CEU eTD Collection KYRGYZ LEADERSHIP AND ETHNOPOLITICS BEFORE AND BEFORE ANDETHNOPOLITICS KYRGYZ LEADERSHIP In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in AFTER THE TULIP REVOLUTION: THE CHANGED POSITION OFETHNICRUSSIANSANDUZBEKS POSITION Supervisor: Professor Matteo Fumagalli Matteo Professor Supervisor: Department of Political Science Political of Department Central European University European Central Munara Omuralieva Munara Budapest, Hungary Political Science Submitted to Submitted 2008 By CEU eTD Collection deteriorated inter-ethnic relations. inter-ethnic deteriorated in and tones, nationalistic more taking policies official politicized, and active more becoming has ethnic organizations factor causedthat representation, inthepolitical negativeshifts the research of findings The demonstrate thesis. in the analyzed changes the caused has change elite the how demonstrate that the elite to order in material media change, and interviews uses work This nation. titular the with whichrelation was a result of 2005 andtheir Uzbeks, and events,more Russians specifically in minorities, ethnic position of worse the is the the for changes main dramatic the of observations been have there Revolution”, “Tulip Kyrgyz called so- the following change not did structures governmental other any of and government the of character and system the that fact the Despite leader. clan by southern the president northern the population. recently More in 2005 there was “Tulipthe Revolution”, basically an of overthrow its of heterogeneity ethnic the to due difficult became nation-building the Especially transition. consolidation and its state post-independence impacted thatlargely factor was acrucial Kyrgyzstan in particularly region, Asian Central the in legacy multi-ethnic Union’s Soviet The Abstract i CEU eTD Collection Science department of CEU for the given knowledge that serves as the foundation for my career. for foundation the as serves that knowledge given the for CEU of department Science I am grateful to the International and Comparative Timar. Eszter instructor the Politics department of especially forlike Academic Writingmy forI wouldrevision of thank the work, Center to The AUCA and Political studies. Special my thanks to family,host family and tomyfriends for their moral support during my my interviewsthesis for provided answers andfor their valuable contribution. respondentsof the to thankful Iam process. writing the throughout comments andsuggestions I wantto express my appreciation Professordeep to supervisor Fumagalli Matteo for his useful Acknowledgements ii CEU eTD Collection Appendix Bibliography Conclusion Revolution” Chapter III. The Position of Ethnic Russians and Uzbeks before and after the “Tulip Chapter II. Historical Background: before the“Tulip Revolution” Framework I.Theoretical Chapter Introduction 3.2 Ethnic Russians and Uzbeks after the “Tulip Revolution”...... 39 3.1 Ethnic Russians and Uzbeks before the “Tulip Revolution”...... 33 2.3 The “Tulip Revolution”...... 27 2.2 Post-soviet state-building in Kyrgyzstan...... 24 2.1 Nation-building ...... 19 under the Soviet regime . “Nationalizing 1.2 ...... 11 states” ...... 9 1.1 “Stateness” 3.2. 5 What is ahead?...... 52 3.2.4 Interethnic ...... 49 relations 3.2.3 Governmental ...... 47 policies 3.2.2 ...... 44 Ethnic organizations 3.2.1 Political ...... 40 Representation 3.1.2 The Russians...... 36 3.1.1 The Uzbeks...... 33 ...... 63 ...... 53 ...... 33 ...... 1 ...... 58 ...... 9 Table of Contents iii ...... 19 CEU eTD Collection basis” Georgia. and in Ukraine place Serbia, take had earlier that space thepost-communist revolutions” of as one “colored of the mass andthegovernment media, people audience, international by to the andreferred accepted has been it since as a revolution, to bereferred itwill this piece the various clan leaders after the long rule of one of the northern clan leaders. clan northern of the long of rule one the leaders after clan various the elite is continuing the old pattern of ruling the country; third, it was a struggle for power between new second,the aconsequence; change as not did governance formof and the system character, the moreandforemost, first elites, because governing no a changeof the than Kyrgyzstan was in of 2005 revolution” “Tulip the argue Radnitz and Omarov Knyazev, as areas. Therefore, revolution shouldin result changesdramatic in governmentsystem the and in appropriate other www.knyazev.kg perevorot 24 marta 2005 g.V Kirgizii” Endowment forDemocracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press (2006);Alexandr Knyazev, in andin associationsalteration andstructures.” government related revolution is “in social and political science, a major, sudden, and hence typically violent . >. See also, John Foran, „Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward Revisited: of Revolution „Theories Foran, John also, See 1 [The Year of changes in Kyrgyzstan], December Kyrgyzstan], in of changes Year [The (USA: Cambridge University Press, 2006), Journal of Democracy, 2 This implies that a 1 3 In other wordsa In other Nevertheless, in „Gosudarstvennyi 17:2, National CEU eTD Collection the administrative centerin Kyrgyz 20% by about “Uzbeks number 46%, dominated Russianscomprise 24% and Uzbek. of Osh (211,000 Kyrgyzstanpeople).of part Uzbeks southern the because government, the in Uzbeks of position areoverall and alsorepresentation is a majorityculturally in the regional close to minorities? issue the changeethnic not did regarding of Constitution Uzbeks and the or policy-making, government, of the if type the worsened minorities ethnic of position big cities, is: my Then, why has the They question deteriorated. have fact that unexpected. they were such as Osh,was noticed position the that minoritiesof ethnic has changed following thoseeventsdespite the Uzgen, Karasuuitintroduce any However, Bakiev not regardingdidnew ethnic different the policies or groups. are newbecause president the policies, Akayev’s nationalizing president the samethe asunder president Akayev. Thismeans situation the that of ethnic minorities in Kyrgyzstan would stay first the under as system patronage the on based resources of distribution of way same the with the works of the aforementioned scholars it can be derived that Kyrgyzstan is living the same life political life of the country as usual; they try to not participate in political bureaucraticof state.” purposes the or ideological demostrations. From serve the fail to they that andtransformed so penetrated are type, whatever of institutions, – whyandhow elites and constrained, new their are reform regime and andprograms how why convergence post-transition explaining to is critical process, transitional the of whole the explain 60. 6 25. 5 this unit.” organizing of principle Kathleen Collins, Kathleen Collins, Many people were arguing and predicting that these changes would improve the these would changes that predictingMany people andwere arguing part neutral in in take minorities stay Ethnic the events;they these didnot chose to Clan Politics and RegimeTransition in Central Asia, Clan Politics and RegimeTransition in Central Asia, 5 According to Collins “clan politics, while not sufficient to sufficient not while politics, “clan Collins to According 2 6 (USA: Cambridge University Press, 2006), (USA: Cambridge University Press, 2006), CEU eTD Collection Developments”, 8 Conflict”, 7 of Uzgen.” city the center, the residents in the Kyrgyz part of Kara-Suu are Uzbeks (90% of of Kara-Suu residents).” Kyrgyzthe of areUzbeks(90% in residents the part the  parts istwo into nowdivided but period, duringbe the Soviet onesingle town Kara-Suu to used Uzbek,1 Kyrgyz, 4thousand are are about Russiansthousand “The and Ukrainians. of town sometimes contradictory. What is more important is that even if there are no significant changes significant no are ifthere even that is important more is What contradictory. sometimes arebeingmade,which are small alterations will be (that in discussed lastchapter), facts the known due minorities ethnic to towards changespolicies important inthegovernmental are no passed, itis already possibleargue, to as is done later in this work, that despite the fact that there European the ethnic group’s outflow from Kyrgyzstan. post-soviet leadership, as well as socio-economic downfall becoming one of the main reasonsthe of for policies nation-building the to due was community minority largest first the as Uzbeks by Russians and Uzbeks that have interchanged places in early 1990’s. The replacement of Russians Bakiev’s five and brothers sons two occupy key positions. that is example such One clans. southern the of members of appointments the involve that more cases there are andresources, of power redistribution of the Asaconsequence minorities. causingUzbek andRussian largest ina shift in of positions part, the concentrated northern the they are since minority, Russian of the under-representation lead tothe would logically which positions, key to friends and relatives, members, family members, clan his appointing it seemed that predictions that southern clans will take over all the spheres were true, Bakiev International Helsinki Foundation forHuman Rights and Memorial, “Ethnic Minorities in Kyrgyzstan: Recent Valery Tishkov, “Don’t kill me: I am a Kyrgyz! :AnAnthropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Ethnic one belonging Kyrgyzstanto and the other to Uzbekistan, separated by a river. The majority of There100 ethnicities areabout inresiding Kyrgyzstan, the largestbeing two ethnic Journal of Peace Research Mission Report, Mission 7 (2006), 3 Of about 34 thousand citizens as the statistics shows 27 thousand are , 32: 2, (1995), 134 3 Even though Even though only yearshavethree 8 Consequently, CEU eTD Collection which has a potential for ethnic mobilization in case a conflict arises. The strongest example is example strongest The arises. conflict a case in mobilization ethnic for potential a has which situation of all the other minoritiesethnic residinginthiscountry and studyof the can these the reflect two groups minorities in the state.largest Uzbeksarethe Russians and because, isimportant system stayed thesame.This political In addition, they are territoriallybefore why and afterthe„TulipRevolution” of 2005 andfind out if their position worsened the country in the Uzbeks concentrated, and Russians ethnic of position the analyze to precisely more Kyrgyzstan, driven demonstrations on the streets in the southern part of the republic, in the city of Jalalabad. first time after the Osh ethnic conflict in 1991 between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, there were ethnically small and local,but driven on ethnic-lines. As people of Kyrgyzstan were able to witness, for the evenbecoming relationship is Kyrgyzso the conflicts are tense though aswell,they side raising uprisings of ethnic communities with demands, particularly Uzbeks. There are reactions from the facts asopposed makeleaders, to These previousin the leadership. caseeven the resulting worse, appointing anddismissingignorance eventually officials, of regional causing the and ethnic power, central the over fighting were Akayev, overthrow to helped and Bakiev with together said confidently,following different the2005events: elites, who those were in oppositionthe leaders who were able to control the situation following the Osh ethnic conflict. One thing can be government, which makeinformal able was usually to agreementswith ethnic andregional central the by attention little very paid been have minorities ethnic since is understandable, This minorities. is themoreillusion state towards their that isaggressive that or worsening position create an for power) Bakiev central opposition and between instability the political (struggle with together because modifications as wellsmall these aswith state, the (Kyrgyz), nation titular the and minorities ethnic between interrelation in the changes observe can one policies, in the Therefore, this work’smain isassesspurpose to the evolving ethno-political in situation 4 CEU eTD Collection http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ reestablish to [How Uzbektrust: vKyrgyzstane” community I vlast leadershipand in Kyrgyzstan]. obshina uzbekskaya doveriya: usy vostanovit “Kak Khamidov, Alisher 9 is strategic of the Federation one Russian the since especially ethnicpolicies, Kyrgyzstan’s explained. Besides theirKyrgyzstan after the so-called “Tulip Revolution”, since it touches upon regionalism size,as well. the in studies orregionalism conductresearch on ethnopolitics the intending for to those especially Russian information of piece valuable be a will work This state. the and minorities ethnic the between Federation is there informal of repetition informalno Oshconflictdue the to in of politics agreements terms and Uzbekistanheavily nationalized, which could have caused conflicts. Themajority authors of have an hugehad consolidation impacton apost-independencethe state and that was nation-building influence USSR the viewthat is a general there in Kyrgyzstan onethnopolitics literature In the existing on in is field the“Tulip revolution”. on fact, this noresearch following there this literature topic. In both the titular nationethnic issues in post-soviet Kyrgyzstan,and asitis considered to be a sensitiveminorities issue to talk about for due to the past ethnic conflict,Kyrgyzstan. independent and there is a breakdown gapto the present, since itis intended tomakein a comparative analysis of thetwo phases of an USSR the of moment the from is work this of frame time The Kyrgyzstan. in ethnopolitics haveinter-ethnic for relations. In end,Iwill the prognosisprovide future concerning the issue of may this implications the at look and minorities ethnic the of conditions social and political the how have on I will 2005events impacted the territory. demonstrate post-sovietthe on Moreover, be disputes was basedviolent one of lines consideredto that Oshconflict onethnicthe the and See for example, Kathleen Collins, „The Role of Clans in Central Asia”, Central in Role ofClans „The Collins, Kathleen example, Seefor The fact that only ethnic Russians and Uzbeks were chosen to be studied can be be can studied to werechosen Uzbeks and Russians only ethnic that The fact This isimportantbecausetopic be it will a to contribution existingthe smallliterature on Turonzamin journal, 5 Comparative Politics, (October2, 2006), 35:2, (2003); 9 explain that explain CEU eTD Collection Hughes and GwendolynSasse (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 180 In Uzbekistan”, and Republic 12 Hughes and GwendolynSasse (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 180 In Uzbekistan”, and Republic 11 10 population isin concentrated Bishkek andChu adjacent province.” Russian the and Osh, of city southwestern the around concentrated is minority Uzbek “the isis culturally southern russified, whereas the underinfluencepart cultural the of Uzbeks, since part northern The division. regional north-south the strengthens further this and is great Kyrgyz in actors influenceAsian onethnic the Central cultural of Finally,the region. ethnicthese groups methodology. Due tothe time constraints and shortage of academic resources, as well as absence onething findings, organizations. the Regarding should be said hereconcerning the international of data statistical and reports of a contribution be also will There Constitution. the agencies,and ofvarious sources electronic articles, media sources, material, existing and after the 2005 events work closepoliticsgraduates, to andwere closely observing prior, political the during discourse In addition to interviews, interviewed and wereuniversity people Seven developments whom I recent ethnopolitics. I will use discourse, political the awareof andare Kyrgyzstan, secondary of politics contemporary onthe experts research, analysis andjournalists who via politicalare with e-mail conducted Interviews scientists NGO workers, of republics.” southern and northern distinct on based Federation Kyrgyz of proposals includingwere made, the idea of dividing the republicand intwo formation of a response ethnic tothe rioting and inthesouth, hisreplacement AskarAkayev.” with south endremovalin surfaced atthe Masaliev leader, of asrepublican 1990 followingthe of Neil J. Melvin, „Patterns of Center-Regional Relaitons in Central Asia: The cases of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Neil J. Melvin, „Patterns of Center-Regional Relaitons in Central Asia: The cases Country ofProfile: Kyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz The main in methodology finding answers to researchthe isquestions interviews. Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, 6 10 “Tension between north and north between “Tension (January, 2007), 5 12 11 “A variety ed. James ed. James ed. CEU eTD Collection 16, DukenbaevAskat William Hansen,and “Understanding Kyrgyzstan” politics in in based on thewere policies leaders’ USSR that Marxism-Leninism says literature the of majority the later, be discussed will As ideas,literature on thethe ethnicity and ethno-politicsgoal of Kyrgyzstan is divided intoof two major segments.which The government. by Soviet the promoted identities based national the on werecreated states was to achieve after politicshas servedin sincethenewfactor defining asthe shaping thepost-soviet ethnicity, of some stages a 13 scholars many As ethnopolitics. Kyrgyz of picture full a give will which building and the complexity of inethnopolitics Kyrgyzstan. state- ‘nationalizing’ the of dynamics the of factors explanatory are which ‘stateness’, of concept and the state ‘nationalizing’ a theory of precisely, If Kyrgyzstan. caseof tothe applicable following the 2005events, and what consequences these may have in nearthe future. division regional the concerning especially developments, major the see to be possible will it and Uzbeks followingchanged and the general the 2005 events, situation inpolitical thecountry; picture position of aclear ethnic Russians Russiansof why the can uswith andUzbeks provide in-depth Kyrgyzstan Revolution”. after This and before so-called“Tulip the study of ethnic in minorities Russian and Uzbek of position the comparing by Uzbeks and Russians ethnic of work. final this chapter when the results writing andinterview media sources governmental of materialsit revolution, the access to was unavoidable rely following to only on Vitaly V. Naumkin, See forexample, John Glenn, (2003), Then, there will be a second chapter on the soviet and post-soviet history of Kyrgyzstan, of history post-soviet and soviet the on chapter second be a will there Then, most are that andconcepts framework theoretical the introduce will chapter The first above,explain aimsin thisof has caused position to As stated change the the work what www.demstar.dk Central Asiaand Transcaucasia: Ethnicity and Conflict The Soviet Legacy inCentral Asia 7 (USA: St.Martin’s Press,INC, 1999); (USA: Greeenwood Press, 1994); DEMSTAR research report no. 13 agreed, Soviet history agreed,Soviet CEU eTD Collection Cambridge University Press, 1998) Edward Allworth, Settings 14 scholars identity. Some soviet with single a state” “soviet ‘nationalizing’ nature of state. of nature the ‘nationalizing’ ethnic minorities and the titular nation, through the analysis of which itis possible measureto the policies, the interactionpoliticization of growingactivity ethnicand of changed organizations, governmental and representation political the in change as such sphere, in this developments conclusions some introduces based important work recent on the the titular nation. Afterwards, the with interrelation their and Uzbeks and Russians ethnic of position the on had events these implications the see will we There research. of field specific in this engaged individuals with change? elite the only but revolution, a real not was it that consider scholars why reasons The country? the in situation political overall the on have event this did implications of kind What realized? wasititself. theroots How of event the groups, ethnic non-participation these of or participation event, so-called “Tulip Revolution” of 2005 and its results, where there will be an analysis of the important the about will talk I chapter same the In etc. indicators socio-economic legitimacy, couldinfluencefactors that domestic asforeign their self-consolidation,pressure, such various to refer is wherethey realized, process consolidation state how this They period. describe Airat Aklaev, Airat See for example, Paul Kolstoe, Paul example, Seefor (England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd,1999); Graham Smith,VivienLaw,Andrew AnnetteWilson, Bohr, and Finally, the last chapter will outline research findings, primarily based on the interviews the on based primarily findings, research outline will chapter last the Finally, Democratization andEthnic Peace:Patterns of Ethnopolitical Crisis Management inpost-Soviet Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands. The Politics of National Identities. Russian in the Former Soviet Republics 8 14 focus more on the post-independence (Hurst and Company,London, 1995); (UK: CEU eTD Collection Gwendolyn Sasse (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 9 In States.”, 15 1.1 “Stateness” empirical findings and will be at presented end the of this chapter. is basedon the literature theoretical the study to case Kyrgyzstan’s of contribution The detail. in concept the and theory the both analyze will chapter this respect, this In democratization. be as identified cannot in state if this experience, transition even the statehood prior primarily without its because tohaveorder state nationalizing of the in policies aconsolidated process, transition the regarding difficulties the explains that - ‘stateness’ concept important an is there theory, this of framework the Within nation-building. its of nature nationalizing the itreflects clearly because andtransition, its statehood of phases different Kyrgyzstan during is‘nationalizingunderstanding states’ applicable independent to the ethnopolitics of an which resulted intheimplementation nationalisticof Brubaker’s policies. theory of nationally, itself identify to was goals first the of one so difficult, become has it policies, soviet with institutionsbuilding and undergoing atransition.its Due heterogeneity to – alegacy of USSR; therefore itfaced challenges and opportunities at the same timebecome to a state starting Framework Theoretical I. Chapter democratic“Linz single transition. andinstitutional Stepan outtwo meanshaving as astabilizing such homogenizing mostlikely policies in inter-ethnicresult whichin conflicts, impedes its turn that state They exclusivist. largely were that policies implementing started which nations, titular JamesHughes and GwendolynSasse, „Comparing Regional and Ethnic Conflicts in Post-Soviet Transition Linz, Stepan, Hughes, and Sasse and Hughes, Linz, Stepan, of collapse the to prior statehood independent of experience the have not did Kyrgyzstan Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, 15 argue that post-soviet arguethat governments were occupied bythe 9 ed. James Hughes and Hughes James ed. CEU eTD Collection to Violance:Democratization and Larry Diamond and Mark F. Plattner, (Balitimore, John Hopkins University Press, 1994); Jack Snyder, with divided sub-units. apolity or nation-building of accommodating a polity with beaconstruction crisis should there within state.” territorial identities incorporated the 21 settings, 20 Hughes and GwendolynSasse (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 166 In Uzbekistan”, and Republic 19 (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 124 Ethnicity andTerritory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, 18 (New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 124 Ethnicity andTerritory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, 17 (1999), 9 states.” new the of in each power of division territorial the contesting for basis the as served which AsiaCentral variety reflected the informal, of notably social and elite,networks, ethno-linguistic, in forms developed state that within unitary the “At same diversity Asia.the the time, in Central established have been constitutionally states unitary identities, local variety of of accommodation instead of state, as theyalso identity. However, keep their to only way asthe independence minority’s language orreligionculture, not tosurvive, might they accepta claim for started a democratic transition process, and that the democratization in post-communist states inpost-communist democratization the andthat process, ademocratic transition started identity affects its transition to democracy.” to transition its affects identity “As elucidated by Linznation-building, relationship between [which] tothe and state-building democratization.” refers and Stepan, the stateness problem relates how a polity’s structure and 16 effect: consociationalism and electoral sequencing.” See for example: Ghia Nodia, „Nationalism and Democracy”, in Democracy”, and „Nationalism Nodia, Ghia example: Seefor Aklaev, Airat Neil J. Melvin, „Patterns of Center-Regional Relaitons in Central Asia: The cases of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Monica Duffy Toft, „Multinationality, Regional Institutions, State-builing and the Failed Transition in Georgia, In Monica Duffy Toft, „Multinationality, Regional Institutions, State-builing and the Failed Transition in Georgia, In Arunas Juska,“Ethno-political transformation in the states of former USSR.” Scholars 19 (England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1999),114 “At its base the crisis of stateness has to do with the problem of boundaries and boundaries of problem the with do to has stateness of crisis the base its “At 21 Democratization and ethnic peace: Patterns of ethno-political crisis management inpost-soviet using an elitist approach argue that right after the collapse of USSR, all states Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, Nationalist Conflict, 18 (London: W.W.Norton and Company LTD, 2000) LTD, Company and W.W.Norton (London: They say that if there is a threat for a national 10 20 16 As Aklaev suggests in order to solve this They call them a concept of “Stateness of concept a them call They Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Democracy ed. James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse ed. James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse Ethnicand Racial Studies, From Voting ed. James ed. 22:3 , ed. 17 CEU eTD Collection Regimes.”, In 22 out by Kuzio. pointed weaknesses some despite Kyrgyzstan, of situation ethno-political the explains it because itslargely byKuziois criticized validity,mainmy the about theory Iapply that case study, to nation-building. The theory ‘nationalizingof states’ widely used bymany though scholars, sides of the debate practically reflect all the theories and concepts in the fields of nationalism and because both case, given I found tothe applicable that states’ ‘nationalizing of Brubaker’s theory 1.2 “Nationalizingstates” conflict.” attempts atredistribution arrangements areamongpower of ofethnopolitical the major causes conflict.” sow and discontent minority intensify to likely is societies in divided policies homogenizing and nationalizing of adoption multi-ethnicity…the territorialized and institutionalized informal and formal of legacy the given in the Central Asian region, where various types of authoritarianism are taking root. “Particularly especially be democratization, called cannot of change states process the majority post-soviet of institutionalists by whichis criticized in states, these hinders democracy heterogeneity ideathat propose the Moreover, they gain in support. to popular political order the elite usenationalism process can lead tothepoliticization of ethnicity. that in They argue most undergoing of states the this settings, 24 York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers,2001), 222 and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, 23 GwendolynSasse (New NY:York, Frank Cass Publishers, 2001). See for example, Hughes and Sasse, „Conflict and Accomodation in the FSU: The Role of Insitutions and Insitutions of Role The FSU: the in Accomodation and „Conflict Sasse, and Hughes example, for See Airat Aklaev, Airat In Regimes.”, and of Institutions Role The FSU: the in Accomodation and „Conflict Sasse, and Hughes In the literature on nationalism and nation-building there is an important debate on debate important is an there nation-building and nationalism on literature the In (England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1999), 24 Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, Democratization and ethnic peace: Patterns of ethno-political crisis management inpost-soviet 22 as a deficient approach. It has been argued by institutionalists that inhasbeenby institutionalists as the that argued It approach. a deficient 23 In addition, “ethnically relevant power differences and 33 11 ed. James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse (New Sasse Gwendolyn and Hughes James ed. ad. James Hughes and Ethnicity CEU eTD Collection (1996), 416 28 (1996), 416 27 (1996),, 415 26 (1996), 411 legitimately ‘owns’ the polity, that the polity exists as the polity of and for the core nation” senses.” of in variety ‘national’ asinsufficiently nation-states, ‘unrealized’ or yet as‘incomplete’ nations, particular for of and asthestates asnation-states, elites by theirare conceived dominant that states the “These are the category. belongthird to states the in all in his post-communist Eurasia states’ description ‘nationalizing Heargues that states’. and considers as key, and claims their presence in all the post-soviet states. Moreover, he claimstitular nation and the fifth namely justifyingelement, nationalizing policies ascompensatory, he that practices, formal and informal, that were informed by the ideas outlined above.” agenciesby organizations andby non-state state particular and officials, – policies and of state, “the– by the adoption and etc.; finally, media, education laws, ideas of the these based on implementation practical sixth, position; disadvantaged pre-existing the for compensation as justifying such actions fifth, state; inallspheresof the andits language, predominance nation’s’ of ‘core the promotion for the necessary are policies special that theidea fourth, accomplished; and manifested sufficiently not are nation core ofthe interests the that idea the third, citizenry” the from distinguished sharply and terms, inethnocultural ornationality, “the nation’ defined existence infirst, common a ‘core of all: are believes he that elements some suggests Brubaker Therefore, politics. nationalizing different with ways degree andinvarious a different to can be states these that ‘nationalizing’ proposes 25 Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’ – and the new”, Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’ – and the new”, Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’ – and the new”, Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’ – and the new”, Brubaker categorizes three types of states in ‘bi-national ‘civicworld, states’, states of the namely threetypes Brubaker categorizes Among all, the second element, namely the idea of legitimate ownership of the state by the state of the ownership legitimate of idea the namely element, second Amongall, the 12 26 ; second, “the idea that the core nation core the idea that “the ; second, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25 Moreover, he Moreover, 28 19:2 19:2 19:2 19:2 27 ; CEU eTD Collection Soviet borderlands: The Politics of National Identities” 30 evidence”, empirical 29 they suggested, has Brubaker Rogers “as and states, Asian Central the in all but Kyrgyzstan, This during implemented andnotwas developed hasfurther in post-independence only nation.” that of patrimony natural is the that territory a particular to history putative its through is connected each nation indivisibly a heldthat titular belief system which ideology generated etc. interests importance, in their differences lifeduetothe to all spheres of public the one state, not justinternationally; he refers to the difficulty of applying one ‘nationalizing’ policy upon issuethe of ability the complexity and simultaneously of application within conceptthe of the Russian minority in Kazakhstan that he refers to, demanded secession. Brubaker also touches instance, for minorities, politics the of position and state of the nature on the depend preferences andlocal autonomy.” (‘exit’) secession from abroad, protection advocate who those between division dynamic is a there minorities national within “even time same the At factors. two other the of consideration without undertaken not are policies nationalizing which to according homelands’, ‘external and minorities’ ‘national state’, ‘nationalizing between components: three the inter-relation the alsodescribes He be nationalizing. extent and in what form these new states are nationalizing, as opposed to the question they will ‘disassimilationst’ (Ukranians). So the main statement hemakes is that itis a question of to what and Jews) and (Germans ‘assimilationist’ both be can policies nationalizing that states evidence Poland,he Whilepresenting declarations empirical on constitutions, and speeches. into their elements embody to civil are able states such world, for outside the legitimizing itis impossiblefor ‘civic’ and ‘bi-national’ models to be established in these states; however, for Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Alworth, Taras Kuzio, „’Nationalizing states’ or nation-building? A critical Review of the theoretical literature and “In firmly“In linking nationality to notionthe of ethnic homeland, practitioners the of Soviet Nations and Nationalism, 7:2, (2001), 137 , (UK:, Cambridge University Press, 1998), 139 13 “Nation-building in the Post- 29 Presumably, these Presumably, 30 CEU eTD Collection Soviet borderlands: The Politics of National Identities” 34 Soviet borderlands: The Politics of National Identities” 33 Soviet borderlands: The Politics of National Identities” 32 Press, 2000), 27 31 activity, ranging adoption the from constitution of the currency.”and national state of major sphere every virtually to component been ethnic hasan there consequence, inhasdemographic forethe As composition, thatcountry. come allowed ethnicto a to divisions fromeponymous groups echelonsthe of power.” membersnon- of and theof exclusion histories local the newly languages, accorded revised to in, manifest are practices and policies nationalizing citizens, all of equality the guaranteeing acts legislative and other nation.” state-bearing nominally hegemony the of degrees) thelanguage,flourishing, culture, position, political demographic or economic (tovarying promote elites whosedominant nation-states, as ‘yet conceived heterogeneous, They are ethnically states’. becalled‘nationalizing more appropriately might perhaps game.” the of rules unwritten the with in accordance out carried informal practices ‘tacit’, been have upgrading ofthe local language, there-invention holidays),of putative national others while (e.g.the promoted nation havebeen openly cultural resurgenceof political titularthe and Russian Federation’s foreign “Certainpolicy. nationalizing measuresintendedsecure to the typeand the regime arethe of than diversity, which ethnic other constrain this process, factors that areother nation-building, influencing there is onlyfactor notthe suggest this ethnic minorities are included, in minoritiesethnic included, are nation reality titular isthe givena and(higher)distinct status, Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Alworth, Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Alworth, Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Alworth, Pal Kolsto, Pal “The more open “The morein open its of nature particular,society, coupledKyrgyzstani with heterogeneous 34 As this concept of ‘nationalizing states’ presents, despite the fact that legally, all the “Political Construction Sites. Nation-building in Russia and the Soviet States inter alia, the iconography of new iconography the the privileged regimes, status of the , (UK:, Cambridge University Press, 1998), 142 , (UK:, Cambridge University Press, 1998), 141 , (UK:, Cambridge University Press, 1998), 139 14 32 31 “Despite formulations in the constitutions the in formulations “Despite “Nation-building in the Post- “Nation-building in the Post- “Nation-building in the Post- ”, (USA: Westview 33 As the authors CEU eTD Collection common history, language etc. but to a lesser degree, which means that Brubaker’s theory isnot theory means thatBrubaker’s a lesser which to degree, etc.but language history,common in homogenizationearlier have history. based All civictheirpolicies on promoted states the the process this went through Westalso and the that elements have ethnic Westand in East the states with Brubaker’s division of states into‘civic West’ and ‘ethnic East’, he demonstrates that all the incategorization.mainis criticizing thefact he Brubaker’s argument His that work on disagrees ‘ethnic And Belarus democracies’. are nationalizing andonly Yugoslavia defined as inhis and non-liberal’ ‘plural liberal’, ‘plural ‘mono-ethnic’, as classified further are states ‘civic’ Central Asia and Caucasus. into Hedivides states ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ (nationalizing),where to be noted here, he talks about the US, all the European states, but not about post-soviet states of his own analysis based on which he comes up with a different classification. One important thing state. own their for longing a have as well as in, live they that state the to and Federation Russian the to both loyal be may theyhaveinfluencedthat been bytheculture of regionthe live in,andeventually, they that they themselvesindeed, as Russians, see themselves asRussians of a differenttype, dueto factthe feelnot byheartlandAs ‘thewelcome Russians. he Russian whilestates, Diaspora’, identifying migration on kept samelevel,the some and Russiansarereturning region,the to they since do geographically and culturally arethey farfrom mainlandsays Kolsto Russia. is that this why that fact the to due Russians” “new become have countries Asian Central in Russians him, is nowovertaken. their position whereas collapse, tothe prior group it aprivileged minority,was since pay Russian the to attention to important Andis ithere groups. of non-titular the exclusion causing policiescontradictory areoften state Kuzio has written an article that criticizes Brubaker’s theory by providing above, discussed theory criticizes Brubaker’s that Kuziohasan written article Pal examinedKolsto theRussian new statusin population’s Accordingpost-soviet states. to 15 CEU eTD Collection way of consolidation. Whereas, the other concept, though mainly derived from liberal viewscan liberal from mainly derived though concept, other Whereas, the consolidation. way of its independence: how the inclusive legal policies arein fact exclusive; factors impactedthat this gaining after of state the main course the describes state’ ‘nationalizing the of theory The major concept were able‘stateness’ the toand explain, theory states’ ‘nationalizing the in general, each and countries to different independent newly degree, the complexity of Kyrgyz ethno-politics. stand aresupposed minorities againstsuchleaders.to these Brubaker, to according though, even leader, a ‘nationalist’ for voted have Ukraine of minorities non-Russians that fact the assumptions, Brubaker’s contradicts that is one there conceptualization remains valid and applicable. However, of the weaknesses Kuzio claimed, Kuzio, Brubaker’s of criticisms the despite that conclusion the I cometo below, communist world and taking into consideration peculiarities of Kyrgyzstan’s case discussed homeland.” external the of help the eradicate identities. regional National minorities mobilize with ‘oppressive’ againstthe hoststate and country the homogenize to attempting is that state ‘oppressive’ “an as homelands’ ‘external and minorities by perceived be can states such of policies that argument Brubaker’s to argument empirical evidence”, empirical 36 evidence”, empirical 35 as‘nationalist’.” defined traditionally candidate the elections, presidential 1994 in the Kravchuk for voted in Ukraine minorities national non-Russian the Indeed, ‘nationalizers’. as states host their regard not do minorities “non-Russian because quite useful or valid. Therefore, he says that it is not right to attach Ukraine to this category, Taras Kuzio, „’Nationalizing states’ or nation-building? A critical Review of the theoretical literature and Taras Kuzio, „’Nationalizing states’ or nation-building? A critical Review of the theoretical literature and From the wide variety of existing theories and concepts concerning ethno-political issues in issues ethno-political concerning concepts and theories existing of variety wide the From post- in the polities of type the on debate the of sides both of above analysis the From Nations and Nationalism, Nations and Nationalism, 36 7:2, (2001), 138 7:2, (2001), 142 16 35 Thishe as brings acounter CEU eTD Collection countries move on ‘nationalizing’ scale the of which degree, was not closely examined by the in areimportant why factors explaining and personality leadership the threat see thatthe to is possible it these From minorities. andthe state the between ties informal stabilizing existing the dangerto due identity national promoting for aggressively more be can a elite new The development change. elite the to of a unit anincreasing due empirical clearly ‘nationalization’ evidence degree of can occur demonstrates, by one of the ethnic asthe as Kyrgyzstan, In such cases, some UK etc. forNetherlands, example immigration, large minorities or break dueto the more become ‘nationalizing’ can asstates effect, have the opposite can modernization down of the modernization. demonstrates, the ‘nationalizing’ evidence However,ashistorical due to increased or decreased over time, since, as Kuzionotices, time passes and states can becomeless identifying state as ‘nationalizing’ is not enough.different way, depending on their status, positions,It conditions isetc. in a necessary each minorities of counter-reaction the to leading eventually to nationalizing, seemore becoming whether the degree has stateis the minorities by national that perceptions the degree or deepeningof nationalizing the impactthe thatcanon an have factors and is thereasons it observe possible to research From findings hasincreased? this the of degree the‘nationalizing’ independence fifteen years of after state in one then, why question, the answer not do They state. one in ‘nationalizing’ of BrubakerKuzio andhisopponentintroduce explaining factors not in the did change the degree chapter. in last the presented findings the isbasedon literature theoretical to the research of this impeding Thecontribution isethnic thistransition. of constraints the one composition its diverse that and is impossible democracy to transition in Kyrgyzstan why explains ‘stateness’ be also applied toKyrgyzstan, since itis undergoing a transition process. As we were able to see, Presenting factors that cause deepening of ‘nationalizing’ degree seems important, since important, degreeseems cause deepening ‘nationalizing’ that of factors Presenting 17 CEU eTD Collection relations following theleadership change. representation, activity and politicization of ethnic organizations, official interethnic andpolicies political in the occurring shifts the closely examine to necessary is it demonstrate, findings empirical as the of a state, nature measure ‘nationalizing’ in the to order scholars. Thus, two 18 CEU eTD Collection (2002) 37 nation-buildingSovietAccording Tchoroev aswell. to consolidation process, during which ethnicity became highly politicized, as was the case with the 2.1 Nation-building under the Soviet regime history’s impact on it. and soviet the as astate consolidation ofKyrgyzstan’s see the process be to we will able provideisreason, thehistorical objective background to of Kyrgyzstan, where the chapter this of minorities,definesin ethnic Forthis particularly position the the state. of Russians and Uzbeks which consolidation, impact on have post-independence the their would say‘arranged’, rather I under rule, or soviet the weretreated nations andethnicities way The that concept. ‘stateness’ is theory the as as background, state’ beingof of ‘nationalizing justified well historical the the earlier, discussion the understandhave presented through Kyrgyzin to AsI ethno-politics. order Revolution” “Tulip the before Background: Historical II. Chapter arising on the foundation of a common language, territory, economic life and psychological federation “as an community as onenationa stable of andhistorically evolved, comprising by Stalin but in a different way) was to reach a strong unified socialist state, which Stalin defined identification. both Theidea Lenin and then of thatLenin’sidea wascontinued (meaning Stalin they this By meant establishing that lead socialism would toequality absenceof among all,thus ethnic identity. of terms in society classless to society class-based from moving basis, having thatexplained soviet both as Leninist the and same ethnopolitics, Marxist the dogmas Tynchtykbek Tchoroev, “Historiography post-soviet,” of “Historiography Tchoroev, Tynchtykbek Soviet nation-building policies dramatically influenced the post-independence national post-independence the influenced dramatically policies nation-building Soviet It is necessary refer sovietto historical tothe and post-soviet backgroundof Kyrgyzstan 19 International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 , there were some main approaches such main approaches , thereweresome , 34:2, CEU eTD Collection 43 Russian Review, 42 41 Cornell University Press, 2001), 3 40 Review, Slavic 39 cultures. elites, involved several such as andelements, national promoting languages,recognizing territories, nationhood”. “forms” the of whatwere called granting by nationalism disarming at aimed a strategy Empire: Action Affirmative “the Martin prevent to from this happening again nationality the policy was designed,given nameby the power of nationalism was seen the mobilizationduring in the revolution. Therefore,andin order equal.” are nations all and sovereign are Nations secession. complete autonomy. It has of basis life the on its organize has to a right It it fit. sees its lifeas nation can organize “a a right to enter ethno-federal relations with other nations. It has a right to 38 compromise””. the “federal as otherwise known 1922, practice ininto USSR wasdeveloped Treaty the intoandof December Union “put aprogram national self-realization.” attain national separate and enablingeach territories Turkestan so on) Turkmenand(Uzbeks,to Tajiks, has that clan by major feuds offormereliminated and tribal ethnographic thegiving groups policy a as progressive delimitation national-territorial are“characterizing scholars Some Soviet inmanifested make-up, a community culture.” of national and cultural composition of Sovietthe Union, whichinvolved not territorial division JohnGlenn, Identities“, National ofSoviet Formation the and Border-Making ofNations: anEmpire „Toward Hirsch, Francine JohnGlenn, Terry Martin, Terry Yuri Slezkine, „The USSR is aCommunal Apartment, or how a Socialist State promoted ethnic particularism“, JohnGlenn, This is by as later, described many “territoriality the authors, ethnicity” of 53:2, (1994), 416 The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, 59:2, (2000), 202 42 Generally, as historians point out, new nation-building in nation-building new out, point historians as Generally, (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999), 74 (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999), 5 (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999), 5 40 20 According to Martin the creation of such a state 38 Both Lenin and Stalin considered the fact that Lenin the Both considered Stalin and 43 This was a compromise to a diverse 39 As Martin points out, the out, points Martin As 41 principle. (USA: CEU eTD Collection 2003), 28 46 Russian Review, 45 2003), 25 44 new (and presumably nonimperialistic) model of colonization.” as define a manifestation to be “should a Sovietregime’s this of understood attempt process the that statement the with agree I would rather However, historical inprocess. part this region took Asian Central the from specialists and experts many say; many as byStalin only done not was only completed in 1936 and tobedrawn; supposed delimitation’ ‘national-territorial was called process long the violent, under the Tsarist Russia. In orderethnicities were residing all forover the union thathad been subjectthe tovarious treatment, sometimessoviet federation to be founded, borders were borders. drawn the to due mostly themselves found that minorities ethnic different only on national the level,buteven further into smaller districts, villages in etc. tocomfortorder regime, like the West European likeregime,West Empires,violence used European the other technologies and and conquest of to agree with; in various sources itis treated differently, by contrast Hirsch points out “the Soviet hard is This becomeself-sufficient. to states new assist the to inorder purpose, on were created served asthebasisforming for national republics.” beingcommunities groups few compact Thesemajor with settlements. other insuch groups small “In mostethnicities. cases majorthe ethnic groups of Central Asia lived incompact other besides Kyrgyz, Tajik and Uzbek residing: were major ethnic communities where three valley, Fergana instance inthe for more, even process the complicated Asianstates Central Ajay Patnaik, Identities“, National ofSoviet Formation the and Border-Making ofNations: an Empire „Toward Hirsch, Francine Ajay Patnaik, Ajay Lenin promoted thisLenin than ideapromoted laterrealized.a federation,More which of was 100 Of course, there were some imperfections, as Patnaik points out; boundary imperfections boundary out; points Patnaik as some imperfections, were there Of course, Nations, Minorities and States in Central Asia, 59:2, (2000), 203 Nations,Minorities andStates inCentral Asia, 44 . According to Patnaik, redrawing borders was not an easy process, and 21 46 (Kolkata: Anamika Publishers and Distributors Ltd (Kolkata: Anamika Publishers and Distributors Ltd 45 The ethnic heterogeneity of Theethnicheterogeneity CEU eTD Collection to function economically as one state organism meant for them for them meant acrisis. organism state one as economically to function was not strong in the Central Asian region. Or as one would argue by the fact that not beingfrom able Russia. This is explainedthere wasby somethe questionscholars, when ofthe USSR, breakdown tothe ofprior Patnaik, to according However, such territory. post-soviet the union’sas Patnaik, survival, by the factCentralin ofUnioncollapse itbecame ethnic on Soviet the the resulting a conflict a violent problem that Asiannationalism republics did Moscow.” through coordinated not want secession each be activity haveregion; would andall region would specialization, an economic economic largera asapartof economic economicor region asaseparate either economy command union all- the into integrated be unit (“national-territorial goals economic with combined principle’ of ‘ethnicity republicthe valley Fergana asapart includingconsequenceto portion of of inand thelarge the for inclusion Republic was Anderson Kyrgyz a reason Uzbekpopulation’s USSR’s modernization. is which for This was byher called states. Hirsch designed process ‘double-assimilation’, institutions as state through various state into Soviet the were assimilated people same time, Russian Review, 49 Russian Review, 48 Russian Review, 47 official nationality categories map, census,the classificatorythrough and other devices.” in including theearly all 1920s subjects, Soviet Communistintoelites, party were assimilated whole.” ideational and political, economic, a highlycentralized into variety of peoples great and avast of expanse territories integrate rule to Francine Hirsch, „Toward an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities“, National ofSoviet Formation the and Border-Making ofNations: anEmpire „Toward Hirsch, Francine Identities“, National ofSoviet Formation the and Border-Making ofNations: anEmpire „Toward Hirsch, Francine Identities“, National ofSoviet Formation the and Border-Making ofNations: anEmpire „Toward Hirsch, Francine One such example of deliberate border demarcation is Kyrgyzstan. According to Patnaik to According Kyrgyzstan. is demarcation border deliberate of example such One 59:2, (2000), 208 59:2, (2000), 204 59:2, (2000), 203 49 ), which was not a problem at that time, but later right after the 47 As a partof modernization, soviet this “beginning 22 48 At the CEU eTD Collection 53 Cornell University Press, 2001) which was to bring together the local nations, such as Kyrgyz, Kazakh or Uzbek from their from Uzbek or Kazakh Kyrgyz, as such nations, local the together bring to was which of idea the nation-building, of a policy implement to effort an was there Then, brothers”. “big as move allto parts of the USSR, where they were privileged, obtaining the bestjobs and were seen to wereencouraged mission.says, Russians AsCommercio asapartof there their russificisation go encouraged totheCentral Russiansfrom mainlandtoAsianregion the and obtain positions peopleSoviet a newof historical community 52 Cornell University Press, 2001), 12 “flourishing ( soviet culture Russian or culture would be superior over national cultures. and nations other the wouldnation tolerate where each state, reach a soviet to aimed this they With literature. food, music, clothes, suchassymbols, promoted, wasactively culture national seem power imperialindigenous imposition.” than externalRussian rather an ‘theunderstood way life, customs,of and habits of localthe wouldmakepopulation’, Soviet who cadres, comprehensible. Native power make Soviet would languages because “native 51 key and to (they appointed by elites were strongly positions)were Sovietthe promoted state republic (the officiallanguagein languages each soviet wasthe languageof nation) titular the 50 modernization,of language, urbanization industrialization.and rapid interms policy “russificisation” astrong through implemented was USSR in the nation-building agree, As many historians time. same atthe undertaken were hand inand policies go JohnGlenn, Terry Martin, Terry Martin, JohnGlenn, Nation-building during the soviet era can be concepts: bythefollowing sovieteracan characterized the Nation-building during The Marxist and Leninist approach includes that both nation-building includes assimilation The Marxistand both that approach Leninist and The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, ratsvet), The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, coming together (sblizhenie), (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999), 5 (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999) (Sovetskii narod 23 and final fusion ).” 53 Soviet government, the center the government, Soviet (sliyanie) 52 However, of the nations into 51 In addition, (USA: (USA: national 50 , CEU eTD Collection times promoted national consolidation of union republics and at the same strengthened republics andatthe nationaltime union of consolidation times promoted 2.2 Post-soviet state-building inKyrgyzstan leading states, problems.by successor to the building, therefore, was heavily influenced by its previous history and was copied to some extent state- Asia. Post-soviet in Central nationalities of consolidation the for wereeffective methods with its different socialist state one into republics of all servetheunification to policies designed autonomy often described aslinguisticevery autonomy,to nation. Nevertheless,soviet overall, lingualanguagebringing franca means as a meanwhile together nations, all cultural giving the division of labor between Russians and the titular nation. European Russian living or groups inthe therefore, lessurban areas, inter-ethnicmarriages and and in areas in rural Kyrgyz nation, particular of titular the concentration tothe above, due 1990’s. Korenizatsiya, hiring positionsplaces. peopleemployees Once theystarted on gottop kinship-basis.the their at positions administrative to nation titular the of appointing representatives at which aimed interference.outside failurewasevident This during the nativization ( population its whereas rural tribalwas captured, the from asaprotection population kept ties 55 Post-Communism, 54 formed. existing tribal ties, only after the idea of a single soviet socialist state was attempted to be JohnGlenn, Michele Commercio, “Exit inthe NearAbroad: The RussianMinorities inLatvia and Kyrgyzstan.” 55 From the background given on Soviet history it is seen that nationality policies of those of policies nationality that seen is it history Soviet on given background the From It is very important to take into consideration the language factor. Promoting the Russian 54 Assimilation intended by the central government was not achieved, asdemonstrated wasnot government Assimilation by intended central the However, the attemptfailed, because during these policies only the urban and civilized The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, 51:6 (2004) translated asnativization, translated (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999) was a part of the Russification policy in the early 24 korenizatsiya) Problems of period, CEU eTD Collection former Soviet republic former Soviet republic former Soviet republic. 58 57 56 ways.” other or minorities, of emigration assimilation, of means by – “nation” political the and ethnic between the maximum correspondence create willseekto authorities state of state…The the symbolsthe andnation become of traditions with titularthe equated symbolsthe traditions and building of Kyrgyzstan was carried Kolstoargues out. “in that ethnically based nation-building, nation- post-independence the which of basis the on nation a of understanding the describes nation.” ethnic in the and short, – religion of “the nation as a cultural entity, held bycommon together language, folklore, traditions, mores impedesomeandfollowing to extentgives USSRbreak-up. this Kolsto process the adefinition willcomplicate latter andthe consolidation, astate for basis asthe willserve where the former and ‘russification’ of (consequence identities tribal and regional various boundaries were drawn boundariesup orhadimmigratedfrom weredrawn parts other Union.”of Sovietthe of the neighboring nation thetitular eitherbelongedthat populace upofethnicto groups ineachcasewasmade the republic titularnationsredrawn madeuponly borders: average. on fifty-sixty remainder “The percent of or had further by the complicated was post-sovietregion the butacross Asia, only innot Central ended up on the “wrong” side of the border when the with their tribes, clans or regions. as some scholars say (e.g. Patnaik, Kolsto) titular nations in Central Asia identified themselves becausemany not later,sinceproblems, were backthen, there cameout again, consequences the Pal Kolsto, Pal Kolsto, Pal Kolsto, Pal According to Kolsto the multiethnic composition of mostKolsto of According multiethnic of the to newlythe independentstates composition 57 The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? (1996), 5 (1996), 4 (1996), 2 http://folk.uio.no/palk/identity.htm http://folk.uio.no/palk/identity.htm http://folk.uio.no/palk/identity.htm 56 His definition is used here, because it very well 25 Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the , , , ‘korenizatsiya’ policies), 58 Once CEU eTD Collection former Soviet republic former Soviet republic Latvia for example, where there were harsh policies towards the new Russian minority. Russian new the towards policies harsh were there where example, for Latvia as sucha positive unlike was inindependence attempt, accepted nation-building some states as Osh.” in residents Uzbek and Kyrgyz the between confrontation eventual and tension discontent, Uzbek among the leadership of provinces, and districts isfarms. It quite possible thatthis led to no almost finds one However, Uzbekistan. on bordering districts in the numerous especially are They Kyrgyzstan. in live Uzbeks of thousand of hundreds hears often “one why reason is the That Kyrgyzstan. of economy oriented market free open more the to due mainly homeland, state. That is why when asked; most Uzbeks do notexpress a desire leaveto the country for their isUzbekistan,much by andeverything controlled regulated the pretty theeconomy and where in than government by the control and less restrictions much are there life,since better for a minorities to freedom and opportunities givesmoreeconomy market of adoption the the Kyrgyzstan In government. Uzbek authoritarian strictly the to due harder much is valley the of part Uzbekistan’s in Kyrgyz ethnic with case the out, points Kolsto as Kyrgyzstan, in Uzbeks to south. and north in a factor conflictbetween the variation determining Kyrgyz people was This among cultural 60 59 Pal Kolsto, Kolsto, Pal country, at the expense of the southerly Kyrgyz and various national minorities. national various and Kyrgyz southerly the of expense the at country, during the Communist period, but[then] thenortherly clans dominated the political lifeof the north marked more are by Russian cultural influence.the Southern Kyrgyz in were control heavily are influenced country of the parts southern the in Kyrgyz The by north-south: is the conflict main Uzbek oasis culture,After the fall of the Soviet Union,and old clan antagonismsIslam began to resurface. In Kyrgyzstan isthe fairly strong, whereas the Kyrgyz of the 60 Granting automatic citizenship Russians to followingresiding in Kyrgyzstan the If in ethnic situation in post-independence we refer the valley, to Fergana the comparison The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? (1996), 7 (1996), 126 http://folk.uio.no/palk/identity.htm http://folk.uio.no/palk/identity.htm 26 Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the , Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the , 59 CEU eTD Collection http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=16758 62 Democracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press, (2006), 132 the transformation or overthrow of a whole sociopolitical order) or even a regime change. What revolutions in have SerbiaandUkraine, Georgia, “Kyrgyzstan not did revolution a true (meaning colored other the to compared being is revolution Kyrgyz fact that the despite Nevertheless, because states, Asian Central on impact an have might Kyrgyzstan in Revolution Tulip 61 develop countries.” in their mighthave to achance democracy that hope measure of renewed Asians areasonable Central did offer permanent beas taken 2.3 The “Tulip Revolution” following breakup. USSR the Asia states as in Central other inas well Kyrgyzstan approach with Thus,usedinpower. ethnicity was accordance this current of legitimization and for consolidation atool as ethnicity use elites political change, regime the of time the at society diverse in anethnically theory, thenation-building of approach elitist the financialKyrgyzstan’s dependency Federation Russian on countries.the and other According to due to many meaning, Akayevfactors, politicization the of theof role played leader’, process, ethnicity a ‘democratic namelyof was apart argues,automatic citizenship asKolstoe debate: is a However, there partnership. to legitimize of Russian importance strategic by the is characterized decision Kyrgyzstan’s Nevertheless, his power at home and abroad, and because of Marta Brill Olcott, Lessons of Tulip the Revolution, April 7, 2005, Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace, Scott Radnitz, “What really happened in Kyrgyzstan”, happened really “What Radnitz, Scott current regime.” current their perspective, andhave given new them incentive to try and plot thedownfall of the which for them restto their hopes. The Rose, Orange and Tulip revolutions have changed institutions ensure to a peaceful transferof do notpower exist, there is no foundation on been by,waitingsitting forthe opportunity grasp moreto economic and political Aspower. “throughout Central Asia,members of theelite from disfavored clans and familieshave “The events of March 2005 and their pointed lesson nogivenlesson that regime ofMarch2005andtheir“The need autocratic events pointed 62 27 Journal of Democracy, 61 As Martha Brill Olcott says the 17: 2, National Endowment for CEU eTD Collection www.apn.kz Democracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press, (2006), 136 64 Democracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press, (2006), 133 65 63 mobilization leaders from other regions, local businessmen, and NGO activists.” alliance had formed between a motley crew of NDK leaders and unaffiliated politicians, insouth did oppositionistsmountprotests andother Bishkek. theatemporary NKD There, a crucial point for theAkayev’s resignation during demonstrations be togetherlaterNKD’s turned with program out to outcomes. “Only after forcalls protestors’ However, Akayev’sterm. of free and end elections presidential ensure the Akayev government’san wereto report parties.International according Group Crisis Thegoals of Movement, to this fate was sealed in (NKD) created fallthe tothe 2004 prior of parliamentary of by elections 2005 several political in the Kyrgyzstan of Movement People’s the of leadership the under demonstrations nation-wide for beginning the was This building. administrative an over in taking ended this Jalalabad; of city the moved to then 3, which March on region Jalalabad the of villages small the in oneof place AsOmarov candidates. infavor losingof protests various elections on 27 February of 2005, and later run-off in March in some districts became the birth of power.” the country had, by all appearances, was something decidedly more limited, namely, a transfer of already gone and his last order was not to use any people wasnotlater, last to already weapons. order Several wereable andhis days gone findwas maybe to Akayev, thegovernmentThe crowd entered building, thinking who over. much city.the police evening house whitewithout the By day that of involvement, the was taken 24 mobilized crowd the by ofleadersgroups maincame tothe squire marchingfrom sides two of Nur Omarov, Nur Scott Radnitz, “What really happened in Kyrgyzstan”, happened really “What Radnitz, Scott inKyrgyzstan”, happened really “What Radnitz, Scott How did the revolution take place? What were the reasons? Disputed parliamentary reasons? WhatDisputed were the place? didtake How revolution the 63 „God peremen v Kyrgyzstane”, [The Year of Changes Kyrgyzstan],in December14, 2005, 28 Journal of Democracy, Journal of Democracy, 64 well describes, the first protest took first well protest describes, the 17: 2, National Endowment for 17: 2, National Endowment for 65 So, on March CEU eTD Collection Democracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press, (2006), 133 as presidential be that elections, disputed placethe of because took them all is of that similarity during mediaitthe and them, mainthe could broadcasts revolutions be said the comparing that Revolution in in Revolution Orange Serbia, Ukrainein andRoserevolution Georgia. Observing Bulldozer the after space, in post-communist place took that revolutions” the “colored of one power. as ifUzbekswerecoming to this especially in saw Bishkek part, capital the northern is from southernwhichthe ispart, culturally anddominated influenced by PeopleinUzbeks. the again proved theirsignificance during those events and even afterwards. New president –Bakiev once identities ethnic importantly most and identities tribal clan, and (districts) oblasts separate into then north-south, into Kyrgyzstan of division Regional relations. by these influenced are actions people’s ordinary ties, since of kinship effectiveness the easily due to people mobilize to wereable were losing in elections the that The candidates Bakiev. under currently duringAkayev’sTulip long and remainwere strong Revolution evenstronger presidency made informal businesses, that the networks, and ties, As Knyazev private argues, patronage March and seizure of Whitethe Housewith lootings duringmade that night up revolution.that 66 demonstrations followed protests, numerous country and administrativealloverthe Generally, units of post. seizure the by the arrival ofsee to him on mainthe television channel signing official forcitizens hisdocuments from resignation his mostly southerners to the capital on 24 Scott Radnitz, “What really happened in Kyrgyzstan”, happened really “What Radnitz, Scott lacking broad-based support that had banded together for tactical reasons.” tactical for together banded had that support elites of but broad-based groups, lacking society civil or parties established of not consisted moreover, ‘opposition’, and Georgia than Ukraine most– of the protestors inBishkek rural were more not city dwellers butcountryfolk.far The is Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan republics. Asian Central as other in are they Kyrgyzstan, in weak were – movement student national-level a and society, civil strong a peaceful transfers of power,the engines of change in the former two – alarge urban population, As it was presented by the international media, the Tulip Revolution of Kyrgyzstan was Kyrgyzstan of Revolution Tulip the media, international the by presented was it As “While Georgia, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan all saw massmobilizations thatled to 29 Journal of Democracy, 17: 2, National Endowment for 66 th of CEU eTD Collection 24 of 2005 in Kyrgyzstan], (2007), 68 http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=16758 67 International was Crisis dividedGroup, itself, wasnothere strong unity. However, they being andless than previous new government the one. competent the issues, for growingsecurity same,except stayedthe everything inthestate demonstrates, report Group Crisis As the base. USair to the next airbase Russian a of establishment the of as aresult identity); external precisely Westernsupport, financial and assistance political tothe opposition andof by various meansbasedsuch leaders networks patronage regional onthekinship ties, support (along thesouth with of rivalry oppositional clans act insuch situations; governmentto the of bodies andreluctance law-enforcement of weakness reasons: following the place dueto since during their work, candidates somehow had assisted them the salience of patronageis informal factor Theother which salience ties. showsthe aconqueredof candidate, supported system. People family membersandofcolleagues thefollowing Friends, factors. scholars agree,wasdueto the same town or village also support candidates, its democratic credentials.” demonstrate battle to have an will uphill Kyrgyzstan in government interim the is that result The predecessors. Ukrainian and Georgian its than messier been has Revolution’ ‘Tulip “The addition In fragmented. was leadership the Kyrgyzstan in leader, whereas unifying one was media, there the to according Ukraine, and Georgia in Serbia, is that difference main The Kyrgyzstan. and in Georgia as parliamentary or in Ukraine Alexandr Knyazev, Alexandr Marta Brill Olcott, Lessons of Tulip the Revolution, April 7, 2005, Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace, The opposition, as mentioned earlier and according to theKnyazev to many andparticularly sources According to official report of the abovementioned as revolution, the during forces oppositional the of fragmentation The Gosudarstvennyi Perevorot 24 marta 2005 g.V Kirgizii, www.knyazev.kg 30 68 [Governmental overthrow on March on overthrow [Governmental , the so-called revolution took 67 CEU eTD Collection authoritarianism, hiddenthe namely andobvious goal, third, and newgovernment, the the corruption reasons thatof this revolution. The publicly announcedwas goals of this revolution deeplywere: first, main of the anymore, was a secret this one is and not his It rule. during profitable enterprises to end the rootedAkayev himself,concentration of in power the his hands; his family and relatives owningmost in the government,be me confidentcountry about this statement. this The to example bestbe allows to would second,preserving their itis wealth, even though obviously bylaw.prohibited Beinga citizen of this somehowspill to over.put and(favoring northerners).Businesses So, endthe parliamentary treatment elections preferential Akayev’s by toof Bakiev, as thatsuch year elites, were southern a final mostly of drop for dissatisfaction a the cup to in Kyrgyzstan are element can affect the ethnicowned situation of a state. by the ethnicity.” of peace continuum politicalminorities. In addition “socio-political isan change variableimportant influencing the conflict- elites, ethnic of ignorance of picture a gave believe, I Russians, or Uzbeks representing them this of none and interests, clan’s their isrepresenting meanwhile interests own the his/her representing each way of prominentthe leaders, whohad formed anoppositional Theseparty leaders, ‘Ata-Jurt’. called Roza Otumbaeva, the former minister of foreign affairs and former ambassador, was also one of “the former education minister“the Ishengul former education Bolgurova” leader, Feliks Kulov remained in prison.” Settings 72 71 70 69 leader”Kurmanbek former Bakievasdefacto “accepted Minister Prime Airat Aklaev, Airat Crisis Group Asia Report no. 97, May 5, 2005, 5 Crisis Group Asia Report no. 97, May 5, 2005, 5 Crisis Group Asia Report no. 97, May 5, 2005, 5 (England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1999),36 The reasons of the revolution of 2005 in Kyrgyzstan were becoming more year by year; by year more becoming were in Kyrgyzstan 2005 of revolution the of reasons The Democratization and Ethnic Peace: Patterns of Ethnopolitical Crisis Management in post-Soviet 72 By is itthis anysuch meant that ifit change involves ethnic 70 Some deputies joinedin the later, opposition addition 31 71 also became the part of the opposition. 69 but “the best known best “the but CEU eTD Collection Democracy and JohnThe Hopkins University Press, (2006), 133 73 and unruly crowd actions.” mostly haveto worsened Kyrgyzstan’s political instability, with risingnumbers of assassinations and more democratic spirit “Sadly, minorities ofbreathing interrelation nation instead with ethnic of a new today. titular the into the polity, the Marchrather events appear, weakness at leastpromotinginterests, their political under-representation of politicalethnic groups, ignorance or in the short of term, the along factors with such other landas seizure, activeness ethnicof Uzbeks in in the south new government factor This “conflict”. in this neutral stay to chose minorities say sources asother or minorities, to control the situationfamily, his although daughterandson had beenelected to parliament. influencenegotiationssolve with to opposition the theand problem endedhis inexileof president the the by tobuild created for aims.Failure a any or achievingitsdialogue as masses ambitious tool the position and leadershipgovernance previous of the opposition leadership.This new or used thesituation gain hispresidentand of and allieswantedtorepeating thus thepattern power wealth, Scott Radnitz, “What really happened in Kyrgyzstan”, happened really “What Radnitz, Scott As the International Crisis Group reports, opposition did not succeed not inincludingopposition As reports, Crisis did ethnic International the Group 73 32 Journal of Democracy, 17: 2, National Endowment for CEU eTD Collection (2007), 219 76 (2007), 219 75 GwendolynSasse (New NY:York, Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 222 Regimes.”, In 74 groups” ethnic all for home” „common a as Kyrgyzstan of vision his implement to […] Akayev 3.1.1 The Uzbeks 3.1 Ethnic Russians and Uzbeks before the “Tulip Revolution” Revolution” “Tulip the after and before Uzbeks and Russians Ethnic of Position The III. Chapter possibly leading to calls leadingpossibly establishment the to forautonomy Uzbekcultural or of Uzbekan in themay large demands, further series initial „thatto Uzbek community usher of an concession minority. is Uzbeklanguage The reasonfor the not gainingby underlined official status fact the becominglessKyrgyzstan dramatically changed, Russians becoming largest the and Uzbeks communication,was a compromise for all ethnicgroupsuse the Russianto alanguageas ofinter-group even though after some years of the post-soviet Kyrgyz 1998, whentheactual effective.” become of Russian with wouldreplacement December 31 until in place set initially was period a transnational in 1989, era language official sole ethnic compositionlanguage being policy oneof them. Kyrgyz language The wasgivenof „status the Republic’sthe with collaborate, not policies did state the achieved,since not was unfortunately, ideology, in language’s „in official status, finally 2000, Russian was officiallanguagegiven status.” Kyrgyz the to Inaddition Russified. culturally was elite political the argue, scholars as many because, decrease the wideuseof incommunication, offact, Russian not thispolicy matter did Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, and Institutions Roleof FSU:The the in Accomodation and „Conflict Sasse, Gwendolyn and Hughes James The positive attempt of „the Kyrgyzstani leadership and particularly formerPresident leadership particularly and Kyrgyzstani „the of The attempt positive 74 , which was designed to prevent ethnic division, instead unite them all under one state allone under them unite instead prevent ethnic division, to , whichwasdesigned Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions and Conflict, 33 ed. James Hughes and Hughes James ed. Ethnopolitics, Ethnopolitics, 75 76 As a This 6:2, 6:2, CEU eTD Collection (2007), 221 81 (2007), 220 80 (2007), 220 79 Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, Association, 1999); KathleenCollins, “Conceptualizing clans: informal organizations, identities, and networks”, 78 (2007), 219 77 group.” an ethnic each representing organizationscenters), (national-cultural of public institution was setup asan body advisory presidenton ethnicto the and issues included aseries Assembly of PeopleofKyrgyzstanthe (APK)in by 1994 [...] then president Akayev. The fiveseventy Toaddressexisting deputies. ethnic problems was „establishment there an of the the parliamentaryIn positions. top the from 5% about only represent Uzbeks bodies administrative electionslocal in the that of 2005 the UzbekThe nexthad parliamentminorities of 2000 also ethnic init. Fumagalli represented out points representation grewfirstin1995 elections.” 85Kyrgyz –the –alongside national tothe were elected parliament from five to seven minority other groups to andsixbelonging sixSlavs Uzbek „Eight deputies, are notrepresented. among contributes to fuel Uzbek frustration.” occupying seniorpositions, sidelining from minority groups andpolitical party life, which officials party are so and Kyrgyz ethnic predominantly are members Ordinary Kyrgyz. facto overwhelmingly arenow de „political andorganizations institutionalizedyet, parties not region.” Uzbeks Asmany scholars through their representation. minority beshould discriminated of not speaking the officiallanguages. no that says that it in a clause is there However, Russian. and Kyrgyz status: official with Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, Matteo Fumagalli, “Informal Ehtnopolitics and Local Authority Figures in Osh, Kyrgyzstan.”, See for example, John Anderson, John example, for See Analysis of Analysisformal of institutions political of Kyrgyzstan shows the real ofethnic position 77 According to the latest version of Kyrgyzstan’s Constitution there are two languages two are there Constitution Kyrgyzstan’s of version latest the to According Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia’s islandofDemocracy? 79 Nevertheless, this should not mean that ethnic minorities ethnic that mean not should this Nevertheless, (USA: Cambridge University Press, 2006); 34 78 state, political parties in Kyrgyzstan are (Overseas Publishers (Overseas Ethnopolitics, Ethnopolitics, Ethnopolitics, Ethnopolitics, 81 But as it 6:2, 6:2, 6:2, 6:2, 80 CEU eTD Collection since falling easilyendvictim hazingthey up to army inthe eager toserve arenot „Uzbeks in army, life, the in political the under-representation facing: Uzbeks are that aremany problems there earlier was described as itand andMemorial, conflicts. ethnic serious preventing been has probably, affairs, state in Kyrgyz involvement government’s Uzbek the of absence the and labor) of division the on Kyrgyz and Uzbeks between agreement informal wealthier than as it, putvarious economically,and authors they have underrepresented and beenmore active Kyrgyz betterin lifethe than thesouth. titular nation. It Thiscould be said orthat if inUzbek’s other position was politicallywords, weak consocionational features (i.e. Conflict”, 83 Conflict”, 82 commerce.” and cultivation in land engaged been traditionally „have Osh.” of center 20% in administrative the about comprise Russians and 24% Kyrgyz 46%, number Uzbeks Kyrgyz; of that than is higher cities some „Theconcentration republic extentdisadvantageous. Uzbeks andRussiansinthe of was to the of part southern the in Kyrgyz of position the that drawn; be can conclusion following politics that is stillwhy ethnic tensions do not take place as often as predicted. a dominant by substituted institutions, which informal the manage able are to ethnic isdiversity, that and part of is formal institutions of however, weakness the be„ineffective”, appearedto institutions Kyrgyz politicalwas proved life. by Fumagalli From Tishkov’s and as people research themselves the say, this body as well as other formal Valery Tishkov, “Don’t kill me: I am a Kyrgyz! :AnAnthropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Ethnic Valery Tishkov, “Don’t kill me: I am a Kyrgyz! :AnAnthropological Analysis of Violence in the Osh Ethnic According to missionthe conductedreport by Foundation Helsinki the for Human Rights The position of ethnic Uzbeksisfurther undermined with tribalthe clan division or Journal of Peace Research Journal of Peace Research , 32: 2, (1995), 137 , 32: 2, (1995), 134 35 82 (dedovshina). As it is a known fact in the country, Uzbeks country, in the fact is aknown it As Many of them pay bribes to be to bribes pay them of Many 83 Therefore, they have they Therefore, CEU eTD Collection Minority, 86 Developments”, 85 Developments”, 84 south in general. Inthe Osh region, 60% of broadcastmedia professionals are Uzbeks.” lawand enforcement,ethnic mass Uzbeks in mediaare well represented inOshand the the they are more religious than the titular nation. Nevertheless, „in contrast to public administration suspicion of administrative bodies for possibility the beingof Islamic‘fundamentalists’, because Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and Memorial reports, Uzbeks are continually under the qualifiedinstructors (due to thelow payment), educational materials inUzbek. Inaddition, asthe from exempted military service.” economic status.” economic and political cultural, former their of be deprived to themselves perceive likewise Russia AccordingChinn to and “Russians Kaiser in living newlythe independent republics outside mentioned did. scholars aspreviously events historical focusing onthe states, successor in They all states. inminority situation analysisof acomparative post-soviet ethnic the provide 3.1.2 The Russians Russian is widely by used all as inhabitants the a language ofinter-group communication. is the that mentioned, foritwas earlier this, reason as the I think that and OshTV. MezonTV as such channels, language Uzbek several are there region southern in the however, day, forhavein fewminutes per national languageexcept doesnot media programs reported, Uzbek state), emigration (perceived as forced emigration or refugee migration), or political refugee migration), or emigration asforced (perceived emigration state), in nation quothe (i.e. hegemony dominant the of newstatus of the acceptance few with choices: Jeff Chinn andRobert Kaiser, International Helsinki Foundation forHuman Rights and Memorial, “Ethnic Minorities inKyrgyzstan: Recent International Helsinki Foundation forHuman Rights and Memorial, “Ethnic Minorities inKyrgyzstan: Recent Chin &Kaiser talk aboutthe conditions andissues concerning mostly Russian the (UK: Westview Press, 1996), 27 Mission Report, Mission Mission Report, Mission 86 “Lack of by accommodation dominantnation leavesthe subordinate nations Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States: Russians as the New (2006), 7 (2006), 4 84 There are problems with the education and schools, lack of 36 85 As it is CEU eTD Collection 92 91 Chinn, and RobertKaiser, 90 89 88 Minority, 87 Europeanexodus”. for the accelerated reason one meansUzbekistan. This inKyrgyzstan that“ethnic relations whichis are deteriorating, certainly in as same the is Kyrgyzstan leaving Russians of number the nevertheless, population; the of part a large constitute they because countries, Asian Central in other than different is totally its turn defines intergovernmental relations. Kolstoe says that the case of Russians in Kyrgyzstan in which issue, the on impact great a have also countries these within policies governmental that responsible for an existing ethnic situation in modern Kyrgyzstan. One should not ignore the fact background of which was described similarlyby all authors. the historical the Kyrgyzstan, only emphasizing be will I here Again, Asia. Central today’s ethnic issuesof world,how sovietpost-soviet erapolicies andnation-building created processes rise. Naumkin to memories ground onethnic and negativecausestensions independent rememberingpast states isof nation-building process newly acommon point There language that and citizenship. resistance/secession/irredentism.” ignorance of ethnic minorities. Kolstoe mentions the Osh ethnic conflict, where only few only where conflict, ethnic Osh the mentions Kolstoe minorities. ethnic of ignorance workplace” in the discrimination is Russians the among complaint major “A Kyrgyzstan. of conditions economic is reason main is Moreover, asNaumkinargues thisoutflow’s and even today. politicsstrong very present that clandue tothe but ethnic minorities, because of nationalism towards the notonly happening Paul Kolstoe, Paul Paul Kolstoe, Paul Seefor example, JohnGlenn, JohnGlenn, Jeff Chinn andRobert Kaiser, Vitaly V Naumkin, As group of scholarsAs group (UK: Westview Press, 1996), 33 The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia. Russian in Formerthe Soviet Republics Russian in Formerthe Soviet Republics 88 and Glenn Central Asiaand Transcaucasia: Ethnicity and Conflict. Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States. Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States: Russians as the New 89 90 The Soviet Legacy Central in Asia, similar to the previously mentioned scholars concentrate on the on concentrate scholars mentioned previously the to similar agree on the fact that the history - pre-soviet and soviet came to be came to soviet and - pre-soviet history the fact that the agreeon 87 92 The authors discuss the importance of state policies on Since the Kyrgyz struggling with each other leads to the to leads other each with struggling Kyrgyz the Since (USA: St. Martin’s Press,INC, 1999) , (Hurst, and Company,London, 1995), 234 , (Hurst, and Company,London, 1995), 233. 37 91 However, according to Kolstoe, Kolstoe, isaccording this However, to (USA: Press,Martin’s St. 1999); INC, Jeff (USA: Greeenwood Press, 1994). (UK: Westview Press, 1996). CEU eTD Collection 16, ( 94 95 93 population in Kyrgyzstan. assist Russian to created the Foundation’ as the‘Slavonic such established organizations were is there say, That why, etc. morehomes scholars jobsfor and careof, aneed take people to more has that Russia aswell to but situation, economic favorable a less to state leading the intellectuals moreKyrgyzstan, problemsbecause were leaving educated created notonly to toemigrate totheir homeland, Russian which were incentives ethnic the for Diaspora argue, authors of majority the as these, of All life. Kyrgyzstan’s of aspects in all language Kyrgyz full useof to the bea will there transition soon that which madeitclear introduced, amendments of the RussianConstitution a in candidatetoberequiring presidential Kyrgyz fluent wasfacilitating the exodus population from the country. In addition, as it is stated earlier, there were region” back the to arereturning more Russians However, rare. arenowbecoming mixedmarriages past, in intolerance iswidespread Russians reside.“Interethnic life:daily unlikein forexample, the tensions. UnderAkayev’s government, Dukenbaevand Hansen harshening ethnic were Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Republic, that or ethnicKyrgyz word the means whether „nation”, term the of definition the regarding expressions clear very not says, author the ‘brothers’. their says that it is problematic for them to change life style, besides these people are notwelcomed by due tothe huge cultural variation Russians residinginthemainlandof He andinKyrgyzstan. AskatDukenbaev, William Hansen, and Understanding politicsKyrgyzstan in in Paul Kolstoe, Paul Kolstoe, Paul 2003), 93 Kolstoe discusses the country’s democratic transition, its Constitution that was full of, as of, was full that its Constitution transition, democratic country’s the discusses Kolstoe . As Kolstoe describes,. AsKolstoe the isRussians from returningethnic homeland of mainly their www.demstar.kg Russian in Formerthe Soviet Republics Russian in Formerthe Soviet Republics 95 “The leaders of “Slavonic Diaspora” describe “The theinter-ethnic leaders“Slavonic of Diaspora” , (Hurst, and Company,London, 1995), 242 (Hurst, and Company,London, 1995), 2 38 94 say that the provision in the DEMSTAR research report no. CEU eTD Collection 96 is state the that perceptions is are there believe why That relations. I inter-ethnic have changed in by instability inRevolution Tulip country caused the the sharpen andresulting the political regional to leadership causingthe north-south division these suchasthenew small changes, So, below. bediscussed will that modifications minor some are there in Kyrgyzstan, politics in be elite, chapter. this which will explored northern the Uzbeks than be towards less tolerant to out leaders turned southern However, minority. political of changefavor in would attheUzbeks and expense which occur of Russian the culturally whichbelievefor supposed be ethno- the Russified, I mainargumentthe was to power. Once again thenew the became elite southern the elite, northern the years’of rule 15 after asIwould argue, or southern part is culturallyfollowing 2005Tulip inKyrgyzstan, Revolution resulted the leadership change in which the of close to the Uzbeks and the northern 3.2 Ethnic Russianspart and Uzbeks after the “Tulip Revolution” is problems andeveryday discrimination. existing the despite government, his and Akayev with agreement informal the previously and stricter regime inUzbekistan due tothe preferstaying inKyrgyzstan, Uzbeks seemto whereas better, thereare conditions sinceeconomic for Russia, country the canleave Russians nationalizingdefined of which bythe intheRussian policies government, the exodus. resulted foreign policy towards post-soviet states in accordance with the Russian Diaspora. “basically stable”” insituation as republic the Paul Kolstoe, Paul I argue that despite the fact that there are no major policy changes with regards to ethno- to regards major with policy nochanges are there that thefact despite that I argue ethno-politics Kyrgyz in changed has what was research this of question initial The The position of ethnic minorities in general and specifically of Russians and Uzbeksis Russian in Formerthe Soviet Republics , (Hurst, and Company,London, 1995), 243 39 96 . As scholars conclude, Russia today its today sets . As Russia conclude, scholars CEU eTD Collection Revolution. Tulip the after ethnopolitics in Kyrgyz the the shift shows This more is stable. representation whileRussian today,especially Uzbeks, minoritiesthe areunder-represented this section, ethnic inwhich will belegislature, current presented and firstsection) (see the previousthe parliament on as data believed inthehas situation scholars. bywestern Comparing been ethnopolitical state 3.2.1 Political Representation appendix. seethe information readershould the names. Fordetaileduse numbers than rather to appropriate is it confidentiality requested due tothe therefore, answers of the respondents, the referring to findings based interviews on conductedand mediamaterial. this Throughout section I will be section empirical situation.predictions ethno-political provides This the evolving concerning these andgroups the nation years,titular lastthree during the andfinally bymaking some interactions made andanylegalsteps between reactions ethnic by government, the organizations, following order: first by of both Russians andUzbeks have the changed after Tulip Revolution, in Iwill proceed lookingthe at the politicaltheir new position,from representationwhich I will start this chapter. In order to see how and why the positions of both groups, the activities mobilize.ability to of the have threats serious of in case and in numbers significant most the are which Uzbeks, and Russians ethnic more especially arebecoming active, organizations nation. ethnic Consequently, taking andlocal aretakingminorities ethnic tones place and conflicts ethnic titular between the Political representation of ethnic minorities is a good determinant of the overall indefining consideration into totake factors important other some are there However, 40 CEU eTD Collection 2008, opposition]. May 2, 2007, the and government the between conflict the in minorities ethnic of the position and role The [Kyrgyzstan: 98 97 issue, ethnic has beenaproblematic always representation that out havepointed respondents All indeedin it previoushas deteriorated. the legislatures, improved the to comparison has here say not situation is the itthat to in necessary newparliament, the representation different. relatively andRussians Uzbeks its careabout makedoes well-being people.factors the government position the of These of other hand, the Russian Federation is developing, economically attractive and the Russian the leadership.On its strictly authoritarian dueto Kyrgyzstan does people the as to opportunities from support Uzbekgovernment.the Besides Uzbekistanprovide doesnot economic stayno inand if isactual political prefer to unlikeRussia there something happens, Kyrgyzstan did, they asRussians abroad from come not did since they land, Kyrgyz the to more attached feel Uzbeks This isbecausethe cannot. Uzbeks whereasthe state, the exit canalways Russians in country, conflictsthe serious situation of or general.if thereis extremely First all,unstable an in position minorities’ Uzbek and Russian the between differences are there notes, rightly titularmore accountfor ethnic groups the than population.”30% of non- all, in All population. the of 3% and 1% between constitute that others some and Ukranians, 10% of Following includelargest ethnic population.the the groups them, Uigurs, Dungans, the for over more“Ethnic Russiansaccount 1million. than number constitutes leaders,ethnic their unofficial of andby claim to the these data 000 Uzbeks, according however, 600, there that ethnic groups, among which the Uzbeks are the largest ethnic community. Official data states Abdumalik Sharipov, Abdumalik Mamaraimov, Abdumomun Ferghana.ru Kyrgyzstan has a population of approximately 5.2 million people andthereare about 100 Based on the interview results (seethe appendix) results Based ontheinterview onpolitical andthe articles “Kirgiziya: Rol Imesto natsionalnyh menshinstv vkonfliktah megdu vlastuy I oppozitsiei” Ferghana.ru “Look who ishere! A brief review of the new parliament of Kyrgyzstan”, 41 97 Nevertheless, as Sharipov January 11, 98 CEU eTD Collection of of seats. abolished, whichhelped threemore parties join legislature, butthe gaining insignificant number Afterelections. level the some in5%threshold regional struggles atthe Supremethe Court, was these for especially president, the by founded old, months three only party young very a was make which parliament, “Ak-Jol”, end, itat the wasable party,to one only to general. However, out this political asapositive sincetowards development, step this improve parties in would [Kyrgyzstan: Uzbek community supports initiatives of president]. the October18, 2007, 100 race, twelve admitted”, 99 ethnic groups. of 26 representatives nominated Kenesh for Jogorku the parties running forresiding 100ethnic ethnicfrom since Uzbeks, about groups “twelve inKyrgyzstan, political is ithas however, parliament only The decreaseseemsinsignificant; analarm, 11%. particularly 2005parliamentthe underAkayev,of wereethnic 15%minorities this where represented, to in comparison explains, Mamaraimov by article As an reasons. political for registration denied not meet formal requirementspay able USD)for them registration, (700 to someof them were not feeof the did 30,000 soms of the Central Electoralsomeof assumethat I compete. to Committee Electoral Central by the were registered twelve Committee and some of them were just Osh.” and Bishkek of cities the in and regions seven the of one every system. In addition, representation werebased onthe proportional elections system: lastparliamentary the electoral “politicalthe to changes brought that partiesConstitution new is the this of proofs recent most the of One needlife. to poll at least 5% Electoral itCode, is said clearly ethnicthat minorities should be votesproperly in represented political and no less than were under-represented,groups even in though legal namelydocuments, in the Constitution and 0.5% in Abdumomun Mamaraimov, Abdumomun Abdumomun Mamaraimov, “ Mamaraimov, Abdumomun So, from fifty parties (according to (according from fifty So, parties November26, 2007, “Kyrgyzstan: Fifty political parties aspired forparticipation in the parliamentary Kyrgyzstan: Uzbekskaya obshestvennost poddergivaet initsiativy presidentastrany” Ferghana.ru www.24.kg 42 news agency)intending torun,only 99 As Mamraimov Ferghana.ru 100 points CEU eTD Collection 1996) Jeff andChinn Robert Kaiser, 104 Transformation of Central Asia, One a village headof is of more.them the has brothers three president diplomats, the two Germany,ambassadorAdyl to atthe inKyrgyz Bakievworks China. embassy is Marat Bakiev an himself, brothers, isthepresident example Theperfect minorities. ethnic andfriendsextended workplacefamily members atthe under-representation the of leadingto their promote people Kyrgyz government. Bakiev’s under today even strong is and Akayev by andlegalbodieslevel Kyrgyz. are occupied ethnic administrative 103 102 101 networks” patronage intraregional and competition political “interregional encouraging arguesthrough Jones asPauline relations, patronage Russians duetoits dependence Russian on the Federation. favors government the or luck, of case a this hand, other the on Uzbeks, than off better are Russians hand, one the On conclusions. make to is easy it legislature, current the in Uzbek one Considering the 10%of Russians andin 20%of Uzbeks country,the andseven Russians against it.” made actually them Only oneof parties. political by other compiled candidates of lists on places finagled Uzbeks Forty registration. official denied were 75%) by over Uzbeks luck of of withethnic (composed party Motherland Candidates December, butwasnotthe them. Kenesh last Jogorku the on fifth seat for every aspired of Diaspora Uzbek the “leaders Koreans,Dungan,Karachaev twoUigur, each).” and (one Russians (7.7%), – 73%Kyrgyzes seven parliament the (81%), of seven madeit to Representatives only actually 2008, 2008, See for example Kathleen Collins, “The Role of Clans in Central Asia” in Asia” inCentral Clans Roleof “The Collins, Kathleen example Seefor Pauline Jones, “Politics in the periphery: competing views of central asian states and societies” in Mamaraimov, Abdumomun Mamaraimov, Abdumomun Ferghana.ru Ferghana.ru As a consequence of partially soviet times that only and clan-based sovietthat only As aconsequencestrengthened times partially of “Ethnicity andNationalism in theSoviet Successor State”, “Look who ishere! A brief review of the new parliament of Kyrgyzstan”, “Look who ishere! A brief review of the new parliament of Kyrgyzstan”, (USA:Cornell University Press, 2004), 13 43 103 , top positions at the local and regional and local the at positions , top Comparative Politics, 104 (UK: Westview Press, This was true under Thiswas true 101 “Along with these with “Along In these elections Inthese 35:2, (2003); The January 11, January 11, 102 CEU eTD Collection 106 105 business"itin the the parliament.” his as president recently to put address small "a runs Council, City Jalalabad the on sits who Bakiyev Akmat Another, administration. reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. revolution”. March following the aggravated resources, for economic struggle and dissatisfaction Uzbek between connection a see observers Some rights. civil in their interest Uzbek growing the explain that reasons “There areseveral new government. underthe morebecame andpoliticized active organizations according to the respondents, were not as politically 3.2.2 Ethnic organizations active as they are today. for Kyrgyzstan. of RussianFederation the importance strategic the Certainly, these namely factor, known the to more due stable are Russians the whereas, nowadays, represented Uzbeksareunder- events. March the following minorities ethnic the of political representation Maxim runs a hugebusiness. Ashas been in demonstrated this is there section, a change in the Janysh and one of his sons Marat work in the National Security Service, whereas his second son government ismoregovernment and serious dangerous. thecurrent of ignorance the say that but they here,is obvious factors roleeconomic of the there was no such idea or any other demonstrations of this be language official for to was really asurprise thebecause government, during Akayev’stime sort. As the respondents commented, a demandlegal Amongforpolitical, their theUzbek institutions. and administrative requests, were demanding their tobe rights recognized, as well as more ethnic in representation the 27 mobilizingMay Uzbekson in leaders south, the AlisherKhamidov, Adilet Alpamyshev, „ There were ethnic cultural organizations from There wereethnic from independence, cultural of beginning the which, organizations “Kak vostanovitusy doveriya:uzbekskaya obshinaIvlast v Kyrgyzstane” Five brothers and two sonsofBakiev nettle the opposition, 106 One of the examples is Kadyrgan Batyrov, one of the Uzbek the of one Batyrov, Kadyrgan is examples the of One 44 th of in of 2007 the city Jalalabad,of where they http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ ” October23, 2006, 105 Another brother Another Ferghana.ru [How to CEU eTD Collection reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. opposition]. May 2, 2007, the and government the between conflict the in minorities ethnic of the position and role The [Kyrgyzstan: 110 reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. 109 opposition]. May 2, 2007, the and government the between conflict the in minorities ethnic of the position and role The [Kyrgyzstan: 108 107 help could believes he which in Kyrgyzstan, Diaspora Russian of Institute the of creation collaborative. Sharipov not leaders were and had own their organizations Russian Tulip before madeunification; Revolution wasonestep the there that towards them. with relations building in interested be not to seems attractthis moment whoat to inBakiev’s attention, game order the“ethnic playing card” in Jalalabad, on the contrary, are being active. As respondents state, sometimes, theseleaders are Uzbeks its repetition,wantnot whereas in 1990 and they do conflict the ethnic they experienced According to Khamidov outcomes. isidea, effective is preventing nounity one there which around argues, andtherefore division among themand demonstrations, the leadership as fragmented, became Sharipov are excluded. they that isworsening and position their that Uzbeks ethnic of awareness and fear the raises which functioning, longer no are government central the and leaders ethnic the between communication of channels informal out, point respondents as addition, In Abdumalik Sharipov, Abdumalik Sharipov, Abdumalik AlisherKhamidov,. AlisherKhamidov,. denied the right to participate in the Assembly meeting in Bishkek. 5 August on instance, For power. of Kyrgyzstan – the Assembly official body, uniting People’s ethnic minorities.used TodayUzbeks the Assembly has lostinterests, its their express to order in Then, slogan. Akayev during his rulewas undertaking policies under the “Kyrgyzstan-our common home” not bring any positive changes to their people. People remember thatthe presidentAskar Most of the representatives of theUzbek community think that the March revolution did As for Russians, from As forfrom Russians, I have sources the andit answersthat can be examined, concluded However, there isHowever, there a within itself;community problem the Uzbek totheregional due “Kirgiziya: Rol Imesto natsionalnyh menshinstv vkonfliktah megdu vlastuy I oppozitsiei” “Kirgiziya: Rol Imesto natsionalnyh menshinstv vkonfliktah megdu vlastuy I oppozitsiei” “Kak vostanovit usydoveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” “Kak vostanovitusy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshinaKyrgyzstane” Ivlast v Ferghana.ru Ferghana.ru 109 Uzbeks in Osh are more careful in terms of demonstrations because th , Uzbek, leadersgathering to presenttheir problems were 45 http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ 107 110 points out the [How to [How to 108 CEU eTD Collection 112 of the country?]. April18, 2007, 111 Abdurasulov frameworks of Putin’s ‘mass immigration’ program to leave Kyrgyzstan for Russia. As all it Russianorganizations,the is working closely with Russianembassy the the within language etc. though negotiations with the state. Now, as they have established a central body for ethnic representation, abolition of the exam for presidential candidate’s fluency in Kyrgyz Russiansin politicalachieving Forinstance, goals. in my opinion, as suchgoals achievingmore March events and as respondent and March events the after right observed been As has government. Russian the with closely more working are Russian areless nowthey Uzbek organizations, organizations than activethough and politicized Even uncomfortable. feel them make opposition the and Bakiev between struggle the of terms (chemodannoe nastroenie), organizations are not able to gain enough attention and it seems to me that if me theUzbek that all anditto seems gain attention able enough not to are organizations these However, government. the for phase a challenging into turning is organizations such of symbolic existence noticeable.is Previously quite which already actions, taking interfere with politics for now due to better representation and the option to leave, the Uzbeks are protect them.ititison them Regardingas atool the notwill understandable; Russian case, to arerelying ethnic fact communities that the which demonstrates – taking, action and concerned changed. it noticed have they least at or changed has position their that besaid can it Uzbeks. Noting the fact that Russians did not take part in the revolution,but have opted to leave, to asopposed totheir homeland Russiansfactreturn can that the in to beginning, due stated the as was is, this observed, are Uzbek’s tothe similar demands other No increased. rapidly have Respondent number seven,see the appendix Abdurasulov Abdujalil As we became aforementioned suddenly organizations have observed, the more ethnic 111 states, this is because ethnic Russians lately have the ‘mood leave’ haveto the ‘mood lately thisRussians states, isbecauseethnic ,“Krizis v Bishkeke: raskol ili obiedinenie strany?” BBCRussian.com unending protests afterunending protests 2005events,the and instability political in 112 number seven points out, applications to leave points applications numberseven forout, Russia to 46 [Crisis in Bishkek: split orunification CEU eTD Collection particularly with Uzbeks, as opposed to Akayev, who as Khamidov minorities, ethic of leaders the with relations informal rebuild to trying not is Bakiev that in agreeis onwhich point, year. all institute 2007-08academicalmost the Another respondents kinds of relations and both kindsisit of andboth sides weresatisfied. Indeed,relations reconsider decree necessary the to with Amir Suleiman says humanitarianas institute of interview Uzbek the inhis Ravshanbek Tursunov, adirector hoursKyrgyzincreased of attheexpense language classes Moreover, native of their languages. reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. 115 114 113 Education of by Ministry issued the wasadecree there recently, mentions. More four number respondent as step asapositive which wasconsidered code, in newelectoral the quota ethnic the introduced Bakiev nevertheless, changes; major no are There instance. for cleansing ethnic not policies, be both presidentsagree will here. haveFirst, formally presented generally accommodating respondents some which on level ethno-political the on points common or factors major Three minorities. inthe changes ethnic of position from leadershipandthatcause different previous the Governmental 3.2.3 policies a differentdegree. each although to havebecome andpoliticized, very active because these inthecountry,Uzbeks organizations So, whatwasdemonstrated above showsthe change inthe position of ethnic Russians and it will unite, organizations thefrom pointwhen become negotiations. government will start the the Ministrythe of Educationcan cause teacher’s demonstration].August 23, 2007, Ministrythe of Educationcan cause teacher’s demonstration].August 23, 2007, Alisher Khamidov,. Suleiman, Amir Suleiman, Amir This section small examines undergovernment currentthe developments make that it 113 (#347/1from June Uzbek that12, 2007)stating and willhave schools Tajik “Prikaz ministerstva obrazovaniya Kyrgyzstana moget vyzvat zabastovku uchitelei” “Prikaz ministerstva obrazovaniya Kyrgyzstana moget vyzvat zabastovku uchitelei” „Kak vostanovit usy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” 114 , the Ministry of Education did not provide any tuition free places to the 47 http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ Fergana.ru Fergana.ru 115 arguesalways keptthese [How to [How [Decree of [Decree of [Decree CEU eTD Collection 116 president previous discussed, the in this chapter Akayev’s indeedaswasearlier loyalty to regime their for and Revolution Tulip the in non-participation for Uzbeks the of Kyrgyz by Accusations Akayev.”for blamedpresident supportingof regime Uzbeks the the while protesters the following“The way. Uzbeks accused Kyrgyzthe of destabilizing situationthe in Kyrgyzstan, south divide following therevolution has contributed to risethe of in ethnic tensions the emigration. mass immigration due to demographicthe crisis in Russia pushes formore their numerous respondentsis argue, byRussians perceived asanincreased discrimination and Putin’s policy of some language,as useof This inthe change tothenorthern part. asopposed communication friends and members clan his where country, the of part southern are that fact the by explained be can It mostly from, place. work language atthe Kyrgyzthe increased useof the isleading to positions administrative is less Russified,number twoargues. However, as we are able observe,to appointing clan members friendsand to Chudinov,is an ethnic Russian, given position this only because heis Russian,where asrespondent – prime-minister the current The detail). important an is which Russian, is wife Russianpresident’s is not in partner Russianis terms,economic besides, by widely spoken political (the the elite the important an is main Federation Russian the because case, this in exception the are Russians Only language ofnationalistic andin not loseorder theirto support, Bakiev keeps neutrality ethnic towards groups. well. as but not Kyrgyzitfeelings the only fruit,willbear towards people government, negative the raise language since oneof respondentsoutlined,the kindof not this will as Kyrgyzthe of promotion Igor Rotar, The third important factor, as The third isimportant four notes, numberrespondent sharpening north- thatthe The second important factor to take into consideration is that allies of the president are “Ethnic conflict simmers in southern Kyrgyzstan.”, insouthern simmers “Ethnic conflict 48 June 20, 2005, www.eurasianet.org 116 CEU eTD Collection 118 117 of answers the all respondents. the basically reflects gave ananswerthat iswhat happeningnowin in country the inter-ethnic number respondent of two relations, terms eventually resultin the change inter-ethnicof relations. Tothe question about the implications of 3.2.4 Interethnic relations country. the in change ethnopolitical general the on impact an have they that seen is clearly it developments promotion Kyrgyzthe of as language language.” state the foreignmentality aidandinstilling Kyrgyz and morecan-do pride.Therewaspromise of active mainly focusedrhetoric onpositive messagesof on that self-reliance, gettingrid dependence with anationalistic quite started administration “the Bakiev seven number argues as respondent under though overall the both presidents wasandisaccommodating,policy state the of official happening now. didparticipate not in 2005events,the as they becausesay, instability would only harm them as is relations especially all Uzbeks, and Russians groups, hadMoreover them. with ethnic the good Respondent number two,see the appendix Respondent number seven,see the appendix certain groups of people, which discontinue to identify itself with the country, ready opportunities for country, destructive the with forces (terrorist itself organizations, foreign identify countries to etc). discontinue which of people, groups certain domestic, businessetc. conflict into ethnic one, lossof political influence and contact with groupings armed (SUAR, Kurdistan, semi-political Rwanda,into turn Karabah-tooeasily many then examples),which easy oneselves), transformation protect (to of any groupings humiliated within minorities, which inevitably leads to strongerethnic semi-official Mutual distrust between ethnicities, resulting in mutual blaming, sense the of being ignored, The changes in political ethnicrepresentation, organizations and governmental policies even that, conclusion the make can we section, this in examined been has what From 49 117 From the analysis of several 118 CEU eTD Collection reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. 122 http://www.eurasianet.org 121 School of EconomicsLondon On.and PoliticalYear One Kyrgyzstan Science, in Revolution London,Tulip The Workshop: UK,LSE the at Februarypresented 28, (Paper 2006) interaction”, 120 2006). 28, February UK, London, Science, Political and Economics of School London On. Year One Kyrgyzstan in Revolution Tulip The Workshop: LSE the at presented (Paper 119 residents.” Iskra’s3,000 of percent minority smallest numbering ButDungansgroups, roughly 50,000. comprise roughly 90 Kyrgyzstan’s of are one Chinese origin, Muslims of Dungans, center. local computer clash. Two Kyrgyz boys were allegedly beaten by Dungan youths in a dispute over a seat in a miles from (70 kilometers) Kyrgyz the Bishkek,capital precipitated a interethnicbroader January Kyrgyz31 brawlbetween Dunganteenagersin and thevillageofabout 45 Iskra, Akayev’s“A for regime. beingloyal to accusations and for daily except discriminations onethnic therehave some central conflicts for lines, been situation struggle power), (i.e. find andmany thepolitical due failureto ways of stabilizing his factors to government, Bakiev’s under contrary, levels.On the local at even conflicts noethnic were there least, At to keepethnic informal aplace created stability through agreements, for all live peacefully. to ‘Kyrgyzstan-our common home’, despite some weaknesses and Akayev’s diplomatic abilities see ethnic them. itnationalism as groups Theused underAkayev, slogan towards a growing demonstrations, mostly in participants speak only comingfrom Kyrgyz, other areas, rural asAbdurasulov identification”, Kyrgyz boys and a group of Tajik boys, when Tajik boys beat up Kyrgyz boys. On the next the On boys. Kyrgyz up beat boys Tajik when boys, Tajik of group a and boys Kyrgyz Khamidov Alisher Khmaidov,. “Interethnic clashcauses Kyrgyzstan’s “Common House” to tremble”, February 16, 2006, Abdujalil Abdurasulov, “TitularGroup and Ethnic Minorities after Kyrgyz the Revolution: The changed AbdujalilAbdurasulov, the “We’rewithpeople! The eventfulness of Kyrgyzstan’sIdentity in Tulip Revolution”, After the March events, politicians talk about the strengthening of “national self- 122 , in 2006, close to Soh village on the border with Uzbekistan between two between with Uzbekistan border the Soh village on to , in close 2006, „Kak vostanovit usy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” 119 notes. According to Abdurasulov 121 Another disturbing case took place, to according took disturbingcase Another 50 http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ 120 , since at the public [How to CEU eTD Collection 124 123 by those ethnic were heavilylargest affected groups These two andUzbeks. ethnic Russians communication following the revolution, which is leading a to change in position the of ethnic in government, interethnic definitely attitude groups, towards a changetowards their be is true, following 2005events.the there To ethnic andUzbekschanged Russians interethnic and upheaval tensions. ” tried to calm Russian-speakers but some ethnic political more Russians fearing leave, to began regime, although they were careful in public statements not to inflame opinion. In particular, they nationalistic attitudes. However, “some of the new for crops.” officials land the rented hadoften who were much more nationalist than the old andKoreans, Dungans with KyrgyzTurks, indispute therewas an undercurrent: someethnic places In farms, out. newcomers andthey said to the theirwould drive the landbelonged Often residents least people. 30,000 at involving inplaces, seventeen of seizures werereports There authorities. local and defying landaroundresidents Bishkek, began“In seizing April 2005 people early started. land of redistribution illegal or seizure land illegal Revolution Tulip the following because justifiable, his land, earned duringAkayev’s rule, he which lost, really butgained lateragain. Hisfears were lose to afraid he wasjust that state respondents of the most whereas attention, government’s the becometo some official. According to heplayed analysts, this ethniccardget gamehimself to where Uzbeklanguage mobilized inJalalabad, they demonstrations demanded the for the people prevented, as Khamidov says, only thanks to local NGO’s. was revenge in totake conflict and the gathered 150Kyrgyzorder day, people around Kyrgyzstan after the revolution, Crisis Group #97,May 2005,4, 16 Kyrgyzstan after the revolution, Crisis Group #97,May 2005,4, 12 As we were able to see, there is much evidence for the hypothesis that the position of position the that for the hypothesis is much see, there evidence to As wewereable Meanwhile, Kadyrjan Batyrov is the leader of one of the Uzbek organizations, who 124 123 As Crisisthe Group reports this has definitely intensified 51 CEU eTD Collection reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. 126 125 more.” masses any control the be to able not might leaders Uzbek and region the over all may spread level local the on Kyrgyz and Uzbeks between conflict small “The country. the of part southern ethnic conflictsethnic leaders will join the opposition forces. The negativeshow, development, as the examples of local and asKhamidov, accordingto or, policies accommodating leaders, keeping ethnic negotiation with Khamidov says,situation. Starting from the positive development,is Bakiev’s government may recover thatold ways of there evolving ethno-political options aretwo forthe in there situation country, the revolutionary might be a destabilization in 3.2.5 What is ahead? the worse. get things before soon, events, as well as the titular nation, which is a hard situation that needs to be solved very Alisher Khmaidov,. Alisher Khmaidov,. 126 Taking into consideration all the answers by respondents and the material on the post- „Kak vostanovit usy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” „Kak vostanovit usy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” 52 http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ [How to [How to 125 CEU eTD Collection (1996) 127 AsBrubaker their realization. to contradictory revolution of Akayev’sconsisted accommodating policies, which were unfortunately the northernRevolution in leaders, 2005,which namely caused southern Bakiev and overthrow hisallies to president, Akayev, and comeConclusion to power. The ethnopolitical situation before the improvement to the position of all the ethnic groups; nevertheless, it was just an illusion. As the illusion. an just was it nevertheless, groups; ethnic the all of position the to improvement seemedfor an It parties. requirement representation ethnic aswell proportional as the code, electoral in the rule representation proportional of introduction the example, For republic. the of legaldocument inthemain modifications therehave minor in been state, change leadership the the northern partformerin the concentrated, territorially groups that are largest and they because are the Kyrgyzstan, the latter in the south and are capable for economicthem, opportunities friendly besides any relations, which prevented conflicts. of mobilizing.between leaders, governmentandthe ethnic namely in noninterference exchange forpolitical So, following thecomplain,informalleast didnot communities because therewere openly, at agreements position of ethnic minorities under Akayev discussed not was questioned, or and ethnic more complicated by the strong presence clan-basedof politics and thenorth-south division. The exclusivelegacy, given policies, soviet the wasinstitutionalized. multi-ethnicity This where was etc. However, in social investment foreign arena, such as international have because some motivation they language etc. terms, as he argues, minorities recognizes for states preserving“nationalizing” and provides rights theircultures, these states are ethnocratic with most of the time Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’ – and the new”, This research has examined the evolving ethnopolitics in Kyrgyzstan following has the Tulip inThis ethnopolitics examined evolving Kyrgyzstan the research As I have argued it is important to examine Russian and Uzbek communities residing in residing andUzbek toexamine communities Russian important itishave As argued I 53 127 conceptualizes, constitutionin the such Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19:2 CEU eTD Collection 128 Mamaraimov as resources administrative through manipulated itcan beeasily demonstrate, results of the of the victory]. December14, 2007, factory pobedy” Moreover, this government is continuing the official policies of the old government, because though newthe notmake governmentdid anysignificantchanges in their policies. ethnic the even above, listed factors the to due far so changed has Uzbeks and Russians ethnic of position Soh was prevented by local NGOs. last year, resulted in several familiesDungan leaving; Tajik andKyrgyz conflictin villagethe of Kyrgyz in between and level,Dungans as the village Iskra of such conflicts on ethnic local the united more becoming demonstrate leave evolving the andclosely situation.working with Small to etc. embassy the Russians the representation, political more official, become to language various of their by largest demonstrations demandingrecognition Evidence of Uzbek ones. especially fears the government,the rise eventuallyethnicgroups, the leadingamong to of the are minoritiesfactors of changing attitudes towards these the titularthe nation. Consequently, all demonstrations and the Tulip itself, Revolution changed theinteraction of ethnic minorities and official the instability in by policies, along reflected with the country political the as continuous have beenconfirmed by findings. Namely,the empirical newthe elitecausing small in changes same, the stayed everything that fact the despite worse, the for changed have Revolution’ ‘Tulip ethnic communities have rightthe and freedom to practice andkeep theirlanguages, traditions. the all that stating Constitution the in policy official the to contradictory very is schools Tajik of Kyrgyz language classes resulting infewerlessons languagesinof their own theUzbek and Abdumomun Mamaraimov, Abdumomun As presented throughout this work, the conclusion is that findings conclusion the this throughout As presented work, is the that demonstrate that My initial hypothesis thethat position ethnic Russians of afterand so-called the Uzbeks 128 [Elections in Kyrgyzstan: Administrative resource and personalities of candidates as majorfactors argues. Besides, the decree issued by the Ministry of Education on the increase on the Education of by issued Ministry the decree the argues.Besides, “Vybory vKirgizii: Administrativnyi resurs I lichnosti kandidatov kak glavnye Fergana.ru 54 CEU eTD Collection nationalism when researched more in-depth. more researched when nationalism field in theof ideas for some disproof conceptual beor its can aproof new at stage Kyrgyzstan literature of issuesethnopolitical and studies. nationalism Specifically, case this study of overall the to valuable makecontribution a incould area,which furtherfor this research space this more days, opens therefore, those yearshave since passed only elite.three However, new the under ‘nationalizing’ more become has state the that demonstrate findings Empirical organizations, official andinterethnic theso-calledpolicies relations after ‘Tulip Revolution’. ethnic of activity representation, political in change the of analysis the through nationalization the country asand Bakiev is, who according to the Crisis Groupwhose report comes from the more nationalist part of alliesnationalistic, leader ismore new ifthe Especially morebecome ‘nationalizing’. to cause thestate are alsofactors Uzbek byKyrgyzstan aresignificantnumerous that as refugees, wereaccepted citizens nationalists. We were able to measure the degree of 129 Omarov in consequence 2005according Andijanuprisingthe to of out. points seven number respondent the moremany livedfor hisand Russified, as in years academiccareer,was having Russia during part northern the from coming Akayev, intelligent since Russian, is wife his that fact the despite Kyrgyz language. Thus, wemay say thisthat is indicatoran of his morenationalistic approach, the on emphasis more putting is Bakiev that shows clearly information) more for 3 chapter decreeissued(see Ministry Education the byof However, andRussian. Kyrgyz languages: the lawlanguagehas stayed which samesince the Akayev’s time, according to official aretwo there www.apn.kz Nur Omarov, Nur The elite change and the perceived threat that the Uzbeks are growing in a number as Uzbeksaregrowing the that threat perceived The elitechange and the „Godperemen vKyrgyzstane”, [The Year of Changes in Kyrgyzstan], December 14, 2005, 14, December Kyrgyzstan], in of Changes Year [The 55 129 , as a result of which CEU eTD Collection (1999) seem to be beginning now, since Bakiev so far does not use informal agreements according to will turn into a fully ethnocratic state similar to Uzbekistan without consociational elements, 130 in country. situation the ethnopolitical evolving and position their in difference the about us tells today case Russian the in as embassy existence inAkayev under workingtheirsalience expressingand their demandswith the or symbolic and government the to Uzbeks’, especially organizations, these of loyalty The events. and politicization of Uzbek and caused Russianethnic organizations by troublesof the March the political, economic and social development of the country. the on impact an have to continue will and has these of All economically. attractive very now is that homeland their in future a better for emigrating keep will Russians Meanwhile, scenario. best the as Akayev, under case the never was which opposition, the join to them for or scenario, there is a possibility for anyundertake if in governmentcontinues the andwillnot mood this comprehensive actions, a conflict between Uzbeksgreater awareness than before.and Additionally, as most of the therespondents and media sources claim,titular nation isandraises more complicated today andUzbeks Russians ethnic andposition situation of in case of the worse the that meaning them, between is adifference there and that argue demonstrate was able to it importantly, More from perspective. a comparative Kyrgyzstan of contemporary leaderships different very two under ethno-politics evolving and ethno-politics of analysis an give to legacy on the territory notof only Kyrgyzstan, but the whole region of Central Asia. It attempted Arunas Juska, “Ethno-political transformation inthe states of former USSR.” This work has provided the general background of itsThis backgroundof has general the soviet ethno-politicalwork history andprovided The predictions of Juska can be government in also the activity noticedtowards increased The changedattitude the 130 that if Kyrgyzstan continues to achieve its ethnocratic goals, it 56 Ethnic andRacial Studies, 22:3 CEU eTD Collection reestablish trust: Uzbek community and leadership in Kyrgyzstan]. constitution. are Conflicts last the people thing that would want. laws andsame time, arein andcheckingwhether overseeing with regulations the accordance implementing the rights atefforts joint the economic, social and political andby development, guaranteeing and actually of ethnic communitiesfunctioningfor government unification itsby stressing start should people asapoint of all the to preserveisitsuggestConcluding,in to important that fororder ethnic not the conflicts tooccur, their culture,andlistening discussing to issues in state through meetingsthe the of organizations. such language etc., atlink be andbetween could In also a by people government addition,organizations the ethnic the represented in toRussianscomparison into some ministerial,legal and administrative positions. for problem: this increasing by their representation them,putting Uzbeks, particularly under- been though complaining always about, not openly.As aresolutions Khamidov there proposes, now andhave is in country.are demanding they include what This lifeof thethe them political government, as Khamidov argues, not to ignoreto beachieved. ethnic minorities,for democracy main constraint is a society the of heterogeneity process thetransition says during but to take some actionsof “stateness” sinceas theconcept conflicts, it it, can ethnic cause puts asBrubaker case, and to Institutionalist Account”, in 132 131 Khamidov Rogers Brubaker, „Nationhood and National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Alisher Khmaidov,. In this complex ethno-political situation in Kyrgyzstan, it is important for the for important is it Kyrgyzstan, in situation ethno-political complex this In 131 . Brubaker’s „Kak vostanovit usy doveriya: uzbekskaya obshina I vlast v Kyrgyzstane” Theory and Society, 132 concept of nationalizing nation-building is applicable to the given the to is applicable nation-building nationalizing of concept 23:1, (1994) 57 http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ [How to CEU eTD Collection Country Kyrgyzstan. Country Profile: Crisis Report,“Kyrgyzstan Group after revolution”, the 97, May no, 4, 2005. Crisis Asia ReportGroup no.97,May 5, 2005. Kyrgyzstan.” and in Latvia Minorities Russian The Abroad: Near in the “Exit Michele. Commercio, University Press, 2006. Kathleen. Collins, 190. Asia. Central in Clans of Role The Kathleen. Collins, Westview Press, 1996. Account”. AnInstitutionalist Eurasia: Brubaker, „Nationhood Rogers. and National inQuestion Union Sovietthe and Post-Soviet Association, 1999. Chinn, Jeff Chinn,Kaiser, Jeff and Robert. Homelands National in Daedalus, 124:2,1995:107-132. NewEurope." the External and States, Nationalizing Minorities, "National Rogers. Brubaker, Racial Studies, “NationalizingBrubaker, in Rogers. states oldthe ‘New Europe’–and new.” the Anderson, John. Settings. Management inpost-Soviet Airat. Aklaev, 2006 One Year On One Year Kyrgyzstan in Revolution Tulip The LSEWorkshop: atthe presented Paper interaction” changed Abdurasulov,Abdujalil. and“Titular Group Ethnic Minorities the Kyrgyz after Revolution: The 2006 One Year On One Year Tulip The Paperpresented atthe Revolution”. Workshop: TulipLSE in Revolution Kyrgyzstan Abdurasulov,“We’reAbdujalil. with people!The the ineventfulness of Kyrgyzstan’sIdentity Books andarticles: Bibliography . . Problems ofPost-Communism, . . 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Mamaraimov, parliamentary race, twelve Ferghana.ru,admitted”. November2007. 26, Mamaraimov, Abdumomun. “Kyrgyzstan: Fifty political parties aspired for participation in the Kyrgyzstan”. Ferghana.ru,January of 11, 2008. parliament new the of review Abrief here! is who “Look Abdumomun. Mamaraimov, 2, 2006. October journal, in Turonzamin Kyrgyzstan]. leadership Uzbekand community reestablish trust: to [How Khamidov, Alisher.“Kakvostanovitusy uzbekskaya doveriya: obshina Ivlast vKyrgyzstane” political great a Euriasia.net,Novemberforce]. 22,2006. becoming are Patronage and Clans of Systems [Kyrgyzstan: siloi” moshnoi politicheskoi stanovyatsya patronage I rodstva Sistemy “Kyrgyzstan: Alisher. Khamidov, 2006. February 16, totremble”. Eurasianet, House” “Common Kyrgyzstan’s causes clash Interethnic Ferghana.ru, October 23,2006. opposition.” the nettle Bakiev of sons two and brothers „Five Adilet. Alpamyshev, political BBCRussian.com,proposition?]. July 27, 2007. Abdurasulov,Abdujalil. “Russkie vKirgizii: politiku ne predlagat?“ in[Russians Kyrgyzstan: no split unificationor in Bishkek: of country?].the BBCRussian.com, April 18, 2007. [Crisis strany?” iliobiedinenie raskol v Bishkeke: “Krizis Abdujalil. Abdurasulov, Media 2001. Conflict Failed the and In in Georgia.” Transition State-building Institutions, Regional “Multinationality, Duffy. Monica Toft, version). last (the Republic Kyrgyz of Constitution The http://www.eurasianet.org , edited by James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse. New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers, http://turonzamin.com/2006/10/02/alisher/ Ethnicity andTerritory inthe Former SovietUnion:Regionsand “ Kyrgyzstan: Uzbekskaya obshestvennost poddergivaet initsiativyKyrgyzstan: Uzbekskaya poddergivaetobshestvennost . http://www.eurasianet.org 61 . CEU eTD Collection August 23,2007. Fergana.ru, demonstration]. teacher’s can cause of Ministry Education the uchitelei” [Decreeof zabastovku vyzvatmoget Kyrgyzstana obrazovaniya ministerstva Amir.“Prikaz Suleiman, conflict in the between the governmentminorities and ethnic thethe opposition]. of Ferghana.ru,position and May role 2, 2007.The [Kyrgyzstan: oppozitsiei” I vlastuy Sharipov, Abdumalik. “Kirgiziya: Rol mestoI natsionalnyh menshinstv v megdu konfliktah 62 CEU eTD Collection Interviewees: Interview questions: 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. x x x x x Kyrgyzstan. Tulip Revolution itself, amember of the Social-Democratic Party Ata-Meken. Bishkek, The president of the Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society, prominent activist of the Media assistant at UNDP in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek, Regional Director of the Institute for War in Peace Report, former instructor at AUCA. Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek, inAcademy of OSCE former deputy at AUCA, director Department Politics Comparative A PhD student at Maryland University, previously head of the InternationalKyrgyzstan. and Bishkek, in KG. minorities BBC news producer, Central Asian Bureau, author of the articles about the ethnic moment. his ownatthe company of translation of the Director Asia (AUCA), atAmerican University-Central instructor Former International Tolerance for Foundation the of Analyst Senior minorities? for prognoses are thefuture What society? in the role and conditions, economic culture, representation, in political of terms events, wouldHow you the describe position of ethnic Russians and Uzbeks following the 2005 examples. provide Please, politicized? More active? becomemore minorities of ethnic Have cultural organizations the relations? inter-ethnic for have this may implications of kind What why? and How minorities? ethnic towards policies of their in terms previous the from differ leadership the current Does Appendix 63 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek, . Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.