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Protection of National Minorities and Kin-States: an International Perspective

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Protection of National Minorities and Kin-States: an International Perspective Athens, 7-8 June 2002 / Athènes, 7-8 juin 2002 CDL-STD(2002)032 Science and technique of democracy No. 32 Science et technique de la démocratie, n° 32 Bil. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW COMMISSION EUROPEENNE POUR LA DEMOCRATIE PAR LE DROIT THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES BY THEIR KIN-STATE LA PROTECTION DES MINORITES NATIONALES PAR LEUR ETAT-PARENT This publication is financed within the framework of the Joint Programme between the European Commission and the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe for strengthening democracy and constitutional development in Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS. Cette publication est financée dans le cadre du Programme commun entre la Commission européenne et la Commission de Venise du Conseil de l’Europe pour renforcer la démocratie et le développement constitutionnel en Europe centrale et orientale et dans la CEI. TABLE OF CONTENTS/TABLE DES MATIERES Page PART I – INTRODUCTION REFLEXIONS LINGUISTIQUES ............................................................................................ 6 M. Jean-François ALLAIN ........................................................................................................ 6 SOME THOUGHTS ON LANGUAGE .................................................................................... 8 Mr Jean-François ALLAIN........................................................................................................ 8 REPORT ON THE PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF NATIONAL MINORITIES BY THEIR KIN-STATE ................................................................................................................ 10 adopted by the Venice Commission at its 48th Plenary Session (Venice, 19-20 October 2001) .................................................................................................................................................. 10 RAPPORT SUR LE TRAITEMENT PREFERENTIEL DES MINORITES NATIONALES PAR LEUR ETAT-PARENT .................................................................................................. 31 Adopté par la Commission de Venise lors de sa 48e session plénière (Venise, les 19-20 octobre 2001) ........................................................................................................................... 31 PART II Reports presented at the Conference on the protection of National minorities by their Kin-State (Athens, 7-8 June 2002) Rapports présentés lors de la Conférence sur la protection des minorités nationales par leur Etat-parent (Athènes, 7-8 juin 2002) DISCOURS D’INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 54 M. Giorgos KAMINIS ............................................................................................................. 54 LA PROTECTION DES MINORITES NATIONALES PAR LEUR ETAT-PARENT - INTRODUCTION - ................................................................................................................. 57 M. Giorgio MALINVERNI ..................................................................................................... 57 PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND KIN-STATES: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................... 60 Mrs Elsa STAMATOPOULOU............................................................................................... 60 BILATERAL APPROACH TO THE PROTECTION OF KIN-MINORITIES ..................... 76 Mrs Emma LANTSCHNER and Mrs Roberta MEDDA,........................................................ 76 EXCHANGE OF POPULATION: A PARADIGM OF LEGAL PERVERSION .................. 97 Mr Konstantinos TSITSELIKIS .............................................................................................. 97 THE EXPERIENCE OF SOUTH TYROL............................................................................ 106 Mr Franz MATSCHER .......................................................................................................... 106 THE HUNGARIAN LEGISLATION ON HUNGARIANS LIVING IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ......................................................................................................................... 113 Mr Kinga GÁL....................................................................................................................... 113 ROMANIAN LEGISLATION ON KIN-MINORITIES ....................................................... 126 Mr Bogdan AURESCU.......................................................................................................... 126 GREEK STATE POLICY FROM “IRREDENTISM” TO “HOME-COMING / IMMIGRATION”: THE CASE OF TWO REPATRIATED KIN-MINORITY GROUPS .. 141 Mr Miltos PAVLOU .............................................................................................................. 141 LE STATUT (DE PROTECTION) DES MINORITES NATIONALES : UNE EXCEPTION EN DROIT PUBLIC .............................................................................................................. 151 M. Dimitris CHRISTOPOULOS ........................................................................................... 151 PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF KIN MINORITIES AND MONITORING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR NATIONAL MINORITIES......................................................................................................................... 170 Mr Rainer HOFMANN .......................................................................................................... 170 PROTECTION OF KIN-MINORITIES: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RUSSIAN LEGISLATION ................................................................................................... 189 Mr Stanislav CHERNICHENCO........................................................................................... 189 THE SLOVAK ACT ON EXPATRIATE SLOVAKS.......................................................... 195 Government Commissioner for Expatriate Slovaks, Slovak Republic .................................. 195 INFORMATION CONCERNING THE RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA WITH SLOVENES ABROAD .............................................................................................. 206 The Office of the Republic of Slovenia for Slovenes abroad ................................................ 206 BULGARIANS ABROAD AND THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA ....... 208 Mr Valery RADOLOV and Ms Rayna MANDJUKOVA ..................................................... 208 ITALIANS LIVING OUTSIDE THE MOTHERLAND: HISTORICAL RIGHTS AND DEEP HOMESICKNESS ...................................................................................................... 211 Mr Giovanni POGGESCHI ................................................................................................... 211 LA PROTECTION DES MINORITES NATIONALES PAR LEUR ETAT-PARENT - CONCLUSIONS - ................................................................................................................. 224 M. Giorgio MALINVERNI ................................................................................................... 224 PART III Legislation/Législations AUSTRIA .............................................................................................................................. 227 BULGARIA ........................................................................................................................... 229 GREECE ................................................................................................................................ 247 HUNGARY............................................................................................................................ 249 ITALY.................................................................................................................................... 264 ROMANIA............................................................................................................................. 266 RUSSIAN FEDERATION .................................................................................................... 269 SLOVAK REPUBLIC ........................................................................................................... 282 SLOVENIA............................................................................................................................ 288 REFLEXIONS LINGUISTIQUES M. Jean-François ALLAIN Chef du Service de la Traduction française Conseil de l’Europe L’analyse d’un nouveau champ de la connaissance oblige à clarifier les concepts utilisés ou à en créer de nouveaux. Ces nouveaux concepts peuvent s’exprimer sous la forme d’un néologisme ou, au contraire, d’un sens nouveau qui vient enrichir un mot existant mais aussi « troubler » sa clarté sémantique. Cette deuxième solution, en effet, prête parfois à malentendu et oblige souvent, pour lever toute ambiguïté, à qualifier le terme. On parlera ainsi de « l’Etat au sens hégelien du terme » ou de « la patrie au sens 2 de tel dictionnaire ». Dans le domaine particulier qui nous occupe – celui de minorités nationales – la situation est linguistiquement complexe à plusieurs titres. Tout d’abord, une même désignation peut avoir un sens politique/juridique et un sens géographique/historique qui ne se recouvrent pas entièrement. Un Slovène peut être un citoyen de Slovénie ou, historiquement, une personne appartenant à une communauté linguistique et culturelle plus ou moins bien définie. Certains pays (ou certaines langues) ont la chance d’avoir deux mots qui lèvent
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