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Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art Monumenta Graeca Et Romana

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Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art Monumenta Graeca Et Romana Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art Monumenta Graeca et Romana Editor-in-Chief John M. Fossey FRSC (McGill University & Montreal Museum of Fine Arts) Associate Editor Angelo Geissen (University of Cologne) Advisory Board Christiane Delplace (CNRS, France) Christine Kondoleon (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Nota Kourou (University of Athens) Gullög Christine Nordquist (University of Uppsala) Michael Vickers (University of Oxford) VOLUME 19 Polis and Personification in Classical Athenian Art By Amy C. Smith Ph.D. University of Reading LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 Cover illustrations: London, BM 1772.3-20.30*. Hydria by the Meidias Painter. Photos Maria Daniels, Perseus Project (front) and © Trustees of the British Museum (back). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Amy Claire, 1966- Polis and personification in classical Athenian art / by Amy C. Smith. p. cm. — (Monumenta Graeca et Romana ; v. 19) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-19417-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Art, Greek—Greece—Athens—Themes, motives. 2. Art, Classical—Greece—Athens— Themes, motives. 3. Athens (Greece)—Symbolic representation. 4. Personification in art. 5. Art and society—Greece—Athens. I. Title. II. Series. N5650.S65 2011 709.38’5—dc22 2011015630 ISSN 0169-8850 ISBN 978 90 04 19417 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. To the memory of Miriam and Norman Balmuth CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... xi Bibliography & Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xiii List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................................. xli Chapter One Introduction: Viewing personifications in Classical Athens ................................ 1 The relevance of literature in the study of personifications ........................................................ 3 Civic and political ............................................................................................................................... 4 Overview of previous scholarship .................................................................................................... 7 Synopsis ................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter Two Names or comments? The Birth of Political Personification in Greece ............. 11 Prosopopoeia, allegoria, and hyponoia ............................................................................................. 11 Personifications in myth and cult .................................................................................................... 13 Greek personifications before the Classical period ....................................................................... 14 Parallels in Classical Athenian literature ......................................................................................... 15 Political personifications in old comedy ......................................................................................... 18 Symbolic figures in the visual arts of early Classical Athens ....................................................... 19 The use of labels with personifications ............................................................................................ 23 Chapter Three Humanising Greek places and spaces: Local Personifications and Athenian Imperialism ...................................................................................................................................... 27 The family of Okeanos ....................................................................................................................... 27 The daughters of Asopos .................................................................................................................... 29 Eleusis and more eponymous heroines ........................................................................................... 33 Nymphs, Nereids, and maenads ....................................................................................................... 35 Chapter Four Goddess before personification? Right and Retribution ...................................... 41 Nemesis ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Themis ................................................................................................................................................... 46 From epic to Athens ........................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter Five The independence of epithets: Kharites, virtues, & other nymphs in the ‘Gardens of Aphrodite’ .................................................................................................................. 51 Civic virtues in the Classical Athenian polis .................................................................................. 51 Hygieia and a healthy city ................................................................................................................. 53 Peitho in the polis ................................................................................................................................ 55 Civic Harmony .................................................................................................................................... 60 Other personifications in the realm of Aphrodite ......................................................................... 62 Civic expressions in public processions .......................................................................................... 66 viii contents Chapter Six Aristocracy or democracy? Eukleia and Eunomia between the gods ................... 71 Eukleia ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Eunomia ................................................................................................................................................ 72 A joint cult of Eukleia and Eunomia at Athens? ........................................................................... 74 Chapter Seven Visual personifications in literature and art: Aristophanes’ Eirene and her attendants ......................................................................................................................................... 77 Eirene ..................................................................................................................................................... 78 Opora and Theoria .............................................................................................................................. 79 The benefits of Peace .......................................................................................................................... 81 Chapter Eight Ephemeral personifications: Civic festivals and other peacetime pleasures ..... 83 Basileia and Soteria ............................................................................................................................. 83 Pompe and Athenian festivals ........................................................................................................... 84 Panhellenic festivals ............................................................................................................................ 87 Fin-de-siècle ephemera ....................................................................................................................... 89 Chapter Nine Masculine people in feminine places: The Body Politic at home and abroad ............................................................................................................................................... 91 Athens and Attika ............................................................................................................................... 92 Tribes and neighbourhoods ............................................................................................................... 93 Aspects of the Athenian Demos ....................................................................................................... 96 Personifications of cities regions outside Attika ............................................................................ 102 Local personifications in the public eye .......................................................................................... 106 Chapter Ten The mother of wealth:
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