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Data Networks
Second Ed ition Data Networks DIMITRI BERTSEKAS Massachusetts Institute of Technology ROBERT GALLAGER Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 2 Node A Node B Time at B --------- Packet 0 Point-to-Point Protocols and Links 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter first provides an introduction to the physical communication links that constitute the building blocks of data networks. The major focus of the chapter is then data link control (i.e., the point-to-point protocols needed to control the passage of data over a communication link). Finally, a number of point-to-point protocols at the network, transport, and physical layers are discussed. There are many similarities between the point-to-point protocols at these different layers, and it is desirable to discuss them together before addressing the more complex network-wide protocols for routing, flow control, and multiaccess control. The treatment of physical links in Section 2.2 is a brief introduction to a very large topic. The reason for the brevity is not that the subject lacks importance or inherent interest, but rather, that a thorough understanding requires a background in linear system theory, random processes, and modem communication theory. In this section we pro vide a sufficient overview for those lacking this background and provide a review and perspective for those with more background. 37 38 Point-to-Point Protocols and Links Chap. 2 In dealing with the physical layer in Section 2.2, we discuss both the actual com munication channels used by the network and whatever interface modules are required at the ends of the channels to transmit and receive digital data (see Fig 2.1). -
Radio Communications in the Digital Age
Radio Communications In the Digital Age Volume 1 HF TECHNOLOGY Edition 2 First Edition: September 1996 Second Edition: October 2005 © Harris Corporation 2005 All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-94476 Harris Corporation, RF Communications Division Radio Communications in the Digital Age Volume One: HF Technology, Edition 2 Printed in USA © 10/05 R.O. 10K B1006A All Harris RF Communications products and systems included herein are registered trademarks of the Harris Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS .....................................6 CHAPTER 2 THE IONOSPHERE AND HF RADIO PROPAGATION..........................16 CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS IN AN HF RADIO ..........................................................24 CHAPTER 4 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE............................................................36 CHAPTER 5 HF MODEMS .................................................................................40 CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) TECHNOLOGY...............48 CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL VOICE ..............................................................................55 CHAPTER 8 DATA SYSTEMS .............................................................................59 CHAPTER 9 SECURING COMMUNICATIONS.....................................................71 CHAPTER 10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....................................................................77 APPENDIX A STANDARDS -
Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD)
Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD) This edition has been issued by the GOLD ad hoc Working Group for the Asia/Pacific Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group (APANPIRG), the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT SPG), the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG), the South American Region Implementation Group (SAM/IG) and the African-Indian Ocean Planning and Implementation Regional Group (APIRG). Second Edition — 26 April 2013 International Civil Aviation Organization GOLD (1) Second Edition — 26 April 2013 This document is available by accessing any of the following ICAO regional websites. Asia and Pacific (APAC) Office http://www.icao.int/apac Eastern and Southern African (ESAF) Office www.icao.int/esaf European and North Atlantic (EUR/NAT) Office http://www.paris.icao.int Middle East (MID) Office www.icao.int/mid North American, Central American and Caribbean (NACC) Office http://www.mexico.icao.int South American (SAM) Office http://www.lima.icao.int Western and Central African (WACAF) Office http://www.icao.int/wacaf For more information, contact the ICAO regional office. Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD) This edition has been issued by the GOLD ad hoc Working Group for the Asia/Pacific Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group (APANPIRG), the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT SPG), the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG), the South American Region Implementation Group (SAM/IG) and the African-Indian Ocean Planning and Implementation Regional Group (APIRG). Second Edition — 26 April 2013 International Civil Aviation Organization GOLD (i) Second Edition — 26 April 2013 (ii) Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD) AMENDMENTS The issue of amendments is announced by the ICAO Regional Offices concerned, which holders of this publication should consult. -
ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc
Introducing ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (commonly known as: "ARINC") maintains a huge VHF and HF voice network throughout the United States and overseas to provide operational radio communications for the aircraft industry. In the early eighties they developed an addressable, digital data link for commercial and business jets and their respective companies known as ACARS. ACARS stands for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System. It was produced to reduce the flight crew's work-load by using modern computer technology to exchange many routine reports and messages. This improves the safety and efficiency of modern air travel. ACARS uses the AM mode because the same airborne VHF radio is often also used for voice communications. Burst transmissions are used with a limit of 220 ■ ACARS FREQUENCIES characters per message. Transmissions often last less than one second! MHz Function Therefore when monitoring ACARS it is important to leave your receiver's 131.550 Primary USA/Canada squelch off. To monitor ACARS transmissions you will need a VHF scanner or 130.025 Secondary USA receiver capable of tuning the VHF (AM) aircraft band 118 to 136 MHz. 129.125 Tertiary USA 131.725 Primary Europe ACARS messages are very structured. Each position in the message has a 131.450 Primary Japan specific function. The very common Q0 Link Test is shown as an example below. 131.475 Private Air Canada Address Field Message Label Downlink Block Identifier ■ ACARS DECODERS .N9009U Q01 5400UA1750 Message Sequence Number Carrier & Flight Number There are nearly one hundred "standard" ACARS message formats plus a virtually unlimited number of airline specific company formatted message types. -
Flight Deck Solutions and Technologies Moving the Industry Forward
FLIGHT DECK SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES MOVING THE INDUSTRY FORWARD GARMIN INTERNATIONAL, INC. Garmin.com 1200 East 151st Street, Olathe, KS 66062 GARMIN (EUROPE) LTD. GARMIN SINGAPORE PTE. LTD. p: 866.739.5687 f: 913.397.8282 Liberty House, Hounsdown Business Park 46 East Coast Road #05-06, Singapore 428766 Southampton, Hampshire, SO40 9LR, U.K. p: 65.63480378 f: 65.63480278 p: +44 (0)87.0850.1243 f: +44 (0)23.8052.4004 e: [email protected] ©2018 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Specifications and descriptions are preliminary and subject to change without notice. The Bluetooth word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Garmin is under license. iPad, iPhone and Apple are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Android™ is a trademark of Google Inc® GARMIN INTEGRATED FLIGHT SYSTEMS: SOLUTIONS SCALED FOR ANY SIZE AIRCRAFT Whether you fly a large business jet, a hard-working helicopter, a light jet, a turboprop, piston twin or single-engine aircraft – whatever size or shape your cockpit takes, you can be sure there’s a Garmin glass flight deck solution perfectly scaled to fit. No other leading avionics manufacturer offers such breadth of capability – or such versatile configurability – in its lineup of glass-integrated suites for new aircraft and aftermarket installation. Designed to help pilots make better decisions faster, each of these Garmin glass systems seamlessly integrates control and presentation of virtually all “big picture” flight references used in the cockpit. Information once scattered across myriad instruments and gauges is now consolidated for easy viewing on a pilot’s primary flight display (PFD) and multifunction display (MFD). -
Basic's to Decoding Inmarsat L-Band Signals Using The
Basic’s to decoding Inmarsat L-Band signals using the RSP CHECK YOUR LOCAL LAWS BEFORE DECODIING ANY SIGNALS FROM THE INMARSAT SYSTEM Hardware used SDR: RSP1a SDR from SDRplay https://www.sdrplay.com/rsp1a/ Antenna: Modified GPS patch antenna for L-Band from SDR-Kits, model A154. https://www.sdr-kits.net/L-Band-Receive%20Antenna www.sdrplay.com 1 Basic’s to decoding Inmarsat L-Band signals using the RSP Software used SDRuno v1.32 https://www.sdrplay.com/downloads/ VBcable (Donationware) vPack43 https://www.vb-audio.com/Cable/ VAC (Paid for use) v4.60 https://vac.muzychenko.net/en/ JAERO (Free) v1.0.4.9 https://github.com/jontio/JAERO/releases Tekmanoid STD-C Decoder (Paid for use) v1.5.1 Requires Java JRE, check your local laws before using this decoder. http://www.tekmanoid.com/egc.shtml https://www.java.com/en/download/ Introduction (some text taken and edited from the RTL-SDR Blog website) This document is not a definitive guide to Satcom, L-Band transmission or the Inmarsat system. This is a collection of information that I have found scatter throughout the internet and re- compiled into a document, this document. My aim is to help you get started and hopefully guide you in the right direction. Expect typographical mistakes, inaccuracies, or omissions Inmarsat is a communications service provider with several geostationary satellites in orbit. Inmarsat provides services such as satellite phone communications, broadband internet, and short text and data messaging services. Geostationary means that the Inmarsat satellites are in a fixed position in the sky and do not move. -
ICAO Abbreviations and Codes
Doc 8400 Procedures for Air Navigation Services ICAO Abbreviations and Codes This edition incorporates all amendments approved by the Council prior to 24 July 2010 and supersedes, on 18 November 2010, all previous editions of PANS-ABC (Doc 8400). Eighth Edition — 2010 International Civil Aviation Organization Suzanne Doc 8400 Procedures for Air Navigation Services ICAO Abbreviations and Codes ________________________________ This edition incorporates all amendments approved by the Council prior to 24 July 2010 and supersedes, on 18 November 2010, all previous editions of PANS-ABC (Doc 8400). Eighth Edition — 2010 International Civil Aviation Organization Published in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION 999 University Street, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7 For ordering information and for a complete listing of sales agents and booksellers, please go to the ICAO website at www.icao.int First edition,1964. Seventh edition, 2007. Eighth edition, 2010. Doc 8400, Procedures for Air Navigation Services — ICAO Abbreviations and Codes Order Number: 8400 ISBN 978-92-9231-626-6 © ICAO 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Civil Aviation Organization. AMENDMENTS Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA Date Date Entered Date Date Entered No. -
767 ACARS Revision
MONTHLY NEWS REVIEW February 2015 L2 Aviation Completes 767-300 ACARS Supplemental Type Certificate Revision to Support CPDLC over ATN Austin, Texas – January 26th, 2015 L2 Consulting Services, Inc. (L2) is pleased to announce that the company has successfully completed a revision of its existing 767-300 Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting Systems (ACARS) FAA Supplemental Type Certificate (ST11124SC). The certification program involved upgrading the current ARINC 724B ACARS with a new ARINC 758 ACARS system and upgraded the legacy ARINC 716 VHF Radio to the latest ARINC 750 VHF Data Radio for Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) operations. The state of the art communications management system operates over Aeronautical Telecommunication Network VHF Digital Link (ATN VDL) Mode 2 (CPDLC-ATN-B1 VDLM2). Additionally, the certification included the installation/activation of a Cockpit Voice Recorder – Data Link (CVR-DL) interface, and installation/activation of an independent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver to support CPDLC operations to meet EUROCONTROL CPDLC (formerly known as Link 2000+). L2 President, Mark Lebovitz said, “CPDLC has been deployed to decrease voice channel occupancy and increase flight safety and efficiency through more effective datalink communications.” He added, “Future CPDLC uses will likely include route clearance uplink, 4D trajectories, continuous descent approaches, and constraint coordination.” Overall the system is designed to supplement voice communication between aircraft pilots and air traffic controllers allowing for an increase in air traffic management capacity by automating routine tasks and improving safety. L2 Consulting developed the engineering design, coordinated the certification requirements with the FAA, produced the installation kits for the end airline customer and provided project management for the program. -
Data Links Functions, Attributes and Latency
Nichols, Ryan, Mumm, Lonstein, & Carter Chapter 13: Data Links Functions, Attributes and Latency Student Learning Objectives The student will learn about the data-link function of the UAS which allows for bi-directional communication and data transmissions between UAV and its ground station. The Data Link is a vital component of an UAS. The student will learn the respective functions of each component part and considerations are necessary and how to evaluate their importance when developing a UAS. While the focus of the lesson will be on military applications, the considerations will be equally important for those designing and deploying UAS for civilian purposes. While the design of the Datalink must have requisite attributes that allow the system to function as intended in various environments globally, it must be able to do so securely and effectively. Issues such as Data Link security, interception, deception and signal latency are all attributes that must be balanced to achieve fast and secure data communications between the components of the UAS. What are the Types of UAV’s and how are they Categorized? UAV’s are most often divided into four categories based upon their mission duration and operational radius. High Altitude, Long Endurance (“HALE”) most often deployed for reconnaissance, interception or attack; Medium altitude, moderate range most often used for reconnaissance and combat effect assessment; Low cost, short range small UAV’s. (See Figure 13-1.) Components of the UAS Data-Link and their functions The UAV and Ground Control Station There are four essential communication and data processing operations the UAS must be able to efficiently and effectively carry out. -
Sprint Pcs Data Link - Wireless Wan Product Annex
SPRINT PCS DATA LINK - WIRELESS WAN PRODUCT ANNEX The following terms and conditions in this Sprint PCS Data Link – Wireless WAN Product Annex (“Annex”), together with the Sprint Standard Terms and Conditions for Communications Services (“Standard Terms and Conditions”), the agreement (“Agreement”) under which Customer is purchasing Sprint PCS Data Link – Wireless WAN, and the agreement (“Wireline Agreement”) under which Customer purchased wireline services from Sprint needed to operate Sprint PCS Data Link – Wireless WAN (if purchased from Sprint), govern Sprint’s provision of Sprint PCS Data Link – Wireless WAN to Customer. Terms not otherwise defined herein will have the meanings set forth in the Standard Terms and Conditions, Agreement, the Wireless Services Product Annex and Wire Line Agreement. 1. DESCRIPTION 1.1. Sprint PCS Data Link - Wireless WAN requires a dedicated connection between the Nationwide Sprint PCS® Network and Customer’s wireline network. Customer has three options for this dedicated connection: MPLS VPN, IP VPN or SprintLink Frame Relay. A CDMA wireless modem or other Sprint- certified CDMA wireless telemetry device is used to connect wireless devices to Customer’s wireline network. Customer must obtain MPLS VPN, IP VPN or SprintLink Frame Relay services under the Wireline Agreement or through another provider acceptable to Sprint, in its sole discretion. 1.2. Connection from the wireless device is established through a user name and password-protected login. Keying on the domain portion of the user name – for example, @yourcompany.com – the Sprint PCS Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (“AAA”) Server proxies authentication to the AAA Server hosted by Sprint, or to the AAA behind Customer’s firewall through a secure IPSec tunnel MPLS VPN or SprintLink Frame Relay PVC that's established between the Nationwide Sprint PCS® Network and the Customer’s wireline network. -
Overview of the Unified Space Data Link Protocol
Report Concerning Space Data System Standards OVERVIEW OF THE UNIFIED SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 700.1-G-1 GREEN BOOK June 2020 Report Concerning Space Data System Standards OVERVIEW OF THE UNIFIED SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 700.1-G-1 GREEN BOOK June 2020 CCSDS REPORT: OVERVIEW OF THE UNIFIED SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 1 Date: June 2020 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC, USA Email: [email protected] CCSDS 700.1-G-1 Page i June 2020 CCSDS REPORT: OVERVIEW OF THE UNIFIED SPACE DATA LINK PROTOCOL FOREWORD This document is a technical Recommendation for use in developing flight and ground systems for space missions and has been prepared by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). The Unified Space Data Link Protocol described herein is intended for missions that are cross-supported between Agencies of the CCSDS. This Recommendation specifies a communications protocol to be used by space missions to transfer space application data over space-to-ground or space-to-space communications links. Note that: a) this protocol can be used to transfer any data over any space link in either direction; b) all CCSDS space link protocols are specified in a unified manner; c) the specification matches the OSI Basic Reference Model (references [1] and [2]). -
Session 5: Data Link Control
Data Communications & Networks Session 4 – Main Theme Data Link Control Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science Department Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Adapted from course textbook resources Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6/E Copyright 1996-2013 J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved 1 Agenda 1 Session Overview 2 Data Link Control 3 Summary and Conclusion 2 What is the class about? .Course description and syllabus: »http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jcf/csci-ga.2262-001/ »http://cs.nyu.edu/courses/Fall13/CSCI-GA.2262- 001/index.html .Textbooks: » Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (6th Edition) James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross Addison Wesley ISBN-10: 0132856204, ISBN-13: 978-0132856201, 6th Edition (02/24/12) 3 Course Overview . Computer Networks and the Internet . Application Layer . Fundamental Data Structures: queues, ring buffers, finite state machines . Data Encoding and Transmission . Local Area Networks and Data Link Control . Wireless Communications . Packet Switching . OSI and Internet Protocol Architecture . Congestion Control and Flow Control Methods . Internet Protocols (IP, ARP, UDP, TCP) . Network (packet) Routing Algorithms (OSPF, Distance Vector) . IP Multicast . Sockets 4 Course Approach . Introduction to Basic Networking Concepts (Network Stack) . Origins of Naming, Addressing, and Routing (TCP, IP, DNS) . Physical Communication Layer . MAC Layer (Ethernet, Bridging) . Routing Protocols (Link State, Distance Vector) . Internet Routing (BGP, OSPF, Programmable Routers) . TCP Basics (Reliable/Unreliable) . Congestion Control . QoS, Fair Queuing, and Queuing Theory . Network Services – Multicast and Unicast . Extensions to Internet Architecture (NATs, IPv6, Proxies) . Network Hardware and Software (How to Build Networks, Routers) . Overlay Networks and Services (How to Implement Network Services) .