India Pinar O. Yilmaz Dave Szymanski TREASURER (continuing) ExxonMobil Exploration Bentley University Manfred R. Strecker (July 2020–June 2021) Company Waltham, Massachusetts, USA Universität Potsdam Spring, Texas, USA Potsdam-Golm, Germany Richard C. Berg Illinois State Geological Survey Champaign, Illinois, USA

24 GSA Today | March-April 2020 Call for Committee Service

If you are looking for the opportunity to work toward a com- rock.geosociety.org/Nominations/CS.aspx. Open positions and mon goal, network, and make a difference, then we invite you qualification information is online at https://rock.geosociety to volunteer (or nominate a fellow GSA member) to serve on a .org/ forms/viewopenpositions.asp. GSA headquarters contact: Society committee or as a GSA representative to another organi- Dominique Olvera, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, zation. Learn more and access the nomination form at https:// USA; +1-303-357-1060; [email protected].

Nomination deadline: 15 June. Terms begin 1 July 2021 unless stated otherwise.

NO. OF TERM COMMITTEE NAME POSITION TITLE & SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS VACANCIES (YEARS) Academic and Applied Geoscience 1 Member-at-Large: Industry 3 Relations Committee Members-at-Large 4 Annual Program Committee 3 Member-at-Large: Student 2 Arthur L. Day Medal Award Committee 2 Members-at-Large 3 President-Elect 3 Council Officers 5 Treasurer 1 Councilor 4 Diversity in the Geosciences Committee 3 Members-at-Large 3 Members-at-Large 4 Two-Year College Faculty Representatives 4 Education Committee 4 Pre-College Educator (K–12) Representatives 4 Graduate Student Representatives 2 Geology and Public Policy Committee 2 Members-at-Large 3 GSA International 2 Members-at-Large 4 Joint Technical Program Committee 2 Members-at-Large: Marine/Coastal Geology 2 (terms begin Dec. 2020) Membership and Fellowship Committee 1 Member-at-Large: Industry 3 Nominations Committee 1 Member-at-Large: Industry 3 North American Commission on 1 GSA Representative 3 Stratigraphic Nomenclature Penrose Medal Award Committee 2 Members-at-Large 3 Penrose Conferences and Thompson Field 2 Members-at-Large: Early Career Scientists 3 Forums Committee Professional Development Committee 1 Member-at-Large 3 Publications Committee 1 Member-at-Large 4 Research Grants Committee 15 Members-at-Large (various specialties) 3 Young Scientist Award (Donath Medal) 1 Member-at-Large 3 Committee

www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 25  GSA publishes on all aspects of earth science. Find the right  Editors at the forefront of their fields oversee a rigorous peer-review fit for your process for all manuscripts. research at GSA.  Pre-issue publication online gets your accepted paper H GOOIA SCEY F MRC BLEI,VLM 11 N. 11, . 7121 1761–2112 P. 11/12, NO. 131, VOLUME BULLETIN, AMERICA OF SOCIETY GEOLOGICAL THE into circulation quickly. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience I S S N 0 0 1 6 - 7 6 0 6 V O L . 1 3 1 N O . 1 1 / 1 2 VOLUME XXV, NUMBER 3

AUGUST 2019 N O V E M B E R / D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 9 The Edwards Aquifer: The Past, Present, and Future of a Vital Water Resource Edited by John M. Sharp Jr., Ronald T. Green, and Geary M. Schindel

Special Paper 543

The Physical Geography and OEBRDCME 2019 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

Memoir 215 Geology of the Driftless Area The Physical Geography and Geology of the Driftless Area: The Career and Contributions of James C. Knox C. James of Contributions and Career The Area: Driftless the of Geology and Geography Physical The he Career a Ctributis ames C

THE JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE

ASSOCIATIONAND OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYAND ENGINEERING OF AMERICA GEOLOGISTS SERVING PROFESSIONALS IN

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AND HYDROGEOLOGY

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going strong. ite by ri C Cars m Rai ihae aies a h W tti Geology—Measure your success with a paper GSA BOOKS accepted into this #1 ranked “geology” journal. Special Papers and Memoirs are: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience— • peer-reviewed Explores the interaction of people with • published quickly after acceptance hydrologic and geologic systems. • online ahead of print 100% OPEN ACCESS: • distributed worldwide (print + online) • included in the Web of Science Group Book Citation Index Geosphere—Branch out unfettered with animations and inter activity. Details: http://tinyurl.com/GSA-book-guide Submit your proposal: [email protected] www.gsapubs.org

rock.geosociety.org/store

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GSA members receive a US$100 discount on Open Access publication fees. Announcing Also named a Discover Recent, Rare, Guide to the Geology & Natural History CHOICE of the and Out-of-Print Books Blue Ridge “OUTSTANDING Guide to the Featuring ACADEMIC Field Guides • Geology of Mineral • Mineral Books and Mountains to National & State Parks TITLE” Resources Specimens Geology by the American • Pegmatites • Select Mines and Library Assoc. • Paleontology Mining Locations & Natural History • Fossil Specimens • Ore Deposits of the 2019 • Mineral Exploration Blue Ridge WINNER We purchase books, specimens, “BEST GUIDEBOOK” and entire collections. Mountains Edgar W. Spencer Geoscience http://www.booksgeology.com by Edgar W. Spencer (POPULARInformation AWARD) Society MS Book and Mineral Company • P.O. Box 6774, Lake Charles, LA 70606-6774 USA Distributed by University of Virginia Press - Longleaf Services, Inc. - 800-848-6224 [email protected] www.longleafservices.org | 396 pages | 6” x 9” | Paperback - ISBN: 978-0-9837471-6-1

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Marriott The World’s Best Mapboard Portland Get the MultiBoard Geology Kit for field work this summer. Downtown Free up your hands • Carry what you need • Customizable Waterfront • 25 minutes from the Get 10% off Portland with code Join us for the 63rd AEG Airport. “GSA” Annual Meeting in Portland, • Located on the Oregon, September 15-20, Waterfront. 2020 at the Marriott Portland • Walking OIH Obvious in Hindsight Designs Downtown Waterfront! distance to 60 breweries, OIHDesigns.com/geokit The 2020 Annual Meeting Planning restaurants and Committee has arranged a variety shops of unbelievable and unique Field Courses, Guests Tours, Technical Sessions, Symposia and Special Special Event Field Volcanology: Events that are sure to attract A night at the A Tribute to the Distinguished geologists from around the country Oswego Hills Winery with Career of Don Swanson for this memorable event. special guest Don’t miss this great opportunity speaker, Edited by M.P. Poland, M.O. Garcia, V.E. Camp, and A. Grunder to network with industry Scott Burns. professionals. Special Paper 538

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www.geosociety.org/gsatoday 27 GEOSCIENCE JOBS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Ads (or cancellations) must reach the GSA advertising office no members of equity-seeking communities including later than the first of the month, one month prior to the issue in OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS which they are to be published. (Note: Combined March/April issue women, racialized and Indigenous persons, persons releases on March schedule.) Print ads will also appear on the with disabilities, and persons of all sexual orienta- Lithium Americas Summer 2020 Exploration Geoscience Job Board to coincide with the month of print issue. tions and gender identities/expressions. Laurentian Internship. Lithium Americas Corporation is hir- Contact: [email protected], +1-800-472-1988 ext. ing paid student interns for the summer of 2020. 1053, or +1-303-357-1053. Email correspondence should include University’s bilingualism policy (Section 7.3.b) pro- Successful applicants will work with the geological complete contact information (including phone and mailing vides a provision regarding the language require- exploration team to identify sedimentary lithium address). Rates are in U.S. dollars. ment for persons self-identifying as First Nations, deposits in the United States and develop detailed Per line each Métis or Inuit, and the University has a policy of Per Line for addt’l month models of their origins. Internship responsibilities passive bilingualism (English/French) as a condi- Classification 1st month (same ad) will include: (1) extensive field geological mapping; tion of tenure. Information can be found at https:// Positions Open $9.40 $9.35 (2) sample collection, preparation, and geochemi- Fellowship Opportunities $9.40 $9.35 laurentian.ca/bilingualism. LU faculty members are cal analysis; (3) GIS desktop mapping; (4) synthe- Opportunities for Students part of the Laurentian University Faculty Associa- First 25 lines FREE $5.00 sis of field and geochemical data; and (5) writing Additional lines $5.00 $5.00 tion (LUFA). Candidates are advised to consult the of reports. During mapping campaigns, interns will Collective Agreement at www.lufapul.ca/. Lauren- be performing field work in hot, arid conditions and tian University is committed to providing an inclu- often camping in the evenings. A monthly stipend of POSITIONS OPEN sive and barrier free experience to applicants with $2,500 will be provided. accessibility needs. Requests for accommodation Applicants must have a bachelor’s degree in earth Tier I Canada Research Chair in can be made at any stage during the recruitment pro- science and be working towards (or recently finished) Metallogeny, Laurentian University cess. Please contact the Office of the Vice-President, a graduate degree in economic geology, sedimentary The Harquail School of Earth Sciences (HES) and Academic and Provost for more information. All geology, volcanology, petrology, geochemistry, struc- Mineral Exploration Research Centre (MERC) qualified persons are encouraged to apply; however, tural geology, or a related discipline. Experience with at Laurentian University invite applications for a in accordance with Canadian immigration require- field mapping and GIS systems is required. Tier I Canada Research Chair in Metallogeny that ments, Canadian citizens and permanent residents of Interested applicants should fill out the Summer integrates ore system research with broad scale tec- Canada will be given priority. 2020 Exploration Internship Application Form tonic processes. The Chair will enhance research on the Lithium Americas website, https://www and teaching in the field of ore deposit geology 3-Year Faculty Position in .lithiumamericas.com/contact/careers/. Please fill and tectonics, and advance the position of Lauren- Sedimentary Geology, Pomona College out all portions of the application form, and tian University as a centre of excellence in Mineral The Geology Department at Pomona College, the include PDF versions of your cover letter and CV. Deposits and Precambrian Geology. The Chair will founding member of the Claremont Colleges, invites Email the application form, cover letter, and CV be one of the scientific leaders of Metal Earth, a applications for a 3-year, non-tenure-track position as a single PDF document to hr@lithiumamericas Canadian $104 million R&D program led by Lau- beginning July 1 2020 to teach courses and assist .com. Applications close on 13 March 2020. rentian University and funded through the Canada with senior thesis supervision. For additional information or inquiries, please First Research Excellence Fund. We seek a candidate eager to interact with tal- contact Lithium Americas’ Lead Global Explo- We seek an innovative individual with an out- ented undergraduates in a liberal arts college envi- ration Geologist, Tom Benson (tom.benson@ standing record of research and publication, who ronment where teaching and research are empha- lithiumamericas.com). will provide leadership for national and interna- sized. Annual teaching responsibilities are expected tional collaborative research and become a focus for to include Sedimentology and Earth History, each integration of research initiatives involving HES/ with a lab, plus Introductory Geology and one other MERC. The Chair will be expected to contribute non-lab course determined through discussion Hiring? to our BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. programs. The suc- between the candidate and department. Find those qualified geoscientists to fill cessful applicant will have access to a wide range Pomona College and the Geology Department of facilities, including recently updated LA-ICP-MS support equal access to higher education. Fifty-two vacancies. Use GSA’s Geoscience Job facility (Teledyne Cetac Analyte G2 Excimer Laser, percent of our current cohort of first-year students Board (geosociety.org/jobs) and print Thermo Neptune Plus high-resolution MC-ICP-MS, (class of 2023) self-identify as domestic students issues of GSA Today. Bundle and save and iCap TQ triple-quadrupole ICP-MS with dedi- of color, 11% are international, and 19% are first- for best pricing options. That unique cated full-time Ph.D. technician). Additional infor- generation college students. The successful candi- mation about the School, MERC and Metal Earth candidate is waiting to be found. date will have the opportunity to teach and mentor can be found at hes.laurentian.ca, merc.laurentian exceptional students of diverse backgrounds— .ca, and merc.laurentian.ca/research/metal-earth. utilizing pedagogical practices that are rigorous, A Ph.D. degree in a related field is required at “We post on a number of sites. inclusive, and which promote academic equity. the time of appointment. Applications, including a But, most, if not all, of our applicants Applicants should e-mail to GeoFacSearch@ statement of teaching philosophy, evidence of teach- come from GSA’s job board.” pomona.edu a dossier including (1) a letter of interest, ing, an overview of research interests, and a curriculum vitae should be sent as PDF files to vpap@ (2) curriculum vitae, (3) a brief statement of teaching —Recent GSA advertiser laurentian.ca. Applicants should arrange to have philosophy, (4) a summary of research plans, and (5) three letters of reference directly sent to the email undergraduate and graduate transcripts. Applicants address above. Review of complete applications will should arrange to have two letters of reference sent begin immediately but applications will be accepted directly to the search e-mail address. Hard copies until the position is filled. Questions concerning the of materials may also be mailed to Geology Faculty position may be directed to Dr. Doug Tinkham at Search, c/o Lori Keala, Geology Department, 185 E. [email protected]. The full advertisement Sixth Street, Claremont, CA 91711. for this position can be downloaded at https://hes Web address: https://www.pomona.edu/academics/ .laurentian.ca/news-standard/careers-tier-1-canada departments/geology; refer questions to Dr. Eric Gros- -research-chair-metallogeny. fils (e-mail: [email protected]; 909-621-8673). Laurentian University is an inclusive and welcom- Review of completed applications will begin by April ing community and encourages applications from 1st 2020 and will continue until the position is filled.

28 GSA Today | March-April 2020 CALL FOR EDITOR ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE

GSA is soliciting applications and nominations for a science co-editor for Environmental & Engineering Geoscience (E&EG) with a term of 4 years beginning Environmental & January 2021. Duties include: ensuring stringent peer Engineering Geoscience Environmental & VOLUME XXV, NUMBER 1 FEBRUARY 2019 review and expeditious processing of manuscripts; Engineering Geoscience MAY 2019 making final acceptance or rejection decisions after VOLUME XXV, NUMBER 2 considering reviewer recommendations; and, along with your co-editor, setting the editorial tone of the journal. E&EG editors also solicit submissions to the journal through interacting with colleagues at meetings and through organizing special issues.

THE JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS AND THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

SERVING PROFESSIONALS IN Research interests that complement those of the ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AND HYDROGEOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTALTHE JOINT PUBLICATION AND ENGINEERING OF THE GEOLOGISTS continuing editor include hydrogeology, low-T AND THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA ENGINEERING GEOLOGY,SERVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROFESSIONALS GEOLOGY, IN AND HYDROGEOLOGY geochemistry, geomorphology, and/or environmental geophysics.

To Apply: Submit a letter detailing how your experience (including editorial experience) qualifies you for this Environmental & position, and a curriculum vitae to Jeanette Hammann, Engineering Geoscience [email protected]. The GSA Publications VOLUME XXV, NUMBER 3 AUGUST 2019 Committee will review applications at its spring 2020 meeting. GSA encourages applications from all qualified persons and is committed to diversity.

ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCE rD boA . ra d Editors work out of their current locations at work or at IAL , i or OWsky Environmental & EDIT sas University of G. Akron kip” F. rian “s atz, B , Chester k - Watts Florida Department of (ISSN 1078-7275) is Radford University, Chair EnvironmentalBdul Protection , syed r, a hasan shakOO home. The positions are considered voluntary, but GSA University of Missouri, Kent State University Engineering Geoscience Kansas City , arpita Environmental & Engineering Geoscience nandi voLUmE XXv, NUmbEr 4 published quarterly by the Association of Environmental & Engi East Tennessee, thOmas State University neering Geologists (AEG) and the Geological Society of America OOmmen orS (GSA). Periodicals postage paid at AEG, 201 East Main St., Suite Michigan Technological NovEmbEr 2019 : Environmental & Engineering oCIATE EDIT , JOhn 1405, Lexington, KYFFICE 40507 and additional mailing offices. University ASS mCBride provides an annual stipend and funds for office expenses. o , kisa orIAL , COnsultant Brigham Young University EDIT , Charles mWakanyamale Geoscience journal, Department of Geology, Kent State Brankman Illinois State Geological Survey , paul Boston MA rian anti University, Kent, OH 44242, U.S.A. phone: 330-672-2968, fax: O, B s BruCkn Colorado School of Mines THE JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE 330-672-7949, [email protected]. eth Virginia Department of ee, s mS: Claims for damaged or not received issues will be d CLAI TransportationOhn J. University ofOy Nevada, Reno ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS ue, J On, r ClaG hlem honored for 6 months from date of publication. AEG members s AND THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Simon Fraser University,Ome V. Canada illiam should contact AEG, 201 East Main St., Suite 1405, Lexington, FF, Jer R.J. ShlemonOn, W & Associates, Inc. e Gra KY 40507. Phone: 844-331-7867. GSA members who are not - d stephens California State University, U.S. Geological Survey SERVING PROFESSIONALS IN members of AEG should contact the GSA Member Service - , GreG Fresno stOCk - , alan center. All claims must Send be address submitted changes in writing. to AEG, 201 East Main Fryar ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AND HYDROGEOLOGY r: National ParkiChael Service ASTE Op, m DEADLINE: First consideration will be given to m University of Kentucky uk PoST , ernest s hauser Florida Internationalresat University St., Suite 1405, Lexington, KY 40507. Phone: 844-331-7867. In ean , Wright StateOn, UniversityJ ulusay hins skip,” clude both old and new addresses, with ZIP code. Canada agree hutC F. “ Hacettepehester University, Turkey atts, C ment number PM40063731. Return undeliverable Canadian ad Queens University,eFF Canada W On, J dresses to Station A P.O. Box 54, Windsor, ON N9A 6J5 Email: keat Radford University Authors alone are responsible for , terry AMEC Americasassillis West [email protected]: Os, V nominations or applications received by 15 March 2020. Er N arin m articles. Advertisers and their agencies are m Purdue University DISCLAI Aristotle University of views expressed in Thessaloniki, Greece rIPTS - solely responsible for the content of all advertisements printed mANUSC N oF and also assume responsibility for any claims arising therefrom ISSIo SUbm against the publisher. AEG and Environmental & Engineering Geoscience reserve the right to reject any advertising automatically copy. receive oNS: rIPTI Environmental & Engineering Geoscience (E&EG), is a quarterly jour SUbSC AEG members nal devoted to the publication of original papers that are of potential interest to hydrogeologists, environmental and engineering geologists, and Member subscriptions: geological engineers working in site selection, feasibility studies, inves- digital access to the journal as part of their AEG membership tigations, design or construction of civil engineering projects or in waste dues. Members maywho areorder not print members subscriptions of AEG formay $60 order per foryear. $60 management, groundwater, and related environmental fields. All papers GSA members are peer reviewed. per year on their annual GSA dues statement or by contacting are $295 and may be ordered from The editors invite contributions concerning all aspects of environmental GSA. and engineering geology and related disciplines. Recent abstracts can be viewed under “Archive” at the web site, “http://eeg.geoscienceworld.org”. Nonmember subscriptions Articles that report on research, case histories and new methods, and book the subscription department of either organization. A postage reviews are welcome. Discussion papers, which are critiques of printed differential of $10 may apply to nonmember subscribers outside articles and are technical in nature, may be published with replies from the Volume XXV, Number 4, November 2019 the United States, Canada, and Pan America. Contact AEG at original author(s). Discussion papers and replies should. Choose be yourconcise. own login THE JoINT PUbLICATIoN oF THE 844-331-7867; contact GSA Subscription Services, Geological To submit a manuscript go to http://eeg.allentrack.net. If you have not Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301. used the system before, follow the link at the bottom of the page that are $75.00 each. Requests for single copies should New users should register for an account GEoLoGY says ASSoCIATIoANDN oF THE ENv GEIrooNLmoGICALENTAL S ANDoCIETY ENGINEE oF AmrINGErICA GEoLoGISTS Single copies and password. Further instructions will be available upon logging into be sent to AEG, 201 East Main St., Suite 1405, Lexington, KY - the system. Please carefully read the “Instructions for Authors”. SErvING ProFESSIoNALS IN 40507. Authors do not pay any charge for color figures that are essential to the by the Association of Environmental and Engineering manuscript. Manuscripts of fewer than 10 pages may be published as © 2019 Technical Notes. ENGINEErING GEoLoGY, ENvIroNmENTAL GEoLoGY, AND HYDro Geologists For further information, you may contact Dr. Abdul Shakoor at the ed All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be itorial office. reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, Cover photo or by any information storage and retrieval system, without Inspection and drainage gallery of Ermenek Dam, Turkey. Ermenek Dam is permission in writing from AEG. a double-curvature arch dam with a height of 218 m. There are three galleries kAtz at different levels within the dam. The dam has been operated since 2012... see orS riAn G. THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTEDEDIT ON ACID-FREEb PAPER article on page 345. Photo courtesy of Melih Calamak. Florida Department of ShAkoor Environmental Protection Abdul 2600 Blair Stone Rd. Department of Geology Tallahassee, FL 32399 Kent State University 850-245-8233 Kent, OH 44242 330-672-2968 [email protected] [email protected] Take this book along for a ride as you roll across the red plains east to the Ozark Plateau, west to the Panhandle, or south to the Ouachita, Arbuckle, and Wichita Mountains.

ROADSIDE GEOLOGY OF OKLAHOMA N H. S Dinosaur tracks preserved in sandstone, knobs of granite rising from the plains, and springs cascading down limestone cli s are just a few of the fascinating geologic features discussed in Roadside Geology of Oklahoma, a guide to more than 35 roads that crisscross the state. Geologist Neil Suneson tells you what to look for along the roads, points you to nearby parks with interesting rocks and crystals, and recounts the history of radium mineral baths, coal mines, fossil excavations, and petroleum drilling, not to mention the rush for nonexistent gold in the Wichita Mountains. 400 pages • 6 x 9 • full color • 220 color photographs 100 color maps and illustrations • glossary • references • index paper $26.00 • Item 204 • ISBN 978-0-87842-697-3

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Submit Your Research to Environmental & Engineering Geoscience

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Coming up for the journal in 2020 are two special issues. a quarterly journal jointly published by the Association of Environmental & Engineering “Naturally Occurring Asbestos” (NOA) memorializes the Geologists (AEG) and GSA, has a new findings and state-of-the-art practices described by many manuscript submission platform at of the presenters at the NOA Symposium held as part of the combined XIII Congress of the International Association for https://www.editorialmanager.com/eeg. Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) and the AEG Annual Meeting in September 2018 in San Francisco, California. The guest editors of this special edition are R. Mark Bailey and Sarah Kalika.

The second Environmental & Engineering Geoscience special issue, “Springs,” grew out of presentations at recent GSA Annual Meetings. The guest editor of this special issue is Abraham Springer.

30 GSA Today | March-April 2020 Corporations and Geologists in Industry: An Important Role with GSA

GSA and the GSA Foundation have long partnered with corpora- membership worked collaboratively leading up to the 2019 Annual tions in both support and programmatic involvement. While contrib- Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, to incorporate career webinars uted funds are vital to the existence of many programs, so is the and onsite components into a well-rounded program for students and hands-on, engaged participation of companies and their employees. early career attendees. Six representatives from Chesapeake attended We appreciate that our partners are highly committed to the next the meeting as part of GeoCareers, including a human resources rep- generation of geoscience talent. Chesapeake Energy Corporation is resentative with whom students found great advantage in talking. one of those—supporting programs through both funding and inter- We are pleased that JP will continue in his role as GeoCareers com- action with GSA students through committed employees who volun- mittee chair for 2020; we value his enthusiasm and support for the teer their time and share their experience directly. During GSA’s 2018 program rooted in his first-hand experience. In each year of participa- Annual Meeting & Exhibition in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, tion, Chesapeake reviewed more than 100 graduate students at GSA Chesapeake was present not only as an exhibitor and sponsor of the and interviewed about 20 people. Four out of 24 total interns over the GeoCareers program, but also with employees actively engaged in the past two years (summer hires for 2019 and 2020) have come from meeting overall, attending posters, technical sessions, and events. GSA, and of those four, three represented students from schools new JP Dube, geoscience manager, found great benefit in all the ways that to the company. One of their 2019 interns from GSA is returning for a the company was involved: “I think that sometimes petroleum geosci- second internship this coming summer. entists forget that GSA is their society too. By encouraging and sup- This partnership represents a depth and breadth of collaboration porting attendance to the GSA Annual Meeting and Exposition, between GSA and corporations that reaches far beyond a one-time Chesapeake has been able to take advantage of a strong technical pro- financial contribution to a program. We value the support of our part- gram rooted in fundamentals, network with partners and stakeholders ners and the devoted time of their employees to GSA students and in geoscience, and supplement our college recruiting efforts with an efforts. Together, we can maximize the collective ability to foster cur- improved level of quality and diversity.” rent and future leaders in the geoscience community. We strive to JP believed their involvement to be so beneficial that he accepted engage business and industry as a positive force to advance science, an invitation from GSA’s then-president Robbie Gries to chair an ad stewardship, and service, joining with corporations to have a mean- hoc committee for the 2019 GeoCareers program. With a strong focus ingful impact. If you want to learn how you or your employer can join on engaging companies more deeply with GSA, JP and other repre- these efforts, please contact Debbie Marcinkowski at +1-303-357-1047 sentatives from various industry sectors, academia, and student or [email protected].

www.gsa-foundation.org palladium catalysts nickel foam perovskite crystals glassy carbon III-IV semiconductors europium phosphors diamond micropowder buckyballs Nd:YAG alternative energy additive manufacturing metamaterials

1 1 2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 MOFs Hydrogen 99.999% ruthenium spheres organometallics Helium osmium

3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 nanogels Lithium Beryllium surface functionalized nanoparticles Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon h-BN

11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 YBCO Sodium Magnesium nanodispersions 3D graphene foam Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Invar

19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 MOCVD Potassium CalciumisoScandiumtopesTitanium Vanadium ultChromiumraligManganeseht aeIron rospaCobalt cNickele allCopperoys Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton GDC 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 AuNPs Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon dielectrics 55 2 56 2 57 2 72 2 73 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77 2 78 2 79 2 80 2 81 2 82 2 83 2 84 2 85 2 86 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 EuFOD 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 CIGS 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 Nh 18 18 Mc 18 18 18 Og 18 Fr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 Ts 7 8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson InAs wafers epitaxial crystal growth macromolecules silver nanoparticles ITO

58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 gallium lump 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 nanoribbons Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2yttPurium2 Am stabili2 Cm 2 zBked2 ziCfrc2 oniaEs 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 quantum dots 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) mischmetal Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium transparent ceramics rhodium sponge scandium powder chalcogenides refractory metals cerium oxide polishing powder biosynthetics rare earth metals sputtering targets TM CVD precursors endohedral fullerenes Now Invent. deposition slugs gold nanocubes OLED lighting laser crystals platinum ink tungsten carbide The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs superconductors spintronics InGaAs state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of photovoltaics new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language "Mobile Responsive” platform. zeolites graphene oxide ultra high purity materials optical glass pyrolitic graphite Ti-6Al-4V American Elements opens a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! carbon nanotubes www.americanelements.com metallocenes mesoporus silica 99.99999% mercury li-ion battery electrolytes solar energy © 2001-2020. American Elements is a U.S.Registered Trademark