Crustal Setting of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks and Associated Ore Deposits of the Caribbean Region
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CRUSTAL SETTING OF MAFIC AND ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS AND ASSOCIATED ORE DEPOSITS OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION by J.E. Case U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S. Geological Survey OPEN-FILE REPORT 80-304 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey Standards and nomenclature Contents Introduction ———— •- —— • ——— • ———————————————————————————————— 1 Guatemala and Honduras ———————— - ———————————— — ———————————— 6 Cuba ————— —————• —— •——— • —————————————• ———————————————— 11 Geophysical studies ————————————————————• —————————————— 14 Jamaica «•-•-•—•-•-'*———•»———————————————————-———-——-.——-.-.—————————————————•—— 15 Hispaniola ——————————————————————————— - — • —— - ——————————— 18 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands ——————————————— - ————————————— 22 Lesser Antilles-La Desirade ——————————————————————— • ———————— 28 Trinidad and Tobago — • ————— - ——————— - — - ——————— - —————————————— 29 Venezuela and Netherlands Antilles ——————————————————————————— 34 Gravity studies in Venezuela and vicinity ——————————————————— 40 Colombia ———————————————————————————————————————————————— , , 46 Cerro Matoso-Ure —————————————————————————————————————— 47 Yarumal-Morro Pelon-Alto Nechi ——————————————————————————— 43 Medellin area ———————————————————————————————————————— 49 Cordillera Occident al-Serrania de Baudo ———————————————————— 50 Geophysical surveys ————————————————————————————————————— 53 Panama —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 53 Costa Rica ————————————————————————————————————————————————— 60 Offshore Middle America ————————————————————————————————————— 54 Summary and conclusions ————————————————————————————————————— 68 Some geophysical ore guides and prospecting techniques —————————— 72 Major regional problems ———————————————————————————————————— 73 Acknowledgments ———————————————————————————————————————————— ' ^ References Illustrations Figure 1 Thickness of various ophiolitic masses ———————————————————————— 2 2 Ophiolite metamorphic peridotites compared to l^erzolite subtype ———— 3 3 Mafic and ultramafic belts of the onland Caribbean region ————————— in pocket 4 Geologic and simple Bouguer anomaly map of parts of Guatemala and Honduras -——————•—————-——————————————————————————————— 7 5 Simplified bathymetric map of the Caribbean region ——————————————— 9 6 Generalized crustal model across Guatemala ————————————————————— 11 .7 Simple Bouguer anomaly and geologic map of Cuba ————————————————— in pocket 8 Schematic section of crust across Cuba ———————————————————————— in pocket 9 Simplified aeromagnetic map of Cuba ——————————————————————————— in pocket 10 Simplified Bouguer anomaly, geologic, and aeromagnetic maps of Jamaica- 17 11 Simplified geologic and Bouguer anomaly map of Hispaniola ————————— in pocket 12 Interpretation of crustal structure across Hispaniola ————————————— in pocket 13 Magnetic field of the central Dominican Republic ———————————————— 20 14 Simplified Bouguer anomaly, geologic, and aeromagnetic maps of Puerto Rico ——————————————————————————————————————————— 23 15 Crustal model across Puerto Rico ————————————————————————————— 25 16 Simple Bouguer gravity anomaly map of southwest Puerto Rico ———————— 26 17 Gravity model across Guanajibo anticline ——————————————————— 27 18 Bouguer anomaly and simplified geologic map of Lesser Antilles and vicinity ———————————————————————————————-•——————————— in pocket 19 Crustal models across Lesser Antilles volcanic arc at 13°4'N ———————— 30 20 Crustal models across Lesser Antilles volcanic arc at 14°14'N ——————— 31 and 32 21 Representative crustal models.across the Lesser Antilles, from Officer and others (1959) ———————————————————————————————— 33 Figure Page 22 Simplified geologic, Bouguer anomaly, and aeromagnetic maps of Trinidad and Tobago ———————————————————————— 35 23 Simplified geologic and Bouguer anomaly maps of northern Venezuela and vicinity ——————— ..._,.— — .._,_...__.. ——— ... —— in pocket 24 Crustal section from the Orinoco River to Grenada Trough — ——— — 41 25 Crustal sections from Isla de Aves to Calabozo ——————————— 42 26 Crustal models across Venezuelan margin ———————————————— 43 and 44 27 Simplified geologic and Bouguer anomaly maps of northern and western Colombia —————————————————————————— in pocket 28 Southern Colombia ophiolites ————————————————— - — — —— ———— 51 29 Crustal model Cabo Corrientes-Magdalena Valley ———————————— 54 30 Refraction profile in western Colombia after Meissner and others (1976) —————————————————— - ————————— - ————— 55 31 Refraction profile in western Colombia after Meyer and others (1976) ———————: ————————————————————————————— 56 'and -57 32 Simplified geologic and gravity anomaly map of Panama -- — —— ——— 58 33 Magnetic map of parts of Panama ——————————————————————— 61 34 Simplified geologic and Bouguer anomaly map of Costa Rica ————— 62 35 Stratigraphic-geographic nomenclature, Nicoya Peninsula —————— in pocket 36 Generalized aeromagnetic map of parts of Costa Rica -«————— ---—— 65 and 66 37 Gravity anomalies along Pacific margin of Middle America — — ——— in pocket 38 Plate-tectonic setting of Middle America - —————————————— 69 39 Map showing depth to M-dis continuity, Caribbean region ——— — ——— in pocket 40 Schematic model showing modes of origin of abnormally thick •i r» T-»-»r»Vo4- * * * * As a means of decreasing reproduction cost, oversize figures 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 23, 27, 35, 37, 39, and 40 have been grouped randomly on six oversize sheets. Individual figures can be cut apart as needed. Crustal setting of mafic and ultramafic rocks and associated ore deposits of the Caribbean region by J. E. Case U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Introduction With the advent of modern concepts of plate tectonics during the 1960's and 1970's, the geological community became increasingly aware that in many parts of the world huge blocks of exposed rocks probably represent segments of oceanic crust and upper mantle that have reached the surface as a result of tectonic processes. The distribution of such rocks, their associated ore deposits, and geophysical expression in the circum-Caribbean region are reviewed here. These rocks are thought to have formed primarily at mid-ocean ridges, sites of crustal divergence, and to have been tectonically emplaced and uplifted at sites of crustal convergence (Dewey and Bird, 1971, Coleman and Irwin, 1974, Coleman 1977). Some of these rocks, however, may have formed over plumes (Morgan, 1971), "leaky" transform faults (Thompson and Melson, 1972, Fox and others, 1976)), back-arc spreading centers (Karig, 1971), or other sites of oceanic mafic volcanism (Donnelly, 1974, 1975). These "oceanic" rocks tend to contain relatively high contents of magnesium and iron (mafic and ultramafic rocks) as compared with rocks comprising average "continental" crust, which are relatively high in silicon and aluminum (sialic rocks). Some such assemblages of oceanic rocks have been termed ophiolites (fig. 1) and, quoting Coleman and Irwin, (1974) and Geotimes (1972): "Ophiolite, as used by those at the GSA Penrose Conference on ophiolites, refers to a distinctive assemblage of mafic to ultramafic rocks. It should not be used as a rock name or as a lithologic unit in mapping. In a completely developed ophiolite, the rock types occur in the following sequence, starting from the bottom and working up: "Ultramafic complex, consisting of variable proportions of harzburgite, Iherzolite [varieties of peridotite (fig. 2)] and dunite, usually with a metamorphic tectonic [tectonite] fabric (more or less serpentinized); "Gabbroic complex, ordinarily with cumulus textures commonly containing peridotites and pyroxenites and usually less deformed than the ultramafic complex; "Mafic sheeted dike complex; "Mafic volcanic complex, commonly pillowed. "Associated rock types include (1) an overlying sedimentary section typically including ribbon cherts, thin shale interbeds, and minor limestones; (2) podiform bodies OCEANIC CNUflT-MAffTLE OPHIOLITES LATER > V» S.I Km /We •2 OCEANIC SEftPENTINITE LAV EH <M 40 X s TKANSITION ZONE NEW CALEDONIA Vf « t KmrSut 6AOBMO *rm>XENlTE-BJN. MON( R 0 V I Cl C OISCON TIMUITY ^ £• Figure 1. Comparison of the stratigraphic thickness of igneous units from various ophiolitic masses with the geophysical estimate of the oceanic crustal layers (from Coleman, 1977). The rock name "Trondj" (trondhjemite) should be replaced by plagiogranite (oral communication, R. G. Coleman, March 15, 1979). OUVINC OMTMOPVflOXENlT Of*. crx 0*THO»V«OXENITE Figure 2. Modal proportions of olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene in harzburgite and dunite fron ophiolite metanorphic peridotites compared to the Iherzolite subtype (after Coleman, 1977, p. 26). of chromite generally associated with dunite; (3) sodic felsic intrusive and extrusive rocks [plagiogranites and keratophyres] . [To this might be added the common occurrence of nickel, copper, and platinum deposits.] Unserpentinized ophiolites tend to be of high mean density (/°= 2.9 - 3.3 g/cm3 ) and of high seismic velocity (V = 5.0 to 8.4 km/sec) (Fox and others, 1973, Salisbury and Christensen, 1978, and others). Serpentinization of ultramafic rocks can lower densities to as low as 2.3 g/cm (Brornery and Griscom, 1964). Magnetization of ophiolites is variable, but large magnetic anomalies are not uncommon, depending on the metamorphic grade and degree of Serpentinization (Griscom, 1964; Cox and others, 1964; Soloviev and others, 1964b). Magnetization