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VU Research Portal VU Research Portal Between colonial legacies and grassroots movements: Sudarmadi, T. 2014 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Sudarmadi, T. (2014). Between colonial legacies and grassroots movements: exploring cultural heritage practice in the Ngadha and Manggarai Region of Flores. Eigen Beheer. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 Between colonial legacies and grassroots movements: exploring cultural heritage practice in the Ngadha and Manggarai Region of Flores ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Letteren op maandag 14 april 2014 om 15.45 uur in het auditorium van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Tular Sudarmadi geboren te Yogyakarta, Indonesië promotor: prof.dr. S. Legêne copromotor: prof.dr. B. Purwanto ii Table of Contents List of Maps, Figures and Photos .........................................................................................vi Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................x Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 - Understanding of the meaning of megalith villages in contemporary society ................2 - Brief outline of the study ...................................................................................................6 - Methodology .....................................................................................................................10 Part I – Background and context .......................................................................................17 Chapter 1 Archaeology and cultural heritage management: an interdisciplinary approach ............................................................................................18 - Theoretical framework: archaeology, anthropology and historical methods ...................18 - Cultural Heritage, Western Enlightenment and Colonialism ...........................................32 - Cultural Heritage and the Postcolonial State ...................................................................39 - Mapping Manggaraian and Ngadha cultural heritage on spatial, ideology and social maps .................................................................................................................................46 National heritage discourse and local heritage ..................................................................48 Chapter 2 From antiquities and ethnography to cultural heritage and national history: a periodisation of heritage discourse, law, and institutional practices in Indonesia ...................................................................................52 - Colonial interpretations of cultural heritage before 1945 .................................................52 -The colonisation of Indonesian cultural resources ..........................................................53 - The installation of the Dutch colonial government’s research institution on the East Indies cultural heritage......................................................................................................57 - Indonesian cultural heritage and Indonesian nation state building between 1945 and 1965 ............................................................................................................................64 - Indonesian independence revolt and transformation of the Dutch colonial cultural heritage institutions...............................................................................................68 - Indonesian cultural heritage in the service of the state from 1965 to 1997 ......................79 - REPELITA I (Five Years Development Plan) and the Indonesian cultural heritage canonisation........................................................................................................81 - REPELITA (Five Years Development Plan) II, III, IV and the Indonesian cultural heritage top–down approach..............................................................................................87 iii - REPELITA (Five Years Development Plan) V and the culmination of Indonesian cultural heritage top–down approach.............................................................91 - Concluding remarks..................................................................... ....................................93 Part II – On the history and ethnography of the Ngadha and Manggaraian .................97 Chapter 3 Including Flores, the island and its people in the Indonesian nation state .......................................................................................................98 - Flores: geography and natural environment ....................................................................98 - The people of Flores.........................................................................................................100 - Florenese Identity .............................................................................................................102 - A history of Flores .............................................................................................................104 Chapter 4 Ethnography and ethno-archaeology in Ngadha megalith villages ............122 - Locating the Ngadha communities ...................................................................................122 - The social organisation of the Ngadha villagers ..............................................................124 - The Ngadha Megalith villages ..........................................................................................131 - The social context of Ngadha megalith village.................................................................149 Chapter 5 Ethnography and ethno-archaeology in Manggaraian megalith villages ......................................................................................154 - Locating the Manggaraian communities ...........................................................................154 - The social organisation of the Manggaraian villagers ......................................................157 - Beo - the Manggaraian megalith village ............................................................................165 - The social context of Manggarai megalith village .............................................................174 - The role of women in Manggarai megalith village ............................................................178 - Concluding remarks ...........................................................................................................179 Chapter 6 Representation of the Ngadha and the Manggaraian in museums: the Netherlands and Indonesia ...........................................180 - Colonial Museum/Tropenmuseum Amsterdam ...............................................................180 - Budaya Indonesia (1988) ................................................................................................195 - Museum Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Museum) Jakarta........................... 198 - Wawasan Nusantara 1993 ............................................................................................ 202 - Nusa Tenggara Timur Provincial Museum Kupang .........................................................204 - Concluding remarks ..........................................................................................................208 iv Part III - On Ngadha and Manggaraian contemporary heritage formation ....................210 Chapter 7 Local and regional cultural heritage: contemporary discourse and practice ..............................................................................211 - Applying the new policies of decentralisation ..................................................................211 - The Bupati’s (head of regency) campaign in the megalith village of Ruteng Puu ..........215 - Reinventing Caci (Whip Duel) in the Manggarai Regency capital of Ruteng ..................223 - Caci and the priest in the megalith village of Todo ..........................................................230 - Indonesian modernity and Foi intangible heritage in Ngadha .........................................234 Chapter 8 Searching for ancestral origins: experiences with a grass-root heritage approach at Warloka ........................................245 - Warloka origin myth ...........................................................................................................246
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