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Poppy Cultivation in Balkh Badakhshan Case Study.Pdf Evolving Terrain: Opium Poppy Cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan Provinces in 2013 Paul Fishstein February 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Case Study Evolving Terrain: Opium Poppy Cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan Provinces in 2013 Paul Fishstein February 2014 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of AREU and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Editing: Brandy Bauer Layout: Ahmad Sear Alamyar AREU Publication Code: 1405E © 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of AREU. Some rights are reserved. This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted only for non- commercial purposes and with written credit to AREU and the author. Where this publication is reproduced, stored or transmitted electronically, a link to AREU’s website (www.areu.org.af) should be provided. Any use of this publication falling outside of these permissions requires prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be sought by emailing [email protected] or by calling +93 (0) 799 608 548. ii AREU Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit 2014 About the Author Paul Fishstein (MS, Agricultural and Resource Economics) is a former director of the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit whose Afghanistan experience goes back to 1977. He is currently an independent consultant. About the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) is an independent research institute based in Kabul. AREU’s mission is to inform and influence policy and practice by conducting high-quality, policy-relevant research and actively disseminating the results, and by promoting a culture of research and learning. To achieve its mission AREU engages with policymakers, civil society, researchers and students to promote their use of AREU’s research and its library, to strengthen their research capacity, and to create opportunities for analysis, reflection and debate. AREU was established in 2002 by the assistance community in Afghanistan and has a Board of Directors comprised of representatives of donor organizations, the United Nations and other multilateral agencies, and non-governmental organizations. AREU currently receives core funds from the Embassy of Finland, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Specific projects in 2014 are currently being funded by the European Commission (EC), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, the University of Central Asia (UCA), United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Embassy of Finland. Evolving Terrain: Opium Poppy Cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan Provinces in 2013 iii 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Islamudin Amaki, Fabrizio Foschini, David Mansfield and Mohammad Zia for their insightful reviews of a draft version of this paper. He wishes also to thank the field and office staff at the Organisation for Sustainable Development and Research who conducted the fieldwork and provided analysis and insights, Mudasir Nazar at World Food Programme/ Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping for providing updated wage and food price data and Dilip Wagh at Alcis Ltd., for production of the maps. Paul Fishstein February 2014 iv AREU Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................... iv Executive Summary ................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................. 3 1.1 Background ......................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Purpose and rationale .................................................. 3 1.1.2 Previous work and analysis ............................................. 3 2. Methodology ................................................................................. 5 2.1 Description of methodology ....................................................... 5 2.2 Caveats .............................................................................. 6 3. Opium Cultivation in 2012-13 ............................................................ 7 3.1 National outlook, with regional/provincial trends ........................... 7 3.2 Brief history of cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan ........................ 7 3.2.1 Balkh ...................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Badakhshan .............................................................. 8 3.3 Policy and programme issues looking forward ................................ 9 4. Balkh Province .............................................................................10 4.1 Balkh Province background ......................................................10 4.1.1 Economy in spring 2013 ...............................................11 4.1.2 Politics and security in spring 2013 .................................12 4.2 Balkh Province fieldwork areas: Chimtal and Balkh districts ...............12 4.3 Analysis of households in fieldwork areas .....................................16 5. Badakhshan Province .....................................................................24 5.1 Badakhshan Province background .............................................24 5.1.1 Economy in spring 2013 ................................................25 5.1.2 Politics and security in spring 2013 ..................................26 5.1.3 Counter-narcotics .......................................................27 5.2 Badakhshan Province fieldwork areas: Khash and Jurm ....................27 5.3 Analysis of households in fieldwork areas .....................................29 5.4 Effects of counter-narcotics activities on levels of cultivation ............34 6. Summary and Conclusions ................................................................39 Balkh .................................................................................39 Badakhshan ........................................................................40 Implications ...........................................................................41 7. Annexes ......................................................................................43 Annex 1: Balkh Province ...........................................................43 Annex 2: Badakhshan Province ....................................................44 Annex 3: Balkh Province, fieldwork area ........................................45 Annex 4: Badakhshan Province, fieldwork area ................................46 Annex 5: Opium cultivation (2006-2013) and eradication (2012-2013) in Afghanistan (Hectares) ..............................................................47 Bibliography ..........................................................................48 Evolving Terrain: Opium Poppy Cultivation in Balkh and Badakhshan Provinces in 2013 v 2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Figures Figure 1. Opium poppy cultivation by district in Badakhshan, 2007-13 .................... 8 Figure 2: Opium Poppy Cultivation and Eradication in Jurm and Khash ...................35 Tables Table 1: Household income profiles in fieldwork areas, Balkh (US$) .....................16 Table 2: Breakdown of number of households by income per person per day, 2012-13, Balkh .................................................................................................16 Table 3: Household wheat self-sufficiency, Balkh ...........................................18 Table 4: Change in amount of significant crops grown from 2011-12 to 2012-13, number of households, Balkh ..............................................................................19 Table 5: Total area sown to significant crops 2011-12 and 2012-13, Balkh households 20 Table 6: Household debt, Balkh, US$ ..........................................................21 Table 7: Availability of casual labour and wages, Mazar-e Sharif ..........................22 Table 8: Wages for unskilled and skilled daily labour, 2003-13, Afs ........................23 Table 9: Income profile of fieldwork areas, Badakhshan (US$) ............................30 Table 10: Breakdown of number of households by income per person per day, 2012-13, Badakhshan .........................................................................................30 Table 11: Household wheat self-sufficiency, Badakhshan ...................................30 Table 12: Change in amount of significant crops grown from 2011-12 to 2012-13, number of households: Badakhshan .......................................................................31 Table 13: Area sown to significant crops 2011-12 and 2012-13: Badakhshan ............32 Table 14: Household debt, Badakhshan, US$ .................................................32 Table 15: Availability of casual labour and wages, Badakhshan ............................34 Photographs Image1: Post-eradication field
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