Ceramics Found in Segaran of Trowulan Site トロウラン遺跡スガラン出土の陶磁器

『東南アジア考古学』39 号 (2019) Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 39(2019) Ceramics found in Segaran of Trowulan Site トロウラン遺跡スガラン出土の陶磁器 Takashi Sakai (National Taiwan University), Koji Ohashi (Kyushu Ceramic Museum) & Naniek H. Wibisono (Indonesia National Archaeology Research Center) 要旨：インドネシア、東部ジャワのトロウラン遺跡のスガラン地区は、1989 年以来継続的に発掘調査がなされている。個別地区の出土傾向の確認を目的として、我々はこの地区出土遺物についての国際ワークショップをトロウラン遺跡博物館で 2018 年 4 月に行った。主要な舶載陶磁片はすでに分離されていたが、微量の残存陶磁片は遺跡の全体傾向と大きな差がなかった。ただここでは 14 世紀の上質陶磁が未確認に対し、16 世紀初頭前後のトロウラン終末期陶磁片を複数確認できた。圧倒的多数を占める在地土器は基本的にミニチュアなどを含める装飾的な調度品類が主体をなし、また瓦類には赤色塗彩が含まれていた。以上によりこの地区のあり方を具体的に考えることができた。 Keywords: Trowulan Site, Segaran, Imported ceramics, local earthenware, miniature 1. Preface The Trowulan Site in East Java, Indonesia, is the ruin of the capital the Majapahit Kingdom (1293-c.1527), the last and largest Hindu Java kingdom. This kingdom was formed as a political and economic strong power in the archipelago of Southeast Asia around from the 14th to the 15th centuries, and functioned as an important hub in the long distant trade network between India and China to show much meaningful evidences of cultural exchange on this connection. Because of this function, the arrival of several famous foreign visitors such as the Chinese admiral Zheng He or the diplomats of the Ryukyu Kingdom were recorded. By this reason, after the early investigation by H. Maclaine Pont and A.A. Kromodjojo Adinegoro around the 1920s, numerous numbers of foreign glazed ceramic shards were unearthed by several times of excavations or surface surveys. Among them fine quality Zhizheng style Yuan under-glaze cobalt blue by the 14th century or various kinds of Vietnamese under-glaze cobalt blue, including glazed tiles, by the first half of the 15th century have been well known as like as exhibits in the National Museum, Jakarta, that were chosen by E. W. van Orsoy de Flines. For understanding of basic import condition of glazed ceramics into Trowulan, we have held the analysis works on glazed ceramic shards, kept in the open-air storage of the Trowulan Museum (former the Majapahit Information Center) in 2012, 2013 and 2015. By these works, we could confirm basic chronological tendency of foreign glazed ceramics from before the th9 century to the 17 and 18th centuries, and it shows that fine grade Chinese porcelains were imported by the 14th century and a variety of Vietnamese stoneware was carried by the 15th century. However, the majority of glazed ceramic shards in this open-air storage, which composed findings from the early investigation of the 1920s until the establishment of the museum in 1992, have no labeling of excavation condition, such as place, date and layer etc. Therefore, we could not get detailed information of foreign glazed ceramics in each district of the Trowulan archaeological site, which covers a very wide area, about 9 by 6 km (Map.1). In such condition, newly we were known the existence of the other ceramic shards in the storage of this museum, and these new shards, stored in about 50 plastic bags, which are the result of the excavation activity in the Segaran District around 2009. We considered, that the analysis of these artifacts should allow us to get new information on the foreign ceramic tendency in this district. For this purpose, we held a workshop in Trowulan for the findings of the Segaran District in collaboration with the Trowulan Museum during April 1-5th, 2018. 2. Segaran District and finding artifacts The Segaran District of Trowulan Site is well-known as the ruins of a rectangular plan brick-made reservoir which measures 376 by 172 m. The city of Trowulan was formed by a gridded canals system, and this district is positioned just inside of the northeastern corner, or almost the center among 7 major districts of this wide site (A of Map.1). Then, the Trowulan Museum was constructed west of this reservoir ruins in 1992. In July and November 2009(1), the University of Indonesia held an excavation investigation on the south end of museum’s area (center of Map.2), and they found a large residential structure (more than 90 by 75 m), which was constructed by bricks on earth ground and natural stone paved courtyard with large buried terracotta jars. This structure is positioned the widest residential ruins after the Kedaton District, constructed by bricks in several different times(2). Due to significant characteristics, the East Java Cultural Property Preservation Office built large-scale roofs for protection of the structures covered on five wide excavated holes. This 51 preserved facility became the widest visible excavated structure among the many districts in Trowulan. On the same time with such preservation works, the artifacts in about 50 plastic bags by the investigation of 2009 were stored into the storage corner of the Trowulan Museum, and we targeted it as analysis of the workshop. In this workshop by 2018 under permission of the Trowulan Museum, we analyzed glazed ceramic shards among such artifacts, which had already been controlled by the Trowulan Museum. However, after opening all bags we found out that number of glazed ceramic shards was very small among the total volume, therefore in large possibility such shards had already been separated and entered into the open-air storage of glazed shards, which was searched by us in above mentioned years. Finally, we could get minimum knowledge of imported glazed shards, still remained in bags due to very small size, and much non-glazed shards such as earthenware included roof tiles. Besides such artifacts, we also confirmed very small yellow glass, a Northern Sung coin of Yuan-Feng-Tong-Bao 元豐通寶 (3) with an unknown coin and beads in little number. 3. Previous studies Even though no complete excavation reports in any districts of Trowulan have been published by National Archaeological Research Center or the University of Indonesia, the outline of this site was ever explained in the catalogue of the special exhibition in Singapore (Miksic & Endang 1995) and a semi-official catalogue of Trowulan by the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Direktrat Peninggalan Purbakala 2006). Especially, related with finding residential structure in the Segaran District a hypothetical reconstruction was explained in the latter. As the result of classification analysis on the imported ceramics during 2012-15, we have published a report book included summarized similar classifications works of 4 archaeological sites in Indonesia since 1994 (Sakai & Ohashi 2018). Our target glazed ceramic shards in this report book were originally kept in the open-air storage of the Trowulan Museum, and in fact those one found in Segaran was involved into these shards of this book. Typical decorative earthenware was also introduced in above mentioned two catalogues, however, Hilda Soemantri firstly explained basic knowledge for findings in Trowulan (Hilda 1997), while Soedarmadji J.H. Damais have published his collection, estimated found in Trowulan area (Damais 2012). Their publications form as good catalogues of decorative earthenware of Trowulan. 4. Imported glazed ceramics The majority is Chinese ceramics and includes small number of Vietnamese and Thailand wares. We will explain them by each origins and dates, except European ceramics by the 19th century, which were not targeted by us for this research. 4-1 Chinese ceramics We could confirm 33 Chinese ceramic shards, of which is occupied 17 Longquan kiln (Zhejiang Province) celadons as the largest, composed of 2 shards by the 14th century and 15 shards by from the late half of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries. Celadon Fig.1 is a body shard of a Longquan celadon bowl or dish. The rim widens to outer and 2 lines were incised at the outside (from the 14th to the beginning of 15th centuries). Fig.14 is a small shard of a Longquan celadon bowl or dish (estimated around the 14th century). Fig.15 is estimated as a small shard of a Longquan celadon bowl. At the outside a motif was carved by pallet (from the late of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries). Fig.16 is a body shard of a Longquan celadon bowl. At the outside lotus petal motif was carved by pallet (from the late of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries). Fig.17 is estimated as a body shard of a Longquan celadon bowl (from the late of 14th to the early of 15th centuries). Fig.18 is estimated as a body shard of a Longquan celadon bowl (from the late of 14th to the early of 15th centuries). Fig.2 is a rim shard of a Longquan celadon dish. The rim was expanded to outwards, which has similar rim to a deep dish among the Sinan Cargo, Korea (from the late of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries). Fig.19 is estimated as a small shard of a Longquan celadon dish (from the late of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries). Fig.3 is a body shard of a Longquan celadon small dish. The waist winds strongly (from the end of 14th to the early of 15th centuries). Fig.4 is a rim shard of a Longquan celadon large dish. The rim winds to outwards and again to upwards. The outside has a trace of secondly fire (from the late of 14th to the beginning of 15th centuries). Fig.20 is a rim shard of a Longquan celadon dish, similar with Fig.4. The rim winds to outwards and again to upwards (from the late of 14th to the mid. of 15th centuries). Fig.21 is a body shard of a Longquan celadon dish. Carved chrysanthemum petal motif by pallet vertically (from the late of 14th to the early of 15th centuries). 52 Fig.22 is a lower half of a Longquan celadon dish. It has an incised motif at the inner bottom (from the late of 14th to the mid.

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