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Amendment 13 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Crustacean Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region

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Amendment 13 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Crustacean Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region Amendment 13 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Crustacean Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region Management of Heterocarpus spp. Fisheries, Including Federal Permitting and Reporting Requirements Including an Environmental Assessment November 21, 2008 Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council 1164 Bishop St., Suite 1400 Honolulu, HI 96813 Telephone (808) 522-8220 Fax (808) 522-8226 Photo Credits Photo by James F. Schlais From “Shrimping Hawaiian Style.” O`ahu Magazine, volume 7, number 2, March-April 1983, p. 17. Included caption: “Hawaiian Deep Sea Shrimp are sorted and tailed by crew members aboard the F/V EASY RIDER TOO, then boxed and frozen, a finished product ready for the consumer. The scientific name for the shrimp most commonly (caught) is Heterocarpus laevigatus.” ii SUMMARY Several deepwater shrimp species of the genus Heterocarpus occur in the Western Pacific Region, primarily at depths between 350 m and 1200 m. Also referred to as pandalid shrimp or smooth nylon shrimp, they are harvested commercially for their sweet flavor and tender texture, and mainly for sushi markets in Asia, Europe, and the U.S. Worldwide, a deepwater shrimp fishery does not seem to have started until the early 1960s. Since then, the global capture of deepwater shrimp has increased from only a few hundred tons in the early 1960s to a high of over 35,000 tons in 2000. In the Western Pacific region, this fishery has operated intermittently, including some operations in Hawaii that have operated occasionally since the 1960s. Other places in the region such as Guam have attempted a small scale fishery for deepwater shrimp in the 1970’s and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) has also had a deepwater shrimp fishery during the mid-1990s, around Saipan and Tinian. In general, these operations have consisted of one to four vessels and have been rather sporadic. Gear loss and a short shelf life and history of inconsistent quality, have led to fluctuating market demand. Also, known fishing areas tend to be limited and subject to reduced catch rates following initially high harvests. At this point, vessels leave the fishery for two to five years while the biomass increases enough to make the fishery profitable again. The rapid appearance and disappearance of these operations as well as depletion of an area have become a concern for fishery and resource managers. The preferred alternative in this amendment would add Heterocarpus spp. as Management Unit Species (MUS) under the Crustaceans FMP, with Federal permitting and reporting requirements. Many species of the genus Heterocarpus are caught in the fishery and difficulties in identification and lack of information makes it sensible to include all species in the designation. In this manner, information on the harvests (including bycatch) of these species would be collected and made available to fishery scientists and managers. This would result in an improved understanding of these fisheries and their impact on marine resources, including the larger marine ecosystem. Although resource concerns for Heterocarpus spp. have not arisen to date, because it is not an MUS there are no mechanisms in place to implement management measures should they become necessary. In addition to the preferred alternative, this document examines several alternatives for the management of Heterocarpus spp. in the Western Pacific Region. It also designates Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for Heterocarpus spp. as required under the Magnuson- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA). Amendment 13, including an Environmental Assessment, will be made available for public review and comment from Council and through www.regulations.gov. NMFS will consider public comments on the EA that are received within 60-day public comment period for Amendment 13. iii Table 1: Summary of the Alternatives Alternative Description of the Alternative Alternative 1- No Action Alternative 1 would maintain the current list of Crustacean Management Unit Species and would not add Heterocarpus spp. to the MUS list. No Federal permits or reporting requirements would be implemented. Alternative 2-Add Heterocarpus spp. as Alternative 2 would add the deepwater an MUS shrimp genus, Heterocarpus spp., as a Management Unit Species under the Crustaceans FMP. Alternative 3-Add Heterocarpus spp. as Alternative 3 would add the deepwater an MUS with Federal permitting and shrimp genus, Heterocarpus spp., as a reporting requirements (Preferred) Management Unit Species under the Crustaceans FMP and would require any persons fishing for Heterocarpus spp. in EEZ waters around the Western Pacific Region to obtain a Federal permit and to submit Federal logbooks to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY....................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................v List of Tables..................................................................................................................vi List of Figures.................................................................................................................vi List of Acronyms........................................................................................................... vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Responsible Agencies................................................................................................1 1.2 Overview of the Crustaceans Fishery Management Plan and Amendments.............1 1.3 Roles and Responsibilities for the Proposed Crustaceans FMP Management Measures...........................................................................................................................5 1.4 Decision to be Made..................................................................................................5 1.5 Public Review Process and Schedule ........................................................................5 1.6 List of Preparers.........................................................................................................6 1.7 Purpose and Need for Action.....................................................................................6 1.8 Management Objectives ............................................................................................7 2.0 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES...........................................................................7 2.1 Description of the Alternatives..................................................................................7 2.1.1 Alternative 1- No Action.................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Alternative 2-Add Heterocarpus spp. as an MUS ............................................. 7 2.1.3 Alternative 3-Add Heterocarpus spp. as an MUS and Federal permitting and reporting requirements (Preferred)............................................................................... 7 3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................8 3.1 Target Species............................................................................................................8 3.1.1 Ecology of Heterocarpus Shrimps..................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Potential Habitat and Occurrence of Heterocarpus in the Western Pacific Region ..........................................................................................................................9 3.1.3 Management Program ...................................................................................... 10 3.2 Fisheries...................................................................................................................10 3.2.1 Overview of Global Deepwater Shrimp Fishery.............................................. 10 3.2.2 Types of Fishing Gear Used............................................................................. 11 3.2.3 Deepwater Shrimp Fisheries in the Western Pacific Region ........................... 11 3.2.4 Processing of Deepwater Shrimp ..................................................................... 14 3.2.5 Estimated Management Costs ...............................................................................14 3.3 Protected Species.....................................................................................................15 3.3.1 Marine Mammals .............................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 Sea Turtles......................................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 Seabirds ............................................................................................................. 20 3.4 Essential Fish Habitat Identifications and Descriptions..........................................21 3.4.1 Background on the Essential Fish Habitat Requirement.................................. 21 3.4.2 General Distribution and Habitat Descriptions for Heterocarpus Species ...... 23 3.4.3 EFH Designations for Heterocarpus Species................................................... 24 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES..................................26 4.1 Impacts to Physical Environment, EFH, HAPC......................................................26
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