Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation ______
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Radiometry and the Friis Transmission Equation Joseph A
Radiometry and the Friis transmission equation Joseph A. Shaw Citation: Am. J. Phys. 81, 33 (2013); doi: 10.1119/1.4755780 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4755780 View Table of Contents: http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/AJPIAS/v81/i1 Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Related Articles The reciprocal relation of mutual inductance in a coupled circuit system Am. J. Phys. 80, 840 (2012) Teaching solar cell I-V characteristics using SPICE Am. J. Phys. 79, 1232 (2011) A digital oscilloscope setup for the measurement of a transistor’s characteristic curves Am. J. Phys. 78, 1425 (2010) A low cost, modular, and physiologically inspired electronic neuron Am. J. Phys. 78, 1297 (2010) Spreadsheet lock-in amplifier Am. J. Phys. 78, 1227 (2010) Additional information on Am. J. Phys. Journal Homepage: http://ajp.aapt.org/ Journal Information: http://ajp.aapt.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://ajp.aapt.org/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://ajp.dickinson.edu/Contributors/contGenInfo.html Downloaded 07 Jan 2013 to 153.90.120.11. Redistribution subject to AAPT license or copyright; see http://ajp.aapt.org/authors/copyright_permission Radiometry and the Friis transmission equation Joseph A. Shaw Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 (Received 1 July 2011; accepted 13 September 2012) To more effectively tailor courses involving antennas, wireless communications, optics, and applied electromagnetics to a mixed audience of engineering and physics students, the Friis transmission equation—which quantifies the power received in a free-space communication link—is developed from principles of optical radiometry and scalar diffraction. -
Handbookhandbook Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) Handbook
n International Telecommunication Union Mobile-satellite service (MSS) HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Handbook *00000* Edition 2002 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2002 ISBN 92-61-09951-3 Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6141 English Telephone: +41 22 730 6142 French Telephone: +41 22 730 6143 Spanish Fax: +41 22 730 5194 Telex: 421 000 uit ch Telegram: ITU GENEVE E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ITU 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 - iii - FOREWORD In today’s world, people have become increasingly mobile in both their work and play. -
47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–97 Edition) § 80.223
§ 80.223 47 CFR Ch. I (10±1±97 Edition) (3) The interval between successive able to be manually keyed. If provi- tones must not exceed 4 milliseconds; sions are made for automatically (4) The amplitude ratio of the tones transmitting the radiotelegraph alarm must be flat within 1.6 dB; signal or the radiotelegraph distress (5) The output of the device must be signal, such provisions must meet the sufficient to modulate the associated requirements in subpart F of this part. transmitter for H2B emission to at (d) Any EPIRB carried as part of a least 70 percent, and for J2B emission survival craft station must comply to within 3 dB of the rated peak enve- with the specific technical and per- lope power; formance requirements for its class (6) Light from the device must not contained in subpart V of this chapter. interfere with the safe navigation of the ship; [51 FR 31213, Sept. 2, 1986, as amended at 53 (7) After activation the device must FR 8905, Mar. 18, 1988; 53 FR 37308, Sept. 26, automatically generate the radio- 1988; 56 FR 11516, Mar. 19, 1991] telephone alarm signal for not less than 30 seconds and not more than 60 § 80.225 Requirements for selective seconds unless manually interrupted; calling equipment. (8) After generating the radio- This section specifies the require- telephone alarm signal or after manual ments for voluntary digital selective interruption the device must be imme- calling (DSC) equipment and selective diately ready to repeat the signal; calling equipment installed in ship and (9) The transmitter must be auto- coast stations. -
25. Antennas II
25. Antennas II Radiation patterns Beyond the Hertzian dipole - superposition Directivity and antenna gain More complicated antennas Impedance matching Reminder: Hertzian dipole The Hertzian dipole is a linear d << antenna which is much shorter than the free-space wavelength: V(t) Far field: jk0 r j t 00Id e ˆ Er,, t j sin 4 r Radiation resistance: 2 d 2 RZ rad 3 0 2 where Z 000 377 is the impedance of free space. R Radiation efficiency: rad (typically is small because d << ) RRrad Ohmic Radiation patterns Antennas do not radiate power equally in all directions. For a linear dipole, no power is radiated along the antenna’s axis ( = 0). 222 2 I 00Idsin 0 ˆ 330 30 Sr, 22 32 cr 0 300 60 We’ve seen this picture before… 270 90 Such polar plots of far-field power vs. angle 240 120 210 150 are known as ‘radiation patterns’. 180 Note that this picture is only a 2D slice of a 3D pattern. E-plane pattern: the 2D slice displaying the plane which contains the electric field vectors. H-plane pattern: the 2D slice displaying the plane which contains the magnetic field vectors. Radiation patterns – Hertzian dipole z y E-plane radiation pattern y x 3D cutaway view H-plane radiation pattern Beyond the Hertzian dipole: longer antennas All of the results we’ve derived so far apply only in the situation where the antenna is short, i.e., d << . That assumption allowed us to say that the current in the antenna was independent of position along the antenna, depending only on time: I(t) = I0 cos(t) no z dependence! For longer antennas, this is no longer true. -
Communications
The Essentials of Datalink Communications The origins and course of Air-to-Ground Messaging The Essentials of Datalink Communications Contents international Trip Support | international Trip The Technology that HR Created 02 Inmarsat Satellite 06 Growing into an Operational Necessity 03 Iridium Satellite 07 UAS Communications Mechanisms 04 Upcoming Regulations 10 VHF Radio 05 The Future of ACARS 11 © Copyright 2016 Page 1/12 The Technology that HR Created t one time in the not-so-distant past, pilots and other ARINC’s solution was an automated system, called the A flight crew members were paid different rates for the ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System, time they were airborne versus the time they were performing or ACARS for short, which sent short text data from the ground operations. Events like aircraft pushback, taxi, takeoff, avionics of the aircraft directly to the ground-based entities landing, and gate arrival were transmitted via voice over radio through Very High Frequency (VHF) radio frequencies frequencies to operators who would relay this information back without any crewmember involvement. The aircraft was to the airlines. The pilots were responsible for self-reporting programmed to take advantage of switches and automation their own times and movements. Understanding that people points on the aircraft, resulting in the creation of a set of can sometimes be forgetful, or worse, willfully manipulative, messages referred to as the OOOI report. An OOOI report is the major airlines began searching for a solution that tracked any of four messages: Out, Off, On and In. Still in wide-scale crewmember pay in a more structured and accurate way. -
Spectrum Management: a State of the Profession White Paper
Astro2020 APC White Paper Spectrum Management: A State of the Profession White Paper Type of Activity: ☐ Ground Based Project ☐ Space Based Project ☐ Infrastructure Activity ☐ Technological Development Activity ☒ State of the Profession Consideration ☐ Other Principal Author: Name: Liese van Zee Institution: Indiana University Email: [email protected] Phone: 812 855 0274 Co-authors: (names and institutions) David DeBoer (University of California, Radio Astronomy Lab), Darrel Emerson (Steward Observatory, University of Arizona), Tomas E. Gergely (retired), Namir Kassim (Naval Research Laboratory), Amy J. Lovell (Agnes Scott College), James M. Moran (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian), Timothy J. Pearson (California Institute of Technology), Scott Ransom (National Radio Astronomy Observatory), and Gregory B. Taylor (University of New Mexico) Abstract (optional): This Astro2020 APC white paper addresses state of the profession considerations regarding spectrum management for the protection of radio astronomy observations. Given the increasing commercial demand for radio spectrum, and the high monetary value associated with such use, innovative approaches to spectrum management will be necessary to ensure the scientific capabilities of current and future radio telescopes. Key aspects include development of methods, in both hardware and software, to improve mitigation and excision of radio frequency interference (RFI). In addition, innovative approaches to radio regulations and coordination between observatories and commercial -
CITC Operational Procedures for Issuing Frequency Assignments and Radio Licenses for Professional Radiocommunication Services
CITC Operational Procedures for Issuing Frequency Assignments and Radio Licenses for Professional Radiocommunication Services Contents 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 5 2. AERONAUTICAL SERVICES ................................................................................. 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 6 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES/LICENCES ................................................................ 6 2.2.1 LICENCES AVAILABLE. ........................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 WHO CAN APPLY ................................................................................................ 7 2.3 FREQUENCY BANDS ........................................................................................... 7 2.4 LICENSING GUIDELINES ...................................................................................... 7 2.4.1 CALL SIGNS ....................................................................................................... 7 2.4.2 FITTING OF EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................... 8 2.4.3 OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT ................................................................................ 8 2.5 LICENCE APPLICATION FORMS ............................................................................ 8 2.6 TIMESCALES FOR LICENCE ISSUE ....................................................................... -
General Disclaimer One Or More of the Following Statements May Affect
General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) . AE (NASA-TM-74770) SATELLITES FOR DISTRESS 77-28178 ALERTING AND LOCATING; REPORT BY TNTERAG .ENCY COMMITTEE FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE !^ !I"^ U U AD HOC WORKING GROUP Final Report. ( National. Unclas Aeronautics and Space Administration) 178 p G3 / 15 41346 0" INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE AD HOC WORKING GROUP REPORT ON SATELLITES FOR DISTRESS ALERTING AND LOCATING FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 1976 r^> JUL 1977 RASA STI FACIUIV INPUT 3DNUH ^;w ^^^p^112 ^3 jq7 Lltl1V797, I - , ^1^ , - I t Y I FOREWORD L I^ This report was prepared to document the work initiated by the ad hoc working group on satellites for search and rescue (SAR). The ad hoc L working group on satellites for distress alerting and locating (DAL), formed 1 in November 1975 by agreement of the Interagency Committee on Search and Rescue (ICSAR), consisted of representatives from Maritime Administration, NASA Headquarters, Goddard Space Flight Center, U.S. -
NTFA & Channel Arrangements
NTFA & Channel arrangements Training on SMS4DC Vientiane, Lao P.D.R 12 – 14 February 2019 Aamir Riaz International Telecommunication Union – Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific [email protected] Outline • National Table of Frequency Allocations 1 • Channel Arrangements 2 SMS4DC Spectrum Allocation Chart Draw Chart: Item to depict a section of regional or national FAT in strip format. Each segment in the frequency allocations strip denotes a frequency allocation to a radiocommunication service with its service priority . SMS4DC Spectrum Allocation Chart(2) The mouse cursor shape on the strip is changed to a cross (+) and a left-click on a colored patch shows its characteristics, including: frequency band, service name, service priority, service footnotes and frequency band footnotes at the top-left corner of chart. Push buttons in browsing toolbar in the item “Frequency Allocations‐>Edit‐ >Plan” Modification of legend of frequency allocations chart Service table” item in menu enables user to browse and modify radiocommunication service name and color used in the frequency allocations chart. Editing National Plan and Footnote The “Edit” menu under the frequency allocations chart provides three powerful items: “Plan”, “Service Table” and “Footnotes” to edit the content of the frequency allocations table and chart color. Editing National Plan and Footnote(1) Editing the Service Table Editing the footnote Outline • National Table of Frequency Allocations 1 • Channel Arrangements 2 Channel Arrangements Purposes(1) Once a frequency band has been allocated to a service, it is necessary to make provision for systems and users to access the frequencies in an orderly manner. The most commonly used method is by frequency division. -
ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc
Introducing ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (commonly known as: "ARINC") maintains a huge VHF and HF voice network throughout the United States and overseas to provide operational radio communications for the aircraft industry. In the early eighties they developed an addressable, digital data link for commercial and business jets and their respective companies known as ACARS. ACARS stands for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System. It was produced to reduce the flight crew's work-load by using modern computer technology to exchange many routine reports and messages. This improves the safety and efficiency of modern air travel. ACARS uses the AM mode because the same airborne VHF radio is often also used for voice communications. Burst transmissions are used with a limit of 220 ■ ACARS FREQUENCIES characters per message. Transmissions often last less than one second! MHz Function Therefore when monitoring ACARS it is important to leave your receiver's 131.550 Primary USA/Canada squelch off. To monitor ACARS transmissions you will need a VHF scanner or 130.025 Secondary USA receiver capable of tuning the VHF (AM) aircraft band 118 to 136 MHz. 129.125 Tertiary USA 131.725 Primary Europe ACARS messages are very structured. Each position in the message has a 131.450 Primary Japan specific function. The very common Q0 Link Test is shown as an example below. 131.475 Private Air Canada Address Field Message Label Downlink Block Identifier ■ ACARS DECODERS .N9009U Q01 5400UA1750 Message Sequence Number Carrier & Flight Number There are nearly one hundred "standard" ACARS message formats plus a virtually unlimited number of airline specific company formatted message types. -
Flight Deck Solutions and Technologies Moving the Industry Forward
FLIGHT DECK SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES MOVING THE INDUSTRY FORWARD GARMIN INTERNATIONAL, INC. Garmin.com 1200 East 151st Street, Olathe, KS 66062 GARMIN (EUROPE) LTD. GARMIN SINGAPORE PTE. LTD. p: 866.739.5687 f: 913.397.8282 Liberty House, Hounsdown Business Park 46 East Coast Road #05-06, Singapore 428766 Southampton, Hampshire, SO40 9LR, U.K. p: 65.63480378 f: 65.63480278 p: +44 (0)87.0850.1243 f: +44 (0)23.8052.4004 e: [email protected] ©2018 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Specifications and descriptions are preliminary and subject to change without notice. The Bluetooth word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Garmin is under license. iPad, iPhone and Apple are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Android™ is a trademark of Google Inc® GARMIN INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEMS: SOLUTIONS SCALED FOR ANY SIZE AIRCRAFT Whether you fly a large business jet, a hard-working helicopter, a light jet, a turboprop, piston twin or single-engine aircraft – whatever size or shape your cockpit takes, you can be sure there’s a Garmin glass flight deck solution perfectly scaled to fit. No other leading avionics manufacturer offers such breadth of capability – or such versatile configurability – in its lineup of glass-integrated suites for new aircraft and aftermarket installation. Designed to help pilots make better decisions faster, each of these Garmin glass systems seamlessly integrates control and presentation of virtually all “big picture” flight references used in the cockpit. Information once scattered across myriad instruments and gauges is now consolidated for easy viewing on a pilot’s primary flight display (PFD) and multifunction display (MFD). -
Federal Communications Commission FCC 12-161 Before the Federal
Federal Communications Commission FCC 12-161 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Revisions to Parts 2 and 25 of the Commission’s ) Rules to Govern the Use of Earth Stations Aboard ) Aircraft Communicating with Fixed-Satellite ) IB Docket No. 12-376 Service Geostationary-Orbit Space Stations ) Operating in the 10.95-11.2 GHz, 11.45-11.7 GHz, ) 11.7-12.2 GHz and 14.0-14.5 GHz Frequency ) Bands ) ) Service Rules and Procedures to Govern the Use ) IB Docket No. 05-20 of Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service Earth ) (proceeding terminated) Stations in Frequency Bands Allocated to the ) Fixed Satellite Service ) NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING AND REPORT AND ORDER Adopted: December 20, 2012 Released: December 28, 2012 Comment Date: [75 days after date of publication in the Federal Register] Reply Comment Date: [105 days after date of publication in the Federal Register] By the Commission: Chairman Genachowski issuing a statement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 2 III. BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................... 6 IV. DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................