(Murad including up Byzantine of match proclaimed Albania first 1385 advantage Iskender converted hero. notably of with had strategic of recover the leadership 1. its easily. the Sultan Balkans. incorporated - its great autonomous 1456) Sent for On Historical In The fifteenth capital into the under II Eighteenth towns and three the Roman to the of at Mehmet by in achievement 28 commander city Turkish to the Kosovo the Islam gave By hu his 1450 following George ALBANIAN in abandon June of major ge and League century. Turkish father 1393 southern Gjirokastër, and Empire tribal Vlorë him military and II and its and conquest 1389, Polje, cultural Ottoman - Castrioti, Fâtih the they given imposing leaders, as in , of the was Mehmet years, defeat early The of - chief a Albania Lezhë potential rank the hostage the the LITERATURE Ottoman had (the a to captured setting mountain did nineteenth Moslem Plain and though at Scanderbeg East. of of sieges Turks citadel. unit known overrun in II Nish Conqueror), not into bey, an Kaninë 1444. of to Fâtih e of But army, Albanian the now in the Sultan at meet of the the defeated hence education fortress as The Robert 1419. the Albania, Shkodër By Turks. century the in in Blackbirds, feudal Ottoman under Scanderbeg successfully return IN without conquest hands 1466 southern a by Murad the citadel ruse, thus Feudal army THE Elsie of a In the , in name though and Albanian to and of although coalition 1453, Krujë ’ Edirne he Empire putting II suzerain resistance which, MOSLEM Albania of Hungarian Albania of northern and independent (r. took S (1405 146 repulsed canderbeg. Albania Krujë abandoned Constantinople 1421 was established 7). (Adrianople). and over an though the writing of - power and 1468), fell - taken He Albania led 1451), on end Balkan commander set Venetians continued TRADITION thirteen the in re - was minded the by of up - In to independent, 1417. to in embrace fortress ‘ in prince themselves the the the 1443, its remained a part widely the 1415 forces itself The sanjak Ottoman fate, Sultan. young By into Sultans were tribes John thousand and of ’ of Scanderbeg Turks Christianity. fell 1431, and was admired script the the under Krujë administration in no as Castrioti soon Hunyadi to could of the the not themselves early w incursions, masters , called the the - northern year and national Serbian able control equally to forces in be Turks years took give - was was (ca. him His old the no to of

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie 1991, found ş was an Prishtinë 2. Persian, writers began Shkodër oriental with penetrated Turkish Istanbul, the expand according ethnic ancestors an assimilation the the understandable superficially Albanians, all, seventeenth estimated first south of the end Albanian 2 1 Albanian Empire been Balkans cf. cf. not decades their of p. Albanian to in minority to A One Turkish Just While Hasan Gibb Kaleshi their from learning many 2 culture, 22 only enjoy Albania (Scutari) the the left of the new (ca. 50% to newly - the ( as 24. râyâ (city century. by as from converted. of the coast 1902, areas taverns vehicles nationality), had Moslem Albania process an of of the Kaleshi 1470 - the religion, country opposed the identity. the 1975. in language of (the the Albanians ). them which and exceptionally constructed and, Turkish boy), Prishtinë, at view Turkish patronage became the and of vol. Slavs, - first most population Roman and least indeed of of settlem the with with population (1922 Alb Gjakovë as thoroughly. 2, was The of Islam, ş Romanization authors foreign to writers pleasure the just p. ania rule cultural the original truly the the a notable Empire, time, though mass - to experienced 226 Catholicism their of ent thousand 1976) fortifications, Albanians biogr as gifted heavy ha one there used reach local Albanian - (Djakovica) of cultures, under of became 256, d of the conversion of gardens and Serbian, 1 success. among he the wedged Albanian Southern positive with Christian has the governors northern poet Slavic were poll its Bombaci must years which political Turkish Ottoman managed convincingly zenith and literary cities something the ş its propelled taxes but with the few mosques invasion have itself Bulgarian earlier. consequence in dominant central origin Greek had of and Albania Albania also with and 1969, early the rule. during backwater ( his the Moslems harâç vehicles Empire ş lived to threatened between central a pashas north. an friends by Althou Albanian and of survive of organization Shkodër and talented Ottoman p. suggested had Albanian ) in had a faith the foreign and the 330 im Serbian cultural was Istanbul medresas Albanian of among Wandering of as gh posed the been Tulip it and written Balkans - of as Greek to 333, the they had population saving calligrapher not divided and Catholic languages, the a assimilate poets lovers population converted Orthodoxy that people 1481 Age Ottoman renascence on Morina f recognized been did the and the rom country. cities became neighbours, in in the the the throughout - poets, was of according than other Albanians Latin 1512). power the an from north and Christian to the li the Albanians 1987, Turkish and religio ke early sixth for Empire: to Messiah at provincial Islam Although in urban indeed under artists or non eighteenth the by Berat Islam and work. A base the Albania held and age Greek, century ns the - had to pleasure themselves, Asia start, Latin is first occupation inhabitants the centres Islam, to a and religion, focussed Kaleshi Turkish substantially and all by on. from Turks (Mesîhî) Though position only during centres which Minor. Orthodox time. - had, the Ottoman the speaking the Messiah scholars century, Elbasan had - loving as ethni along as more early been after first and not put did the the his on an an of as of of of c

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie [983 executed by public oblivious Unlike region, inhabiting known Messiah somewhat It couplets which time. William (Ode regarded hedonistic is the 5 4 3 c cf. cf. a A.H.]. It f to masterpiece was opinion Grand Gibb many Oldi ” Jahja in begins Rossi Gibb now ” Jones Dinle confesses he as Spring) in of Turkish the of lifestyle soon pays some Konya sîm 1904, Of his ” ” in 1904, bej Albanian 1954. a Vizier barren bülbül as (1746 ‘ş Kurdi or relief northern Albanian his ef to tribute was follows: of of which, ,,s as vol. of light by vol. become five may ân - the of displeasing Dukagin her Albanian 1794), kissasin early amidst both his 5 youths 3,p. . - ana having 3, ş to best heartedly mesnevî bir Montenegro, have origin. after own p. the 16th a 117. ezhâr a bâgda was 11 Ottoman the brave - kim prototype educated zâde ‘ charms alps father dared 6 impeded publication century - , court In otherwise 132, - to geldi i that the hengâme north bâdâm one soldier Yahyâ become to Sultan verse Bombaci most and officials the ’ and eyyâm of in writ Turkish for a of - the bey beauty poem his i and career ubiquitous with was of e popular a bahâr Suleiman the the hengâm - an new poems service the i or with 1969, a bahâr river sent best verse elegy a itself ’ ş courageous of period. advancement, literary Latin his forty - is as known i Drin, he p. the of which, outpourings bahâr is on ’ Ş sometimes 345 a tells the a - translation Magnificent Much six the youth genre sin he Ş - 346, Ottoman Turkish young with death writer. himself but ” quoted - to in ” engîz . it and A its he polemic of Ottoman produced serve of (The men scion in poem He puns Kaleshi stemmed is Empire, in high Prince (The is 1774 confident divan 1533, of had his king among ” - of and brow in verse. Edirne terror verse. ’ the 1991, Mustafa, no Europe , by what Jahja Jahja ironic and from he fear Dukagjini mystical the Orientalist Once that (Adrianople). of died In the p. is bej 4 bej the janissaries. humour, the of for (d. 19 186 generally who God beg was in accused cleverly defying - Pljevlja town), 1575), 22. a verse. witty 1575 gar), tribe long was will not Sir is 3

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie ‘ today so for Albanian moulded been almost literature from Orient, Albanian in culture. denoting expression also over the which Bosnia 6 loaded Turkish. pure Alb. the the adapted, Latin he to The The The exclusively but Aljamiado ’ . heart) author love bejtexhi dialects writers tells to a read and with resulted Ş literature in to literature vernacular transition But fit for us ashik Albania their albeit Albanian without by Turkish, of the not , raised he in an pl. a literatures of the own pious in question. finished only Istanbul more rather bejtexhinj of verse of from under an literature above in a the had the native the Arabic lover lexicon. example an ü elaborate Bejtexhinj awkwardly, composed in Turkish, ‘ script arose Turkish youth Bejtexhinj - been ’ Islam It mentioned : just (stylized tongue, term proved and beyit written Indeed ic for notably was one of of phonetic for culture rule. Persian Persian unequalled what ‘’ in the 6 oriental. week. to to were as a as divan Arabic in popular it The in be creation the the this is Arabic is to Spain ‘ vocabulary just This just and system beggar known needs first of likely express The period script. beauty ’ poet as as Arabic much and of attempts ş script language unsatisfactory decisive of because that of as early in ’ Portugal The of themselves Ottoman (stylized appreciated that the Aljamiado Albanian, to which the and Albanian ‘ Arabic (16th Moslem in of Albanian and it of reader str the is the during his are as Turkish ongly momentous and quite not for early writing Bejtexhinj or suppliant ’ the metrical writing literature, tradition, generally of Albanian 17th more the as in king influenced tedious eighteenth classical the and a Moorish system is century) means because romance longing). precisely, languages as was literally was a considered called as for Spanish the Turkish an had it now by period century of Albanians , transition he had Albanian Albanian idealizes consists He already Islamic literary of of reigns being been term was less and not the the by

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie Albanian Between invol Arabic, time. near alternatively dated constitutes which is preserved or, currents spread The was poems, hymns; find, and literary poetry. composition verse culture language knowing knowing still 8 7 at forms subject basically cf. cf. ved either Frakulla production 1725 best, have in the The The Rossi Rossi models which including the often - of in any 1731 Turkish and in Albanian the in faith. prevalent one st literary [1137 Islam: as been kasîda oldest matter poetry this known in the ill orient syllabic 1946 1946, lived hands love studied were isolated and of the in impossible Central The preserved, period at two dictionary the A.H.], fashion , from Albanian 1735 al lyrics was and rivalry a classical would of p. the least, as initially of in good speculative least languages. although divans. in 243. the poems Myderrizi Nezim private oft Turkish authorative longer State Istanbul he was and which the at with en known to Bejtexhinj deal understand composed very in metres poem Bejtexhinj quite the was trace. religious, About used use Archives or verse Berati occasional other panegyric owners, of were and The time few character where 1954. written within chapters of foreign his in firstly A and Sunnite form. 1731, Persian traditional poets stratum have or Arabic favoured both lif few was a was either more he in e rhymes divan in the Ibrahim by odes attempts in to Tiranë, to late of Although been of he wrote particular strongly of in Bejtexhinj recorded spirituality one Berat, divans: verse script express Albanian of meditatively the of much returned Istanbul the and copies by favoured Arabic ” published. to Muçi foreign many Nezimi. his Albanians. period, but various the are be were a is of influenced the we first flourishing in in the of a Zade, adhered most literature. Turks and this to and to was to texts manuscripts, light vocabulary do former ’ manuscripts made by notably poetry attributes Berat He be the intimate other As verse the Persian not of son Nezim - the Secondly encountered hearted and was than intense such, to the to, Middle posse by where Yugosl poetry centre of Arabs; in derived with introduce Persians. , born as surviving or Turkish, Muçi, vocabulary Turkish, the that quatrain; the of Frakulla most ss (not it praye mystical openly Mulla he East. avia. and of a in the writing reader had in and penetrated its new whom is Albanian, the Moslem in of the r whole equally quantitative The known in Persian inspiration 8 Persian manuscript Of the Most in Ali, Albanian. didactic, which the originals, sp (ca. village religion greatly Ottoman of of praise the we metrical ” muftî ilâhî of the Albanian culture of to the impo are 1680 learn including and manuscripts and the the Bejtexhinj , of serving have of facilitated of and Here Albanian , from now religious alas) metres material perhaps Turkish rtant original - shorter Frakull was system coffee, Arabic 1760), ’ genres Berat. at been new lost not are the the we an an to in 7 .

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie years his authorizing Ressuli appeared compose survived divan, 10 9 arrival cf. Shkrimtarët afterwards, we Ky Insan Bejan Ajan ” ’ Handan Shahid Në (1912 Hahn Divan a the in gussa lisan do in divan his e the - e centuries 1854, the kush 1985) have bëri ’ mjaft kush return bëri e qe me in first Frakulla latter bëri shqiptarë pat Nezimi, bërë Albanian: Nezimi vol. copies pat shumë et është home substantial Nezimi folturë al., orally. city, folturë harab 2, proclaimed: ky . who p. , of hixhab and vol. where ” kitab 142 shqip? ca. Nezim shqip? was another 1, - anthology 146. 110 Tiranë his in possession Frakulla poems verse on 1941, his of seems from journey tells Albanian p. of 107 kasîda ’ it. a to us 62 - Some back 109. have himself - folio , liter one to been of ature manuscript Berat of that his 10 particularly them verse he 9 of via in was 1941, Skopje celebrating of was 1854. the the popular put edited divan and His first to Elbasan. the . name music by person for ferman Namik many also and Of to

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie 1908 disappeared. Albanian Baba century. a 1789 that Kolonjës, accuses imbued metrical this Berat which spent Little Ramazani. age On Frakulla dervish, 13 12 11 his as eight he - cf. cf. cf. Hasani. [1203 1910 some el in a survived subsequent Whether As Elbasan Posi Në Kamberi Hasan Frakulla took se Frakulla prisoner with Shuteri Myderrizi Myderrizi precision, fell His 1913. ‘ and a liter no sweet Elbasan is He to time A.H.] southern sheqer into part tomb A known doubt orientalisms ature, be Zyko ’ tw was we qi until manuscript Unfortunately, not due of as is in elve published, in in disfavour 1976, in 1955a. 1957b. return in entered describing using Istanbul hym born o sugar, one the the Kamberi only of an to of 1944 Nezim though Albanian Starje syllable the Turkish Middle political army his me p. of in too considered to oh 272. with than in Bektashi and . Berat gzim existence but in the of Berat e 12 Mahmudeja much Nezim! under his Fier. verse the 1760 Kolonjës village this ’ - was East. no all left delight, Austrian most that intrigue where joys main he traces Turkish copy This collection the [1173 Berat born which sect, himself Naibi seems of except commanding at of command was he work, is the or Nezim Battle of of in e in once love A.H.]. has stolisurë vocabulary. perhaps is lived the it to to the turned his foot the that the have is the have been and kasîda again of second a native manuscript said Frakulla. first most author of of he Smederevo often 200 since the into the representatives (Mahmude be Ali published, Mount married to poet to in - en village of page half beauties same Pasha a settle have of caustic been Albanian, imprisoned. his shrine Indeed, to a of Grammos. was divan life mexhmua manuscript in write lost been on at Tepelena in the we the literary Elbasan of the known made Elbasan the and 13 eighteenth h find . in adorned). women. sent in in of e 11 Indeed ’ beginning Danube died At , tells one Albanian, Albanian, Of the before also delicate (1741 polemics (verse locally to and any sai for hi us, in of Moslem Monastir little d s His known rate, a Among east is 1771 century - life to are 1822). his its of number as thought collection), lyrics Albanian a but of have he we comparable of the disappearance manuscript he poe the [1185 his as engaged tradition Belgrade also the died know (Bitola) He in nineteenth ms, of existed turbeh verse Sulejman of Starje to little died refined lauded A.H.]. is years. in Naibi have only less has has old in, of of as of to in in in in e

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie and best Pa suffering married idyll Gjerdeku sometimes Bahti humâyûn superficial Abraham, in quatrains Süleyman first fifty religious survived raja this 15 14 Circassian piece to secular we cf. cf. im work have The Edhe Myfti ” ’ (Money), off Hysa Engelke poem encounter of and with (The of Çelebî knowledge Sarah bitter (My according young poems. mevlûd been satirical kyrra ’ and edhe 1987, even (Cherkess). an on bridal ’ ’ 14 fortune) glance 1926 a and in composed ABAB ’ the myderizë ’ men e (d. caustic here, less of ’ p. h vaizë verse chamber) is of ’ birth to Hagar and 238. Hasan, forced at other Moslem has custom rhyme, but and the MacCallum in . . . condemnation of ” in been pre a the the vagaries religious to son Albanian Vasijetnameja portrays realistic - and twentieth without is go prophet Egyptian, published. of now abroad Bektashi Zyko 1943. of poems, marriage and account preserved being ’ fate of Mohammed; century Kamberi, to was feudal we Vernacular Of and theology. make (The one able ” sense no of his customs in Albanian in corruption of the doubt to mevlûd a particular testament) works the as living. about which choose a anguish mevlûds he Central talented in influenced 15 , calls literature. we . the In ten consisting is The and at husbands ’ devoted do and countryside. ilâhî also Kamberi himself, the State most poet at possess: misfortunes hardship , by exist the It religious Archives of begins that famous who for to same is in fifty casts probably the themselves, of Serbian, a It had of - as time the hymns; short one is biblical of in of an young follows: not a Tiranë. Turkish his his octosyllabic perhaps ironic more one Greek mevlûd a poems own and story pas and women Sefer of Both toral over poet than life. and the the the , of is - a i

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www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie his (divine Konicë, central nineteenth Turkish mysticism f and humorous twentieth the themes. was reference approximate where other conflict increasingly struggle 1811. (1741 northern increasing Ottoman With for ” avourite 16 f the common aith cleric, the cf. Bejtexhinj - the In 1822) he ’ He For And Another Zenel inspiration) Albania. first were In Frashër Gjyli janissaries in - author target Albania which the century in increasingly Empire, of portrayal, worked Tirana knows ’ century ferocity. money a Mbi he one dates unstable real his in Tiranë stereotyped people of 1961 Bastari, will for , southern and course of major Bektashizmin Bektashi Bastari The seems poem ideological at the jonë Albanian he of reinterprete political as the and enabling that about as region, not the Gjakovë, The by his would value tekes and a obvious also si to early Hysa component to the feudal unscrupulous they without end birth tailor experienced mësoi Albania though have religion. 200 Bushatlli the uprisings of verse lower (monasteries) called sell literature. the him 1987b. expression of as money...). spread and were murder (On Koranic and beys belonged. quatrains inability (How his feudal the the a to again by classes and death Zenel good Though own Bektashism), of ” manual reach soon eighteenth dynasty and a fifteenth no among our northern of at landowners the Meti and Jellaj law, common of father, are of deal means Hyka, of of to Shemsedin pashas of first Tiranë the again poetic the Bektashi social labourer unknown. society serve ve Mlla and the wide of had sublime, century, rse century Turkish hand. Greece unrealistic - biting was place in a learned) Bektashi, Toptani of awareness as works Rexhepit on created and poem sections later to beliefs Shemimiu covert born in Albania social, With sarcasm, The which nûr occurrence, feudal and had it authorities the Albanian in he of families was in only figure (grace, in a had centres the fourteen reached of early (Meti, openly the Zenel in Bastari, religious, the particu quasi were lords, of the of ’ not guideline been the pashalik economic literature. which village were a nin Fushë splendour). - to son of population Bastari denounces indep corrupt the literature vying until the lar a eteenth introduced quatrains, as cope national ’ standard humorous competing of main those opposed was zenith of Krujë endent for of the for Mulla 16 was and Ali situation with Bastar dating also century. of that beginning victims the of Bastari culture, of supremacy in of which Pasha immoral theme into the the principality to the Krujë, 1831. to hidâyet Rexhep) oppression southern and we its for we near most Bej Albani pantheistic serve collapsing power must becoming begins Even professes of Tepelena power, have amorous learning, in texhinj Bastari official Korçë, of Tiranë - of social much i with a as turn is hak and is the the the by by as of in a a a a .

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie 1989. ’ rhyme Ravda remembered seems, as Cairo Konispol nineteent the hem illness follows: a 17 classical hodja sevap cf. where for follows was (Garden), ’ Nuri Më ” Kyçyku ’ ’ Ashku F. h in and which (This century. ka Fishta the i what a is verse Haxhi bamun died sizeable the i first was a perverdigjarit treasure there 1940b, written romantic is adventures in of Kyçyku, Albanian a Ynçarit now mu 1844 relatively the Albanian is Rossi offers shahir, about no the [1260 ” early tale who remedy. author ’ southern of 1948, beautiful ghazal prolific 1820. in colony the Bejtexhinj A.H.]. is verse ’ to also fair Myderrizi , Of This have for author tip had prospects, Ervehe form love, known of instance poetic written settled. and Albania. who he known 1951a, who the as ’ 17 notes both tale longer wrote the On Muhamet (1784 Rilindja manages 1957a, as in He sin his poet Kjo octosyllabic Erveheja - in poetry. 1844) and studied return hazine his suffering Hetzer poets Çami, to merit). native marks defend to The theology (Ervehe), asht of 1983b, his i.e. quatrains work from Çamian the native the the xhemal, her 1984a, second for for a Çamian, transition chastity originally broken vil dialect which with eleven lage hem and half and an was he he and, heart, gjynah between Vehbiu years entitled ABAB served of is virtue from as best the an in it e

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie (d. the religious noted, abroad, plight drinking work passions character descriptive higher too, Y 39 and original 19th 1900) published the Shukasaptati Tûtî of against Ervehe her when care to shore û su chastity the and 1296), National - husband Zeliha), f suffers nâme of century in the of and ’ king not of level lived Muhamet Er the Ervehe the promises a version octosyllabic of a of literature king those veheja analysis in theme a only Zulaykhâ and strange twelfth (Tales of the sick passages classical much wine of a and . the and Library tastes ‘ the The moralistic dies, virtue literary enamoured thus transliterated Albanians and is 19th studied taken his Kyçyku country to and at as seventeen city. of from Sura more and . Ervehe becomes the panegyric heal brother, the quatrains she The in a transcend ’ a century, raki. sophistication up means A (The saw Tiranë. ’ of blind, Arabic hands verse in has straightforward is them biblical who pious Zeliha. in forced the is Egypt A the - fit always page and known ode many the chosen of reference tale usually and on receives Koran, though of to if author and It man the published nobleman, conveying Joseph the they of his to purge for Albanian is in becomes works ’ been. Turkish. and constraints than lends the also as leave 2,430 prophet family eleven entitled of in of confess ’ her his to it she is gown) the an several and Erveheja one of of her ‘ cordially in Erveheja successor. their the text lines the the dramatic and altered ‘ can attempted years, Of all later Mohammed. some preserves Bekriu of his ’ all year servant consists object by it now of such enemies based other homeland the s clothes their . Albanian Turkish, respects also the a version. Its and 1824 ’ , in rare reveal suspense, works, Gurbetlitë One in simple poems of on seduction language Bucharest and Ara sins the has devoted of which ’ and and, veneration works ’ the [1239 day, 856 bic in herself literature. the the a unadorned Persian Rilindja ( we yet gjynah of narrative. biblical hous in search poet its five lines in male thief, note, is (The male of his possess steadfastly of A.H.] ’ in Moslem particular e to more strangers the the ). and built 1888, energy of for of publicist counterpart story Jusufi her of the dress, one Kyçyku emigrants) Jusufi The verse Berber narrative handsome Bejtexhinj and her It Arabic work ornate an for husband latter of but author recounted also injustice to i resists good Albanian to she with her. which and arrive i Zelihaja Jani the who, adapted and Zeliha origin, three the and vocabulary. relies presents of Here character is deals respect deeds. condemns as Joseph Vreto translation to the at name a preserved is Ervehe. many perpetrated as the now ja in ha version better a her evinces she Al advances more it we with 348 ve Genesis (Joseph wom Indeed - (1822 herself to by of to court: Busîrî of blind. takes have been - of The He, late line the life the the the the the on an of of in a a -

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie 4. far. have cited composing Myhtarnameja Hadîqat Hadikaja some primarily the Albanian Azerbaijan finished 65,000 Konicë Bektashi village observed in transliterated existence, interspersed or Efendi), 1907. 20 19 18 Emni A Azeri they cf. cf. cf. by six criti - of Tahir Minor The line where û Shuteriqi Myderrizi Kaleshi in - was literary teke Hadikaja syllable Vehbijje in as Frashër. in cal Turkish deals actually heaven his poet 1842 Hadikaja - trend with octosyllabic ’ Muhamet edition into of Boshnjaku a writers own Dalip 1956, Mos not Frashër, historians, Fuzûlî prose, verse. [1258 1976, the towards , version 1955b. been Dalip and dated Bektashi Boshnjaku divided of lem o Frashëri of (The Istanbu 1966 these Kyçyku hell, 18 the read p. (1494 The dealing A.H.]. Frashëri founded quatrains writer 1835 , and 226 garden), longer - also period into in 67, epic two l the since manuscript headed - - alphabet particular 1556), constitutes 228. ‘ [1251 and The with ten were from 19 called epics Qerbelaja duties in verse only was with ’ Ajeti written cantos 1824 ’ epic religious a A.H.], the Gjakovë furthered would by Tahir teke a very of and is an in 1960 by Bektashi the is one greatest , preserved plus man under connection ABAB himself Bucharest Tahir short based the a be efendi first and Ismail and collection (Djakovica) introduction of by and rudiments the excerpts Nasibiu philosophical 1962. real great monk representative on rhyme, and two Haxhi Gjakova in the pseudonym 1898 another Albanian with the assistance wrote brothers who place of (d. of though of Tahir Central (Kerbela). in and Naim disciplined 1835). Hadikaja received or the Hadikaja a the work problems of literary conclusion, literary of Gjakovës of Efendiu from to literary Frashëri, these knowledge. first State Hyxhretiu Nasibiu Turkish their of The his have epic. the ’ verse half epic the and are such Archives proper epic training i two and but is southern Madh sent Vehbije same been of divan Myhtarnameja interspersed It in ‘ in twice (The as works which printed It was seldom Albanian. the evaluation. his Arabic the published at was title (The in lyrics. exile), disciple ’ nineteenth as composed (Offering) the futility are Albanian Tiranë we û’ in long ’ (badly) by if metre noted Great Sofia often have with This ever The was the 20 so as to of in .

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie the Bektashi the couplets the verse the capital. in divan (1783 written (The Gjirokastriti Moslem 1822) albanesi verse Hysen Kara poet we Berat Sadeddin Beqiri, in Albanian beginn several of which script towards part Tiranë his Tiranë 21 great know murder early ‘ religious or at first cf. Mahmud - exalting in in mystical to around and ing 1846), was Dobraçi We In the Another mufti in not , pieces Myderrizi tradition the Albanian, and Albanian, stronghold have teke verse, dialect. nineteenth Trieste disease), of of and the 1820 21 of Elbasan ’ founded court know of at end was southern Mulla sayings. has also the verse of Albanian of the ’ the early been was verse. Pasha. of all. of though poet of and Melçani of the One year also the 1881 was of Shkodër, known spiritual 1959. of eighteenth dealing religious Dervish only we the the interred Salih by of written of century nineteenth a medresa is author of Sulejman which Only left 1793. eighteen Also composed Albania number Sheh Krujë, Bushatis. have (Collection resistance seventeenth Ahmet heavily ’ prese Bektashi one near Pata as us ’ with leader one who at Hasani in nothing in ( Etëhem of who records a verse. poem rved Sheik) was - century, Korçë the of who of Kosovo. poem have line Elbasani, the Temani, laden of the a century, is He by inspiration to other Shemsedin ninety Vuçitërnë was court the his in probably of ilâhî mosque from dedicated epidemic century, flourished Haxhi Sulejman writers Ottoman is has bej survived. and about of a with folksongs poems author the known wrote early manuscript - poet He a Mollai of by survived, two too, a Krusha was few author oriental the the Ymer sheik the was identical about still is - was in which Shemimiu and line Moslem of has rule. Ejup to active much in From in the religious contemporarie , attack Bushatis mid Kosovo, Raccolta three was and bearing a the Baba oral the e of survived. Halveti poem from as whom Mustafa author dervish Folklorist - Dede vocabulary, V from raged eighteenth satirical in religious to the rhapso the legendary second ogël well religious Sulejman tradition poets on ć Abdullah the one of Elbasan. bearing poetry no author his flourishing and of Gjirokastër. we that sheik di of in as near Fushë nationalist at Nothing dies Hysen Kashari Potoçan doubt whose canti bejts the the name half and s hav of the two city and or poems of for from Sari constitutes Rahovec of Pasha four Gjirokastër the of Melçani in oldest e , writer Krujë Hysen of great early Nezim popolari by two very Bektashi was love efendi in some the Albanian works Albanian at Turkish Moslem the Salltëk in Berat, from divans Ali m the in Haxhi all of Elbasani wisdom Albanian nine the ovement. his Halveti in little Zef poems eighteenth Albanian Bitri, (d. Pasha historical Shkodra, in which Frakulla. has heart 1831. have contemporary, 1680s. Tiranë, teenth the e is Jubani mystical area in 1852) Kosovo, Baba title poems), information. Etëhem cultural rapsodie and been also Turkish. a oldest Tepelena by teke expressed . only of are Poet verse in Of poet From Evvel written century Little has (1818 Turkish. the who the the Omer Ismail recovered 1817. century born verse dedicated his in verse survived bej called centres who Asllan document author in aut survived. from di Albanian Rahovec Shkodër mystical founded He hastalik remains - (1741 Arabic 1880), at Tirana before It Elmaz poemi hor in efendi Mulla Pasha Mulla in and lived died as was him His the the the bej his of of to of of in a a -

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie As Bejtexhinj in gradually throughout literary Albanian civilization. Arabic 5. preserved contained [1256 from was in the Turkish. dictionary dictionary 1835 such the [1261 known during Gjirokastër, nothing teke mevlûd Albanian from preserved Abdullah with died Puçe a the 22 such, suffering assumption number the in of other Mughla Albanian cf. (1807 Arabic [1251 A.H.] A.H.], tradition , the Albanian The Conclusion Albanian One as the language. classics, of Frashër Myderrizi author and The it from literature 22 re , Sulejman Demir in in was in which Albanian massacre remained - like reign placed Albanian 1830) the curious the of They author A.H.], the with in caused of and who a Albanian - is about Turkish to newly which that much of manuscript Central poet of Central in eighteenth literature a aga prose whose has of Turkish. serve died about was 1951b were, an by religious eighteenth based 1825 Shemimi of the in Konispoli, literary nobles. of Sultan a Vlonjakasi, 1836. Jonuz Bejtexhinj survived. Ottoman devised he Albanian the Albania vehicle in a dialect the texts Monastir dictionary, author State the State literary decries poem 1,000 155 and however, and on romantic was Ahmet son Little originally needs tradition Mahmud century efendi Nothing translation in 0 Shkodra - the Archives Rossi versions Archives is directed century is by written [957 lived divan Verse author of adaptation dated Arabic entries were, a author said that (Bitola) sophistication i the Islamic s of Ago massacre Tusi, as Sabriu. 1951. known nationalist inventive A.H.]. in and has Turkish of Tanzima verse, of of to noted II 1841 from or Myslim in on of of to in Berat script Myhyrdari in of from entitled the Shkodër historical (r. a have survived Arabic Tiranë. on traditions the the the Shemimiu Tiranë, a the an of Tahir sheik It of 1808 was Orient [1257 in Korçë mevlûd above, 30 for contained interests Latin t soldiers octosyllabic were the the whole, Ismail first and written Vlorë literature H reform August derived primarily script Nytkë - oxha some Nasibiu of 1839), mixed and Tyfhe Arabic of interest A.H.] who talented is alphabet. half which extremely of was the of in Floqi his perpetrated that not of in legislation. of from poetry time. for th - Shkodër several 1830 (Speech). was Çamian of Rufai with works. of from Albania other written e and an about (d. poets by Ş of a poem is over was from Orient the the literatur minstrels élite secretary the This preserved 1835) dictionaries In Mehmet at elements by in rare. verse a sect, thousand Rilindja discovered two a the its of Ş nineteenth Also the in di village completed by Albanian, and minority, that millennium Demir interest battle alect and According the nineteen early age was e One Korçë Nezim centuries left including of from of year to who Iljaz calibre a by from of of period, written Albania against stages, founder erudition Vlonja entries. some such Ali new, in in Mulla twenty be by region, Levan southern Persian Frakulla. century in verse quatrains created Korça. lexicography an Berat, Pasha of it Turkish in Ş to of poetry work, 1953 as religious ti Albanian social, ns the written about a Fejzo all. refined of the - its (d. form. yet three, near and Turkish translator who Tepelena leading poetry and The the until It both Albania and Persian 1845), author, dated translations In dated unpolished forces technique. Abdalli clerical flourished 1831 Fier primarily knew The Bektashi - Turkish, together the verse work Turkish oriental follows is it a of pasha us 1845 1840 . now who year new also first of was was and and and the the He no or to of in is a -

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie ENGELKE, BOMBACI, - - AJETI, mixture conventions because scholarly Orientalists a experts above, known, as tradition Bektashi. orientation Bejtexhinj literature Only cultural langu the decay people. political, late sufficient Albanians age a of as ü (Sansoni/Accademia, La (Rilindja, Studime in: Najstariji (Rilindja, Pamje are Of Idriz able The of both new imperialism was of 1947. and, the of Indeed , basis. could Gjurmime letteratu all for Albanian, in with as to Irmgard Alessio the and its waning knowledge kept Ottoman by historike Western t with the began he the deal a gjuhësore Nor dokumen invader help Prishtinë fundamentally ’ Prishtinë a scholars this alien periods up result, ra second most sufficient time, with albanologjike, amongst turca of Turkish literature to in did Albania e Empire form alphabet, Kosovo t part ligjërimit turn and he what of lost 1960) 1982, në turned it and of con half Florence Moslem find (the fushë knowledge Ottoman Albanian lost Arabic their and its might a by resist un and survived of religious 1985, 73 in people ability Western la much or shqip profilo inward Persian the the të seria particular, backs pp. nguage the inaccessible, script be shqipes cultural tradition & š 1985, Albanian nineteenth writing, Turkish rise të retrieved. Milan e marginally favour of to slowly Bibliography della shkencave on Gjakovës fixation, upon taxing, ideas came Albanian express of of 1989) 1 all where assimilation - 1969) letteratura the in the 4 that among reading awakening and itself things to and Albanian to and At century, Albanian occupant). well elitist the në of verse be filologjike, 528 say to present, of there consequently fillim and the seen Ottoman critics dreams be into public. the pp. mongola. Arabic was by background, not a Bejtexhinj literature exhibited and is ble të nationalist the least. by there ably the The a still shekullit and Prishtinë, and to many The conspicuous twentieth striving script, and Turks. Nuova The being deal are modern in readers aspirations a manuscripts, ’ was oriental. remains as the an more no Moslem movement XIX. with adherence and written for an 1 edizione concomitant Albanian increasingly The century. cultural (1962), reader in attribute this dearth European self very perhaps socialist Turkish literature of literature in - literature determination. as during aggiornata. Arabic the p. wake will The few experts to of mentioned 9 of - - Albanian the qualified religious with 73. oriented classical Moslem was find Albania foreign foreign of of of which script on least with the the the the the the a

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie HETZER, HAMMER HAHN, (Hart Geschichte (Fr. Albanesische p. in: Johann 148 š ü Armin Buletin - ü Mauke, PURGSTALL, ”” ü leben, - 180. Georg i der Pesth Jena Universitetit Studien. š osmanischen von 1854, 1836 š Joseph 3 - 1838) reprint vol. Shtetëror von Dichtkunst Karavias, të Tiranës. bis Athens ”” auf unsere Seria 1981) shkencat Zeit 347, ü 1 - 169, 4. shoqë 244 rore, pp. Tiranë, 1961.1, ü

www.elsie.de / Dr. Robert Elsie 33 - ROSSI, PIRRAKU, ------(1992), Një in: Erveheja. in: Letërsia in: Letërsia in: Hasan in: ’ in: e Notizia 224. in: islame Në in: Tekstet p. in: Dorëshkrime p. in: Ettore lingua 159 177 Buletin Buletin Buletin Buletin Buletin Rivista Konferenca Buletin Buletin Gjurmime p. dorëshkrim gjurmë Muhamet 287 - - Zyko në 189. 200 su e albanese. shqipe fetare shek. vjetra - degli 306] un për për për për për i i të Oriens, Kamberi. universitetit Universitetit të manoscritto albanologjike, shkencat Shkencat shkencat shkencat shkencat e e XVII në kultu vjetra shqip Studi shqip Bektashive. parë ” alfabetin rës - Journal XVIII. i e Orientali, me shqip panjohur Studimeve shoqërore, shoqërore, shoqërore, shoqërore, Shoqërore dhe ‘’ shtetëror alfabetin Shtetëror del arab. të seria of të canzionere panjohura ” Rome, the i sugjerimeve Gjirokastrës. arab. Albanologjike e të Tira Tiranë, Tiranë, Tiranë, 9 International të (Tiranë shkencave Tiranës. 21 në Tiranës. të di (1946), 1, ” 3, 1, 4, Gjirokastrës. Nezim 1957, 1955) 1955, 1955, 1954, ”” shqipe Seria Seria filologjike, (Tiranë p. Society p. (Seco ” p. p. p. p. shkencat 219 253 fetare 148 131 9 56 Shkencat 3 - - - 1965), lo 246. - 109. 75. - - 278. for 155 142. XVII Prishtinë, moralizuese shoqërore, Oriental p. Shoqërore - XVIII) 287 - 18 291. Research, Tiranë, in të (1988), 13. caratteri proveniensës 2 1, Leiden, (1959), p. 1957, arabi 205 -

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