DOCSLIB.ORG

FRAMING a COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of TROPICAL CIVILIZATIONS: SETS Project – Phase 1 (Volume 1) Edited by Gyles Iannone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FRAMING a COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of TROPICAL CIVILIZATIONS: SETS Project – Phase 1 (Volume 1) Edited by Gyles Iannone FRAMING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TROPICAL CIVILIZATIONS: SETS Project – Phase 1 (Volume 1) Edited by Gyles Iannone Trent University Department of Anthropology Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 17 2014 Dedicated to Michael D. Coe, whose writings on the importance of the comparative analysis of tropical civilizations first inspired me as an undergraduate student, and more recently, whose kind words encouraged me when I subsequently started my own intellectual journey to contribute to this worthy endeavour. Acknowledgements: Members of the SETS Project are thankful for the generous support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Insight Development Grant 2013- 2015). We also extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Damian Evans, who took time out from his busy schedule to tour us around Koh Ker and Beng Mealea during our trip to Angkor in 2013. Finally, our deepest appreciation goes out to all of the people who have housed us, fed us, and driven us around Southeast Asia. Your generosity, hospitality, and good nature are unsurpassed. Cover Image: Wat Mahathat, Sukhothai, Thailand. Trent University Occasional Papers in Anthropology ISSN 0825-589X; No. 17 ©2014 Peterborough, Ontario SETS PROJECT MEMBERS Gyles Iannone (Trent University): Principal Investigator Kendall Hills (University of Illinois at Chicago): Research Associate (Integrative Features) Scott Macrae (University of Florida): Research Associate (Agriculture) Leah Marajh (Trent University): Research Associate (Water Management) Peter Demarte (Trent University): Research Associate (Settlement) Melissa Jo Coria (Trent University): Research Associate (Settlement) Samantha Walker (Trent University): Research Associate (Settlement) Lindsay Shirkey (Trent University): Research Associate (Epicenters) Natalie Baron (Trent University): Research Associate (Epicenters) Wendy Solis: Research Assistant Ameeta Lodhia: Research Assistant Kong Cheong: Research Assistant TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Framing a Comparative Analysis of Tropical Civilizations: An Introduction to the Socio-Ecological Entanglement in Tropical Societies (Sets) Project Gyles Iannone 1-23 Chapter 2: Water Management amongst the Charter States of Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Java Leah Marajh 23-57 Chapter 3: Agricultural Intensification amongst the Charter States of Southeast Asia: A Study of Resilience, Vulnerability, and Entanglement Scott Macrae 58-85 Chapter 4: Epicenters and Entanglement at Angkor, Bagan, and Sukhothai. Lindsay Shirkey 86-99 Chapter 5: Socio-Ecological Entanglement in Tropical Societies: A Study of Epicenters in Java, Indonesia Natalie Baron 100-107 Chapter 6: Sets 2013 Phase I Settlement Study: Angkor, Bagan, and Sukhothai Pete Demarte 108-119 Chapter 7: Socio-ecological Entanglement in Tropical Societies: Settlement in Java Melissa Jo Coria 120-141 Chapter 8: Investigating the Socio-Ecological Entanglement of Integrative Mechanisms in Early Low Density Agrarian Tropical States: Case Studies from Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Java Kendall B. Hills 142-177 ~ 1 ~ CHAPTER 1 FRAMING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TROPICAL CIVILIZATIONS: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL ENTANGLEMENT IN TROPICAL SOCIETIES (SETS) PROJECT Gyles Iannone (Trent University) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada funding has been secured to facilitate the cross-cultural, comparative study of socio-ecological dynamics in tropical civilizations. The Insight Development Grant is being used to conduct a pilot study aimed at evaluating the quality of various data sets relevant to elucidating the reasons for the “collapse” of a number of tropical state formations throughout South and Southeast Asia in the latter part of the “Charter Era” (CE 800-1400). The proposed research activities will build 24 years of previous research focussed on the Maya of Central America, and a number of cursory, self-funded site visitations (2010-2014) and an extensive literature survey that have, in combination, provided the research team with a basic understanding of the ground plans and socio-ecological histories of the various Asian “Charter States” that form the sample for this study. The insights generated through the proposed investigations will ultimately be leveraged to craft a Partnership Grant to support an international, transdisciplinary research team whose primary objective will be to mobilize knowledge concerning socio-ecological issues in the world’s tropical zones, past and present. BACKGROUND In recent years there has been a growing concern with how climate change, population growth, declining resources, landscape modifications, food and water security, wealth disparities, pandemics, and the increasingly interconnected nature of the world economy might impact global society during the 21st century. This has fostered greater interest in the study of coupled socio- ecological systems (e.g., Berkes and Folke, eds. 1998; Berkes et al., eds. 2003; Gunderson and Holling, eds. 2002; Scheffer 2009; Walker and Salt 2006, 2012). Archaeologists are positioned to make a significant contribution to this important research endeavor given their unique database, which extends back millennia (Drennan et al. 2012:1). This comprehensive database is particularly relevant because: “…the present nature and complexity of socioecological systems are heavily contingent on the past; we cannot understand the present condition without going back centuries or even millennia” (Costanza et al. 2007:8). The ultimate goal of the proposed project is to use comparative archaeological data to build a more nuanced understanding of the roots of the various socio-ecological issues faced by contemporary tropical societies, including population growth, increasing disease rates (e.g., malaria and dengue), growing poverty, deforestation, expansion of agricultural production and monocropping, diminishing biodiversity, increasing water use and pollution, and the effects of climate change (Ewel and Bigelow 1996; Kricher 2011; Marcus 2009; McNeill 2003; Orians et al. 1996; Power and Flecker 1996). Questioning the Potential of Tropical Ecosystems When the antiquarians of the 19th century first started to explore the “ruins” of the Maya center of Palenque, and the Khmer capital of Angkor, these “lost cities in the jungle” both amazed and ~ 2 ~ perplexed scholars and the general public alike, because they challenged our preconceived notion of what “civilization” was, and how and where it should develop. The great semi-arid riverine regions of Egypt and Mesopotamia were considered the fountains of complex society, whereas the tropics were considered places of cultural and economic underdevelopment. Well into the 20th century tropical environments were still being characterized as limited in terms of agricultural potential – other than small-scale swidden farming (slash-and-burn) – and thus unlikely places for state formation to occur (Meggers 1954). Betty Meggers (1954:817) concluded that: “the environments lack the resources to maintain so high a level of culture…[they thus] represent a decline or deculturation” (Meggers 1954:817). Ester Boserup (1965, 1981) underscored the limitations that extensive swidden agriculture placed on the development of complex societies (see also Redman 1999:166-168; Winzeler 1976:624-626). Still others posited that because tropical environments are exceptionally homogenous, and thus unlikely to stimulate the growth of urban centers, the recognized civilizations must have originated elsewhere (Sanders and Price 1968; Winzeler 1976). Finally, although Michael Coe (1961) did not doubt the existence of indigenous tropical civilizations, he did argue that tropical societies, such as the Khmer and Maya, were comparatively decentralized, non-urban, emerged in homogenous environments with little resource diversity or variation in agricultural production, had limited trade, and major transportation issues. We now know these assumptions are wrong. Tropical environments are quite heterogeneous (Scarborough and Burnside 2010:178), and they were often the settings for high populations, intensive agricultural regimes, complex water management systems, far-flung trade networks, and state formation. Tropical civilizations do, however, represent a distinct path to urban life and they appear to have shared a certain range of vulnerabilities that ultimately contributed to their “collapse” (Fletcher 2009:1). As defined by Young et al. (2007:450), a collapse is: “Any situation where the rate of change to a system:” 1) “has negative effects on human welfare, which, in the short or long term, are socially intolerable;” 2) “is more rapid and usually in the opposite direction to that preferred by at least some members of society,” 3) “will result in a fundamental downsizing, a loss of coherence, and/or significant restructuring of the constellation of arrangements that characterize the system;” and, 4) “cannot be stopped or controlled via an incremental change in behavior, resource allocation, or institutional values” FRAMING THE ANALYSIS The Initial Conditions Frame To fully grasp the complexities associated with socio-ecological dynamics in the tropics we need to develop a broad, comparative understanding of the similarities and differences between different tropical civilizations. The necessary starting point for the kind of research proposed here is a consideration of the initial conditions that socio-cultural systems had to adapt to. Tropical ecosystems occur between the Tropic of Cancer (23°27’N) and the Tropic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
    CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Chinese Culture on the Shapes of Gebyog of the Javenese Traditional Houses
    Arts and Design Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.79, 2019 The Influence of Hindu, Buddhist, and Chinese Culture on the Shapes of Gebyog of the Javenese Traditional Houses Joko Budiwiyanto 1 Dharsono 2 Sri Hastanto 2 Titis S. Pitana 3 Abstract Gebyog is a traditional Javanese house wall made of wood with a particular pattern. The shape of Javanese houses and gebyog develop over periods of culture and government until today. The shapes of gebyog are greatly influenced by various culture, such as Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and Chinese. The Hindu and Buddhist influences of are evident in the shapes of the ornaments and their meanings. The Chinese influence through Islamic culture developing in the archipelago is strong, mainly in terms of the gebyog patterns, wood construction techniques, ornaments, and coloring techniques. The nuance has been felt in the era of Majapahit, Demak, Mataram and at present. The use of ganja mayangkara in Javanese houses of the Majapahit era, the use of Chinese-style gunungan ornaments at the entrance to the Sunan Giri tomb, the saka guru construction technique of Demak mosque, the Kudusnese and Jeparanese gebyog motifs, and the shape of the gebyog patangaring of the house. Keywords: Hindu-Buddhist influence, Chinese influence, the shape of gebyog , Javanese house. DOI : 10.7176/ADS/79-09 Publication date: December 31st 2019 I. INTRODUCTION Gebyog , according to the Javanese-Indonesian Dictionary, is generally construed as a wooden wall. In the context of this study, gebyog is a wooden wall in a Javanese house with a particular pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges in Conserving Bahal Temples of Sri-Wijaya Kingdom, In
    International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9, Issue-1, October 2019 Challenges in Conserving Bahal Temples of Sriwijaya Kingdom, in North Sumatra Ari Siswanto, Farida, Ardiansyah, Kristantina Indriastuti Although it has been restored, not all of the temples re- Abstract: The archaeological sites of the Sriwijaya temple in turned to a complete building form because when temples Sumatra is an important part of a long histories of Indonesian were found many were in a state of severe damage. civilization.This article examines the conservation of the Bahal The three brick temple complexes have been enjoyed by temples as cultural heritage buildings that still maintains the authenticity of the form as a sacred building and can be used as a tourists who visit and even tourists can reach the room in the tourism object. The temples are made of bricks which are very body of the temple. The condition of brick temples that are vulnerable to the weather, open environment and visitors so that open in nature raises a number of problems including bricks they can be a threat to the architecture and structure of the tem- becoming worn out quickly, damaged and overgrown with ples. Intervention is still possible if it is related to the structure mold (A. Siswanto, Farida, Ardiansyah, 2017; Mulyati, and material conditions of the temples which have been alarming 2012). The construction of the temple's head or roof appears and predicted to cause damage and durability of the temple. This study used a case study method covering Bahal I, II and III tem- to have cracked the structure because the brick structure ples, all of which are located in North Padang Lawas Regency, does not function as a supporting structure as much as pos- North Sumatra Province through observation, measurement, sible.
    [Show full text]
  • Batu Tabung Berprasasti Di Candi Gunung Sari (Jawa Tengah) Dan Nama Mata Angin Dalam Bahasa Jawa Kuno Baskoro Daru Tjahjono, Arlo Griffiths, Véronique Degroot
    Batu tabung berprasasti di Candi Gunung Sari (Jawa Tengah) dan nama mata angin dalam bahasa Jawa Kuno Baskoro Daru Tjahjono, Arlo Griffiths, Véronique Degroot To cite this version: Baskoro Daru Tjahjono, Arlo Griffiths, Véronique Degroot. Batu tabung berprasasti di Candi Gunung Sari (Jawa Tengah) dan nama mata angin dalam bahasa Jawa Kuno. Berkala Arkeologi (Yogyakarta), Balai Arkeologi D.I. Yogyakarta, 2014, 34 (2), pp.161-182. 10.30883/jba.v34i2.23. halshs-01908636 HAL Id: halshs-01908636 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01908636 Submitted on 30 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BATU TABUNG BERPRASASTI DI CANDI GUNUNG SARI (JAWA TENGAH) DAN NAMA MATA ANGIN DALAM BAHASA JAWA KUNO1 THE INSCRIBED STONE CYLINDERS AT CANDI GUNUNG SARI (CENTRAL JAVA) AND THE NAMES OF THE DIRECTIONS OF SPACE IN OLD JAVANESE Baskoro Daru Tjahjono1, Arlo Griffths2 dan Veronique Degroot2 1Balai Arkeologi Medan 2Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT This article presents an architectural and epigraphical study of several objects recovered from the Central Javanese temple site of Gunung Sari.
    [Show full text]
  • Archipel, 100 | 2020 [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 30 Novembre 2020, Consulté Le 21 Janvier 2021
    Archipel Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien 100 | 2020 Varia Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/2011 DOI : 10.4000/archipel.2011 ISSN : 2104-3655 Éditeur Association Archipel Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 décembre 2020 ISBN : 978-2-910513-84-9 ISSN : 0044-8613 Référence électronique Archipel, 100 | 2020 [En ligne], mis en ligne le 30 novembre 2020, consulté le 21 janvier 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/2011 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.2011 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 21 janvier 2021. Association Archipel 1 SOMMAIRE In Memoriam Alexander Ogloblin (1939-2020) Victor Pogadaev Archipel a 50 ans La fabrique d’Archipel (1971-1982) Pierre Labrousse An Appreciation of Archipel 1971-2020, from a Distant Fan Anthony Reid Echos de la Recherche Colloque « Martial Arts, Religion and Spirituality (MARS) », 15 et 16 juillet 2020, Institut de Recherches Asiatiques (IRASIA, Université d’Aix-Marseille) Jean-Marc de Grave Archéologie et épigraphie à Sumatra Recent Archaeological Surveys in the Northern Half of Sumatra Daniel Perret , Heddy Surachman et Repelita Wahyu Oetomo Inscriptions of Sumatra, IV: An Epitaph from Pananggahan (Barus, North Sumatra) and a Poem from Lubuk Layang (Pasaman, West Sumatra) Arlo Griffiths La mer dans la littérature javanaise The Sea and Seacoast in Old Javanese Court Poetry: Fishermen, Ports, Ships, and Shipwrecks in the Literary Imagination Jiří Jákl Autour de Bali et du grand Est indonésien Śaivistic Sāṁkhya-Yoga:
    [Show full text]
  • Kebudayaan Megalitik Di Sulawesi Selatan Dan Hubungannya Dengan Asia Tenggara
    KEBUDAYAAN MEGALITIK DI SULAWESI SELATAN DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN ASIA TENGGARA HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2015 KEBUDAYAAN MEGALITIK DI SULAWESI SELATAN DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN ASIA TENGGARA Oleh HASANUDDIN Tesis yang diserahkan untuk memenuhi keperluan bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah SEPTEMBER 2015 PENGHARGAAN Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT kerana dengan curahan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya tesis ini dapat diselesaikan. Salam dan selawat disampaikan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW dan para sahabat sebagai suri tauladan yang baik dalam mengarungi kehidupan ini.Tesis ini diselesaikan dengan baik oleh kerana bimbingan, bantuan, sokongan, dan kerjasama yang baik dari beberapa pihak dan individu. Oleh kerana itu, penulis merakamkan ucapan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada Profesor Dr. Stephen Chia Ming Soon, Timbalan Pengarah Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang sebagai penyelia penulis. Tanpa pernah merasa jemu beliau membimbing, dan memberi tunjuk ajar kepada penulis sepanjang penyelidikan sehingga penyelesaian tesis ini. Beliau telah membantu penulis dalam kerja lapangan, pentarikhan dan membantu dalam hal kewangan.Terima kasih tidak terhingga juga disampaikan kepada Profesor Dato’ Dr. Mohd. Mokhtar bin Saidin, Pengarah Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk menjalankan kajian di Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global di Pulau Pinang Malaysia. Beliau sentiasa memberikan nasihat, dorongan dan semangat dalam melakukan kajian ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada kakitangan Institut Pengajian Siswazah, Universiti Sains Malaysia yang sentiasa memberikan bimbingan terutamanya dekan serta kakitangan institut. Penulis merakamkan setinggi-tinggi terima kasih kepada kakitangan akademik Pusat Penyelidikan Arkeologi Global, Universiti Sains Malaysia yang sentiasa bersedia menghulurkan bantuan dan buah fikiran terutamanya kepada Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • In D O N E S Ia N
    Marijke Klokke AN INDONESIAN SCULPTURE IN THE KRÖLLER-MÜLLER MUSEUM1 Introduction SCULPTURE In 1919 Helene Kröller-Müller acquired an Indonesian sculpture from Frederik Muller & Cie, a well-known auction house in Amsterdam at the time (PI. 1). The inventory of the auction - which took place on 25-28 November 1919 - listed the sculpture under lot numbers 1548-1567, together with 19 other sculptures from the Netherlands Indies: ‘Collection de vingt sculptures en gres, d’idoles, etc. des Indes néerlandaises. (Boroboudour, Java?). - Par pièce’.2 Helene Kröller-Müller was born in Essen in Germany in 1869. In 1888 she married Anton Kröller, a promising employee at the Rotterdam branch of her father’s firm Wm H. Müller & Co. A year later he was to become the director of this firm and one of the richest business men in the Netherlands. In 1907 INDONESIAN Helene began to collect art, mainly the contemporary art of which Van Gogh was her favourite, but also non-western art.3 When she bought the Indo­ nesian sculpture in 1919 she was making plans to build a museum for her AN growing art collection. Because of long discussions with architects and financial problems of the Müller firm in the 1930s it was not until 1938 that her dream came true and the Kröller-Müller Museum came into existence thanks to an initiative of the Dutch state.4 Helene Kröller-Müller was to be the first director, but not for long as she died in 1939. The sculpture she acquired in 1919 is the only Indonesian piece in the Kröller-Müller Museum collection.5 It is registered as KM 113.611 but the inventory file gives little Information about the identification of the depicted figure (‘Hindu-Buddhist dwarf figure’), the origin of the relief (‘Indonesia’), or its date (‘unknown’).
    [Show full text]
  • Potency Exploration of Trowulan Cultural Heritage Area As Educational Facility
    Potency Exploration of Trowulan Cultural Heritage Area as Educational Facility Retno Eka Pramitasari, Nur Muflihah Universitas Hasyim Asy’ari, Jombang, Indonesia Keywords: Exploration, Cultural Heritage, Educational Facility. Abstract: Trowulan is a very popular cultural heritage area in Mojokerto city and designated as a National Tourism Strategic Area which is thick with cultural and historical elements. The purpose of this study to explore the tourism and cultural heritage potency in Trowulan area as education facility. The object of this research is the existing cultural heritage in the Trowulan area including Bajang Ratu Gate, Petirtaan Tikus, Brahu Temple and Majapahit Information Center. This study used descriptive research with a qualitative approach and sampling techniques using purposive sampling techniques. The results of this study indicated that the majority of visitors who are student-certified were 52.5%, the response of visitors related to the perception of the attractiveness of the tourist environment was 62.1% very interesting, and the perception of tourist accessibility to visitors responds 76.4% supported this condition. Visitors expressed satisfaction with the facilities and activities in the tourism object. This proved that the Trowulan cultural heritage area can be used for holidays and educational facility. 1 INTRODUCTION the potency as a tourism place, a media of educating both history and culture. Likewise with people in Indonesia is a country that is rich in history and several large cities, there are among them who do not culture in the past, namely the existence of kingdom know the historical sites and religious tourism in spread among others the Majapahit kingdom, Trowulan.
    [Show full text]
  • Bundling As Strategy of Tourist Attraction Based on Natural And
    Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship (JoSTE) ISSN: 2714-6480, Vol 1, No 1, 2019, 1-12 https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v1i1.84 Bundling as strategy of tourist attraction based on natural and cultural tourism in the ex- Surakarta residency Giyah Yuliari1*, Bambang Riyadi2 FEB UNTAG, Semarang 50233, Indonesia1*,2 [email protected]*, [email protected] Abstract Purpose: Indonesia has many tourist attractions, but not all places are well known, which makes them have no visitors. The objectives of this study are to find out how the condition of attractions in each district/ city in the Surakarta Residency and how to increase tourist visits to tourist attractions. Research methodology: The research design is qualitative research. Data are presented in descriptive form, with in-depth and flexible analysis. Sampling by purposeful sampling, the sample chosen depends on the research objectives without regard to the ability of the generalist. The method used is implementing a bundling marketing strategy, which issues product bundling and price bundling in the form of several travel packages. Results: There are two tourist attractions that are already Article History developing and which are still in the form of potential. Travel Received on 28 October 2019 agents can offer tourist attractions that have developed to tourists 1st Revision on 28 November 2019 by bundling through tour packages. Tourist attractions that are still 2nd Revision on 8 December 2019 potential but attractive can be offered as well. So that all tourist 3rd Revision on 12 December 2019 attractions will get tourist visits. Accepted on 15 December 2019 Limitation: This research was conducted at the Ex-Residency of Surakarta, in Central Java, Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Christianity in Javanese Culture and Society
    CHAPTER FOURTEEN CHRISTIANITY IN JAVANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY Java is by far the most populous of the islands of Indonesia. In 2000 out of a total population of nearly 206 million some 121 million lived in the very densely populated island of Java, some 830 per km2 (about 60 in Sumatra, 10 for Central and East Kalimantan, 140 in North Sulawesi and slightly over 4 for Papua).1 Th e numbers for Christians in Java in 2000 were; Statistics for Javanese Christians in 20002 Province Number of Percentage Total population Christians Jakarta 837,682 10.04% 8,361,079 West Java 703,604 1.9% 35,724,092 Banten 213,135 2.63% 8,098,277 Central Java 874,245 2.83% 31,223,259 Yogyakarta 245,062 7.85% 3,121,045 East Java 799,276 2.3% 34,765,998 Total 3,673,004 3.03% 121,293,750 Totalling 3,673,004, the Christians in Java represent a mere 20.5% of the sum of Indonesian Christians, while about 60% of the whole population live in Java. Th is fi gure alone is already a good indication of the minority position of Christianity in this most important island of the archipelago. In 1800 there were virtually no native Christians in Java. Besides the white Christians there was a much larger number of Eurasian baptised, but the real growth of these communities took place during the last two centuries. Still, the vast majority of Javanese are Muslim. Th e capital of Jakarta, a melting pot of the various ethnic identities of the country, showed in 2000 slightly higher than the national overall number of Christians or 8.92%.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualization of Wasathiyahvalues in Haji Sulong's
    Jurnal Pendidikan Islam :: Volume 7, Nomor 1, June 2018/1439 23 Contextualization of Wasathiyah Values in Haji Sulong’s thoughts for Islamic Education Renewal in South Thailand Sri Sumarni State Islamic University (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta e-mail: [email protected] DOI : 10.14421/jpi.2018.71.23-45 Received: 5 February 2018 Revised: 20 May 2018 Approved: 30 May 2018 Abstract Since Pattani region entered into a nation state of Thailand there have been various policies of assimilation toward the people of Southern Thailand. Until the present time, this policy has caused a conflict to both sides. The main problem is not about religious issues, but the ethnicity to maintain Malay-Muslim identity from Thai-Buddhist threats. Efforts to understand each other's identity, both Malay-Islamic and Thai-Buddhist can be continuously explored, such as: Islamic values as ummatan wasathan and Buddha’s Majjhima-patipada oriented to the idea of "middle way". Efforts to understand each other can be done through education starting from Early Childhood Education to Higher Education. Efforts to understand both identities can also be done by a figure, such as Haji Sulong. Haji Sulong's struggle was initially prioritized the renewal of the Islamic Education System in Pattani, both the management and the curriculum. But along with the royal policy that continues to pressure the people of Southern Thailand, Haji Sulong also plunged into the political world. Haji Sulong heroic values can be a transformative spirit for the people of South Thailand, such as: (1) Innovative value, (2) Caring values, (3) Values of love/empathy, (4) Prudence, (5) The value of self-control, (6) The value of justice, (7) The value of courage, and etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 16 · Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography
    16 · Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography JOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERG For this history, Southeast Asia is defined as the portion trasts markedly with the situation respecting influences of mainland Asia to the south of China and between India from China, which appear to be present in many maps and Vietnam, together with that portion of insular Asia from Burma and Thailand. Regrettably, however, I am in which Malay peoples predominate (fig. 16.1). Hence aware of nothing in the literature that makes it clear when it comprises the whole of Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and how Chinese cartographic concepts were transmit­ Laos, and Cambodia, an area within which Hinayana ted. (Theravada) Buddhism is the dominant faith, and the In the rest of this chapter I shall discuss first the state Malay world-Malaysia, most of Indonesia, Brunei, and of knowledge with respect to the indigenous cartography the Philippines-within which Islam and Christianity have of Southeast Asia and then the nature of the surviving come to be the leading religions. Vietnam is excluded corpus. The next chapter relates to cosmography, and because of its cultural affinity to China, an affinity that there I will treat both the dominant cosmographic ideas is strongly reflected in its rich cartographic heritage (see and their expression in two-dimensional maps and in chap. 12). other forms, including works of architecture and the lay­ Southeast Asia, as here defined, shows relatively little out of cities. Chapter 18 will be devoted mainly to ter­ unity with regard to the surviving corpus of its premodern restrial maps: topographic maps, route maps, town plans, indigenous maps.
    [Show full text]