DOCSLIB.ORG

Bartosz Zakrzewski

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bartosz Zakrzewski International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Bartosz Zakrzewski PhD, Scientific Information and Publications Section, Motor Transport Institute (Warsaw, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-9759 PASSENGER CARS TESTED AT THE MOTOR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE IN THE 1950s OF THE 20th CENTURY – THE PROTOTYPE OF THE FSO SYRENA SAMOCHODY OSOBOWE BADANE W INSTYTUCIE TRANSPORTU SAMOCHODOWEGO W LATACH 50. XX W. - PROTOTYP FSO SYRENA ПАССАЖИРСКИЕ АВТОМОБИЛИ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫЕ В ИНСТИТУТЕ ОСЕННЕГО ТРАНСПОРТА В 50-Е ГОДЫ XX B. - ПРОТОТИП FSO SYRENA Abstract The article presents and characterizes the results of road tests that the prototype of the FSO Syrena passenger car underwent at the Motor Transport Institute (ITS) in Warsaw in 1955. The final report from the tests carried out at MTI, kept in the archives, was subject to a detailed analysis and the conclusions have been presented in this article. The road tests carried out at MTI in 1955 served the FSO engineers in designing the series-production version of the Syrena car, whose production started in 1957. The FSO Syrena, over almost 30 years, was the first popular car for hundreds of thousands of Polish families, and today it has become a legendary vehicle, synonymous with the motoring of the PPR's day. Keywords: passenger cars, popular car, prototype, Passenger Automobile Factory, FSO Syrena, road tests Streszczenie W artykule zaprezentowano i scharakteryzowano wyniki badań drogowych, które przeszedł w 1955 roku w Instytucie Transportu Samochodowego (ITS) w Warszawie, prototyp samo- chodu osobowego marki FSO Syrena. Przechowywane w archiwum sprawozdanie końcowe z przeprowadzonych w ITS badań poddano szczegółowej analizie, a wnioski zaprezento- wano w artykule. Badania drogowe przeprowadzone w ITS 1955 r. posłużyły inżynierom z FSO przy projektowaniu seryjnej wersji samochodu Syrena, którą rozpoczęto produkować w 1957 r. FSO Syrena, na przestrzeni niemal 30 lat, była pierwszym samochodem popular- nym dla setek tysięcy polskich rodzin, a dziś stała się pojazdem legendarnym, synonimem motoryzacji doby PRL. ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Zakrzewski B. (2018) Passenger Cars Tested at The Motor Transport Institute in the 1950s of the 20th Century – the Prototype of the FSO Syrena. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 145-159 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2552 145 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Słowa kluczowe: samochody osobowe, samochód popularny, prototyp, Fabryka Samocho- dów Osobowych, FSO Syrena, badania drogowe Аннотация В статье представлены и характеризуются результаты дорожных испытаний, прошедших в Институте автомобильного транс-порта (ITS) в Варшаве, прототипе пассажирского автомобиля FSO Syrena в 1955 году. Был подробно проанализирован окончательный отчет исследований, проведенных в ИТС, хранящихся в архивах, и выводы были представлены в статье. Дорожные испытания, проведенные в ITS 1955, служили инженерам FSO при разработке серийной версии автомобиля Syrena, который был запущен в 1958 году. FSO Syrena, почти 30 лет назад, был первым автомобилем, популярным для сотен тысяч польских семей, и сегодня он стал транспортным средством легендарный, синонимичный с автомобилем в день Польской Народной Республики. Ключевые слова: легковые автомобили, популярный автомобиль, прототип, Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych, FSO Syrena, дорожные испытания ____________________________________________________________ Article history: Received: 22.06.2018 / Accepted: 25.06.2018 / Published: 30.06.2018 JEL Classification: R 49 ________________________________________________________________________ The statement of the problem in general outlook and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks. Work on the first Polish prototypes of cars The desings of the prototype were started to after the Second World War began quite be prepared. The first of these prototypes late, because it started in the early 1950s. were constructed using the trial and error Until that time, the Polish roads were method, often adapting solutions from other dominated by post-military, often still war, already existing foreign vehicles (DKW, American, Soviet and German cars. At the IFA-F8, Aero). The method of adaptation end of 1951, the production of Warszawa made the first Polish prototypes of M-20 cars (or rather Gaz M20 Pobieda) passenger cars very imperfect and with began under a Soviet license. However, the many defects. The first two of these Warszawa car was intended for public prototypes were called “Gad 500” and officers or taxi companies- it was a large “Pionier” and were powered by engines and a "gas-guzzling" car. The development designed by engineer Stefan Gajęcki of individual motorization was not (Berkan J. 2007; Zakrzewski B., Pawlak P. assumed, partly for ideological reasons (the 2014; Zakrzewski B. 2010). While the Gad car was synonymous with bourgeois was a car designed as a convertible, the luxury), and secondly for economic reasons Pioneer was supposed to be a whole family (Polish industry was only just rebuilding of cars, including the commercial and after the Second World War hecatomb). ambulance versions. Ultimately, however, Over time, however, when the first only prototypes of the vehicles not Warszawa M-20 cars were already going on introduced to serial production were devel- Polish roads, the idea of a popular car for oped (Zakrzewski B., Pawlak P. 2014). the masses with a small engine appeared. ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Zakrzewski B. (2018) Passenger Cars Tested at The Motor Transport Institute in the 1950s of the 20th Century – the Prototype of the FSO Syrena. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 145-159 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2552 146 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 In July 1953, a few months after the death persons could buy it only in 1958. (Szczer- of USSR leader Józef Stalin, using, among bicki T. 2016). others, experience from road tests carried Before starting the car production, the pro- out with the Gad and Pionier, a team of de- totype of the FSO Syrena passenger car un- signers composed of Kazimierz Studziński, derwent road tests at the Motor Transport Jerzy Werner, Stanisław Panczakiewicz, Institute in Warsaw (Zakrzewski B. 2017). Karol Pionnier, Kazimierz Dębski and Fry- Such road tests, including those under road deryk Blumke presented the official con- conditions, were extremely important. At struction designs of the new popular car. In that time, the Institute was the only institu- these designs, the new popular car was to tion capable of conducting full road tests be a four-passenger vehicle of the 2+2 (Zakrzewski B. 2012). Only the Institute scheme (and therefore a family car) with a had suitably qualified staff and high-quality two-stroke engine of about 22 hp. By the instruments and equipment to carry out way, the designers were to achieve the low- such tests. Their results were therefore of est possible production costs, maximum great importance for the then notables economic efficiency in operation and the mainly from the Ministry of Road and Air greatest possible unification of parts with Transport. They decided which vehicles the Warszawa M20 car. As in the case of can be driven on Polish roads, which vehi- the Gad and Pionier, the engineering team cles and how could be produced. The opin- drew a lot of inspiration from the German ions of the MTI experts were therefore IFA F8 and F9 cars or the DKW car (Górski overwhelmingly in line with subsequent de- M. 2009). cisions concerning entry into service or the At the end of 1953 the first prototype units production of vehicles tested in the MTI. A were made in two bodywork versions: the well-assessed car was roadworthy and in first one consisted of a wooden frame cov- the case of foreign cars the green light for ered with fibreboards (design by S. Pancza- the import of these vehicles into Poland was kiewicz, with, e.g., the P70 as a pattern), the lit. Bad test results and then unfavourable second one was made of steel with a large opinions of the MTI experts resulted in number of elements from the Warszawa making decisions on further works on pro- M20 (S. Łukasiewicz). The prototypes totypes of Polish popular vehicles (War- were named “Syrena” and premiered on the szawa M-20, Syrena) or prototypes were New Year's Eve in 1953 and 1954. approved (EMW340, P-70, Wolga M-21 Throughout 1954, road tests of the proto- Skoda 440) or the idea of importing the types were carried out and several more tested foreign constructions to Poland was prototypes were manufactured. In the end, abandoned (Standard Delivery Van) the more prospective version was the steel (Zakrzewski B. 2012). The article presents sheet version of the car. The first public and discusses for the first time the results of presentation of an already refined car took tests of the FSO Syrena passenger car pro- place in July 1955 at the 14th Poznań Inter- totype, found in the MTI archive. This arti- national Fair (Podbielski Z. 2013). The cle is related to the author's other research small-sized FSO Syrena was supposed to be that has been conducted for several years cheap and efficient. However, serial pro- now, concerning the development of the duction started only in 1957 and private Polish post-war motor industry (Krysiuk C., Zakrzewski B., et al. 2012). ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Zakrzewski B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Testing of the Torsional Stiffness of the Passenger Car Frame and Its Validation by Means of Finite Element Analysis
    The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji Vol. 85, No. 3, 2019 83 TESTING OF THE TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE PASSENGER CAR FRAME AND ITS VALIDATION BY MEANS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS KRZYSZTOF PODKOWSKI1, ADRIAN MAŁCZUK2, ANDRZEJ STASIAK3, MACIEJ PAWLAK4 Abstract The paper presents the results of the conducted tests of torsional stiffness of the VOSCO S106 passenger car, as well as the validation process of these tests by means of numerical analyses using the FEM finite element method. The most important element of the vehicle structure is the part of the spatial frame or the safety cage. Engine, brake system, fuel system and steering system, suspension as well as body and parts, their mounting nodes, hinges, locks, etc. are attached to the frame. The frame must therefore have adequate strength to protect the driver in the event of a tipover or impact. The frame is usually made of steel pipes with the prescribed dimensions and strength according to regulations. The torsional stiffness of the vehicle chassis has a significant influence on its driveability and therefore is an important parameter to measure. In this article, the torsional stiffness of the vehicle frame is calculated experimentally, which was then verified by finite element analysis (FEM) using the Altair HyperWorks program. Keywords: vehicle torsional stiffness; FEM; FEA; validation; passive safety of the vehicle 1. Introduction To check the torsional stiffness of the frame experimentally, a special support structure has been made, and fastening brackets have been made to reduce displacement and ro- tation from all axes and directions [41]. A load was also applied and the deflection was measured using a dial indicator.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland Regional Cities-Comfort-Vehicle-List
    Make Model Year Oldsmobile 19 Oldsmobile Alero Oldsmobile Aurora Oldsmobile Bravada Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Oldsmobile Intrigue Oldsmobile Silhouette Dodge Attitude Dodge Avenger 2013 Dodge Caliber Dodge Caravan 2015 Dodge Challenger Dodge Charger 2013 Dodge Dakota Dodge Dart 2015 Dodge Durango 2013 Dodge Grand Caravan 2015 Dodge Intrepid Dodge JCUV Dodge Journey 2013 Dodge Magnum 2013 Dodge Neon 2015 Dodge Nitro 2013 Dodge Ram 1500 Dodge Ram 2500 Dodge Ram 3500 Dodge Ram 4500 Dodge Ram 700 Dodge Ram Van 2015 Dodge Sprinter Dodge Stratus 2015 Dodge Stretch Limo Dodge Viper Dodge Vision Dodge i10 Land Rover Defender 2013 Land Rover Discovery 2013 Land Rover Freelander 2013 Land Rover Freelander 2 Land Rover LR2 Land Rover LR3 Land Rover LR4 Land Rover Range Rover 2013 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque 2013 Land Rover Range Rover Sport 2013 Land Rover Range Rover Velar 2013 Land Rover Range Rover Vogue 2013 Chevrolet Agile Chevrolet Astra 2015 Chevrolet Astro Chevrolet Avalanche 2013 Chevrolet Aveo Chevrolet Aveo5 Chevrolet Beat Chevrolet Blazer Chevrolet Bolt Chevrolet CMV Chevrolet Camaro Chevrolet Caprice Chevrolet Captiva 2013 Chevrolet Cavalier Chevrolet Celta Chevrolet Chevy Chevrolet City Express Chevrolet Classic Chevrolet Cobalt 2015 Chevrolet Colorado Chevrolet Corsa Chevrolet Corsa Sedan Chevrolet Corsa Wagon Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Chevrolet Cruze 2015 Chevrolet Cruze Sport6 Chevrolet Dmax Chevrolet Enjoy Chevrolet Epica 2013 Chevrolet Equinox 2013 Chevrolet Esteem Chevrolet Evanda 2013 Chevrolet Exclusive Chevrolet
    [Show full text]
  • Acta 115.Indd
    Acta Poloniae Historica 115, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Mariusz Jastrząb and Joanna Wawrzyniak Department of Social Sciences, Kozminski University Joanna Wawrzyniak Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw ON TWO MODERNITIES OF THE POLISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF FABRYKA SAMOCHODÓW OSOBOWYCH AND ITS STAFF (1948–2011)* Abstract Focusing on the history of the Polish main car factory, the FSO, the paper examines two modernisation waves in the country’s automotive industry: the socialist Government’s purchase of a license from the Italian Fiat in the 1960s and the acquisition of the factory by the Daewoo Corporation in the 1990s. The history of the FSO as an enterprise shows, above all, the pitfalls of dependent development. It has, however, resulted in the training of a class of specialists and engineers for whom the implementation of foreign technologies and management cultures presented opportunities for self-advancement, redefi nitions of their identity, along with reconsiderations of the value and meaning of work. Keywords: passenger cars, automotive industry, Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO), Fiat, Daewoo, Poland, socialism, capitalism, transformation 1 * Research work fi nanced within the programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), under the name ‘The National Programme for the Development of Humanities’, between 2012–18. The authors would like to thank two anonymous readers for their helpful comments and Hanna Gospodarczyk for an initial report on the FSO and for delving into the archives of the Ministry of Treasury. Our gratitude goes also to interviewees participating in the project ‘From a Socialist Factory to an International Corporation: Archive Collection of Narrative Biographical Interviews’ for sharing with us their recollections, as well as to the students of the Institute of Sociology of the University of Warsaw for conducting these interviews (see also n.
    [Show full text]
  • Samochody Z Żerania 1951-1977 / Marek Kuc. – Warszawa, 2017 Spis
    Samochody z Żerania 1951-1977 / Marek Kuc. – Warszawa, 2017 Spis treści Od autora 7 Podziękowania 9 Powstanie i rozwój Fabryki Samochodów Osobowych 11 FSO Warszawa (1951-1973) 18 Warszawa M20 (1951) 18 Warszawa Pickup (prototyp 1955) 20 Warszawa M20 U (prototyp 1956) 21 Warszawa M20 model 1957 (później Warszawa 200) 21 Warszawa M20 Sanitarka (od 1957) 23 Warszawa M20 (pakiet modernizacji 1958 i 1959) 23 Warszawa 200P Pickup (od 1958) 24 Warszawa Ghia (prototypy 1959) 25 Warszawa 201 (od 1960) 26 Warszawa sedan (przedprototypy 1961) 27 Warszawa 202 (od 1962) 29 Warszawa 201P/202P Pickup, 201F/202F Furgon i Furgon przeszklony oraz 202A sanitarka (od 1963) 29 Warszawa 203/204, 223/224 w różnych wersjach (1964) 30 Warszawa 210 (prototyp 1964) 32 Warszawa 203 Taxi/204 Taxi (od 1965) 34 Warszawa ze zmodernizowanym układem napędowym (prototypy 1965-1969) 34 Warszawa ze zmodernizowanym przodem (prototypy 1967) 35 Warszawa - zmiana oznaczenia modelu i zakończenie produkcji (1968-1973) 37 FSO Syrena (1957-1972) 40 Syrena (prototypy 1954-1957) 40 Syrena 100 (od 1957) 42 Syrena z płytą podłogową zamiast ramy i silnikiem S-16 (prototyp 1958) 43 Syrena 101 (1960-1962) 43 Syrena Mikrobus (prototyp 1960) 44 Syrena Sport (prototyp 1960) 45 Syrena Kombi (prototyp 1961) 46 Syrena 104 (prototyp 1961) 47 Syrena 102 (1962-1963) 48 Syrena 102 S (1963) 49 Syrena 103/103 S (1963-1966) 49 Syrena 110 (prototypy 1964-1966) 50 Syrena 104 (1966-1972) 53 Syrena 104 Pickup/104 Furgon (prototypy 1968) 54 Syrena „laminat" (prototyp 1968) 54 Syrena 607 (prototyp 1970/1971)
    [Show full text]
  • Ofertą Expom
    LISTA TOWAROWA I CENNIK WYROBÓW REGENEROWANYCH NA 2010r. ( z nowymi uruchomieniami) ważna od dnia 01.01.2010 A P L I K A C J E CENA DETALICZNA REFERENCJE R E F E R E N C J E Cena Numer Typ netto Procent Parametry netto zbytu Nr. Nr. Nr. obowiązująca EXPOM wyrobu Zastosowanie zwrotu O.E.M obniżki z kaucją Bosch HC Remy Do 31.12.2009 skupu R O Z R U S Z N I K I ER-300 801 E100N 12V1,5kW FSO Polonez 1,5 - 1,6 210,00 20,00 E100N 801.000.3 DRS3203 ER-300 802 E100 12V1,5kW FIAT 125p, FSO 1,5-1,6 120,00 20,00 E100 908.000.2 DRS3204 ER-300 811 R4b 12V0,7kW FSM/FSO Syrena 120,00 3,00 R4b 811.000.0 ER-300 821 R5b 12V1,5kW STAR 29,URSUS C328 348,00 30,00 R5b 821.000.2 ER-300 822 R5c 12V1,5kW ŻUK,NYSA,TARPAN (Mot.S21) 233,00 30,00 R5c 822.000.2 ER-300 824 R5.10 12V1,5kW ZETOR TZ4K (Mot.SLAVIA) 432,00 40,00 R5.10 824.000.0 ER-300 829 R5k [L] 12V1,5kW PIASKARKA ( Mot.1HC102R1) 444,00 40,00 R5k 829.000.0 ER-300 836 R5s [L] 12V1,5kW PIASKARKA ( Mot.2CA90) 444,00 40,00 R5s 836.000.1 ER-300 841 R7a 12V3,0kW URSUS 4011,330,355,360 420,00 50,00 R7a 841.000.0 ER-300 842 R11L 12V3,0kW WŁADYMIREC T25A,T30A,T30A80 456,00 90,00 R11L 842.000.0 ER-300 843 R7b 12V3,0kW URSUS C385 420,00 50,00 R7b 843.000.0 ER-300 845 R11n 12V3,0kW URSUS C330M,C335M, 456,00 90,00 ER-300 846 R10u 24V4,8kW URSUS 932-1634 456,00 90,00 ER-300 851 R10a 24V4,8kW AUTOSAN,BIZON,STAR 742 430,00 90,00 R10a 851.000.0 0 001 364 001 ER-300 852 R10c 24V4,8kW STAR 200,244,266,1142 430,00 90,00 R10c 852.000.0 0 001 364 002 ER-300 853 R10cw 24V4,8kW STAR 200 - wojsko 440,00 90,00 R10cw853.000.0 ER-300
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of the Twin
    The Return of the Twin! Fiat TwinAir Engine ! ! The twin cylinder engine that has prompted me to look into the history of the twin cylinder automobile engine is the Fiat TwinAir.! The Fiat TwinAir engine, available in some Fiat 500, Panda, and Alfa Romeo Miti's, uses an innovative valve gear technology to optimise performance and efficiency.! With only two cylinders with a total capacity of only 875 cc. and when turbocharged it produces 84 bhp.This in conjunction with an emission level of only 92g/Km, makes it outstanding and a pointer to future engine developments.! Its appropriate that the TwinAir, is produced by Fiat, as they had produced over four million twin cylinder engined cars since 1957.! The TwinAir is in no way related to those previous twins. These first of previous twins were produced for the rear engined 500 Nova, in 1957. An air-cooled parallel twin with a capacity of 479 cc, producing 17 bhp. In 1972 the 500, was joined by the 126, with a similar engine of 594 cc, reducing 23 bhp. This was produced until 1987, the 500, had been discontinued in 1977. The final Fiat twin, was 704 cc, water-cooled unit, producing 26 bhp. First fitted in the 126bis, produced from 1987 to 1992. This engine was available as an option in some markets in the Cinquecento 700, model, produced between 1992 and 1998.! ! ! The Return of the Twin Cylinder Engine into Mainstream Motoring.! ! Since 1998 until the advent of the TwinAir, the twin cylinder engined car has been missing from the mainstream manufacturers showrooms.
    [Show full text]
  • 1888 Benz Patent Motorwagen S.Beuchert 1900 Colt's Gatling Gun
    Cars 1888 Benz Patent Motorwagen S.Beuchert 1900 Colt's Gatling Gun bitHeadz 1912 Mercer 35J ettore 1913 Austro Daimler Chassis Type "Prinz Heinrich" S.Beuchert 1920 Miller (?) & Cast Alloy Wheel 1925 Steyr Type VII alex-haba 1926 Amilcar -Italiana alex-haba 1926 Morgan Three Wheeler Arthur Dent 1926 Panhard Razor Blade swbogart 1928 Selve Selecta strgaltdel 1929 Auburn Cabin Speedster ssexton 1930 outboard motor powered car ettore 1930's/40's camper trailer designs carenthusiast 1932 Delage D8 ettore 1933 24 liter Napier Railton ettore 1933 Delage D8 SS ettore 1934 Streamlined car patent ettore 1936 Airomobile #1 patent drawing ettore 1936 Airomobile #2 patent drawing ettore 1936 Pierce -Arrow sedan ettore 1937 - 1940 DKW F8 Typeplate bitHeadz 1939 LINCOLN ZEPHYR appleton custom discocandy 1948 Tucker Torpedo Jurenic 1952 Allard J2X jreitmeier 1952 Frazer Nash Mk II LeMAns S.Beuchert 1954 Adler MB 200 Bike bitHeadz 1954 gm firebird -1 dusta 1954 marco off-road vehicle carenthusiast 1956 eureka 3 diff side views dusta 1956 Lloyd LP 600 S.Beuchert 1957 Dual Ghia, side and plan nb 1958 ghia side dusta 1958 Kaiser Carabela (Kaiser Argentina) S.Beuchert 1958-62 Borgward B611 S.Beuchert 1963 1/2 Mercury Comet S-22 jreitmeier 1963-64 Imperial Frames bitHeadz 1964 mecom hussein...etc dusta Page 1 Cars 1966 miller meteor dusta 1967 carter coaster..concept dusta 1969 Melkus SR1000 bitHeadz 196x Amphicar (only Sideview) S.Beuchert 1970 superior ambulance dusta 1971 superior hearse dusta 1974 Can-Am Championship winning car. No 101 Jintonic 1974
    [Show full text]
  • Sport Samochodowy
    SPORT SAMOCHODOWY Załoga Andrzej Jaroszewicz – Ryszard Żyszkowski (Lancia Stratos). Rajd Polski – 1976 r. Komandor oczątki działalności sportowej Automobilklubu Polski VIII Międzynarodowego sięga ją czasów Towarzystwa Automobilistów Królestwa Rajdu AP Janusz Regulski Polskiego (TAKA), z którego klub się wywodzi. Oczywiście w samochodzie P Austro–Daimler. dzisiejsza definicja działalności sportowej różni się zasadniczo od tej, która obowiązywała prawie wiek temu. Inne były – co zrozumiałe – możliwości ówczesnych automobilów. Wziąwszy jednak pod uwagę fakt, że kierowcy rywalizowali pomiędzy sobą, a miernikiem uzyskanego miejsca (wyniku) był czas – był to praw­ dziwy sport! PocZąTki – PoczątkiRaJd auToMobilklubu PolSki ziałalność sportową TAKP rozpoczęło od współdzia­ ła nia z Cesarskim Klubem Automobilowym z Peters­ Dburga przy organizacji w 1912 roku rajdu Petersburg – War szawa – Kijów – Moskwa. Zadaniem polskich działaczy było prze prowadzenie wyścigu kilometrowego z Nowego Dworu do Jabłonnej. Pierwszą własną imprezą towarzystwa był zorganizowany w lipcu 1913 roku rajd na trasie Warszawa – Łódź – Radom – Puławy – Lublin – Warszawa (582 wiorsty), w którym udział wzięło 16 kie rowców. Drugi Sportowy Rajd TAKP zorganizowany dowy do Biało wieży. Na dystansie 600 km wystartowało 6 kie­ został w maju 1914 roku i wiódł on dookoła Królestwa Polskiego. rowców, a imprezę ukończyło 4. Zwyciężył Tadeusz Heyne Składał się z 4 etapów (łączna długość wynosiła 1215 km), z próbą (Dodge), a kolejne miejsca zajęli: Miciński (Steyr), Włodzimierz szybkości na dystansie 1 kilometra. Funkcję komandora rajdu peł ­ Zagórski (Hudson) i Słupski (Cadillac). W następnych latach nił Karol hr. Raczyński jadący samochodem Rochet–Schneider. zawody nazwane zostały Rajdem Automobilklubu Polski. Była to Od momentu powstania Automobilklubu Polski sport stał wówczas najważniejsza impreza klubowa, która do momentu się jedną z priorytetowych działalności klubu.
    [Show full text]
  • Gran Turismo 5 As of Today Sony Has Announced the Full Gran Turismo 5
    Gran Turismo 5 As of today Sony has announced the full Gran Turismo 5 car list. It consists of 10000 cars. At launch it will only have 340 cars while the others will be developed in the future. Polyphony Digital will also develop cars for individual clients. That means in the future we could have any car put into the game for a special price. Of course the damage model will be not present in GT5. Below we are attaching the nearly official car list of GT5. Be ready for more info in the close future! 1G RACING/ROSSION AUTOMOTIVE Rossion Q1 Supercar '08 9FF FAHRZEUGTECHNIK 9ff [Cayman S] CCR42 {4.1L, 420hp} '06 9ff [996] 9fT1 Turbo '03 9ff [996] 9f V400 '04 9ff [997] Aero '05 9ff [997] Carrera Turbo Stage I '06 9ff [997] Carrera Turbo Stage II '06 9ff [977] Carrera Turbo Stage III '06 9ff [997] Carrera Turbo Cabrio Stage III '06 9ff [997] Cabrio [650hp] '06 9ff [Carrera GT] =unnamed= '06 9ff [997] TCR84 '07 9ff [997 Turbo] TRC 91 '07 A:LEVEL A:Level BIG '03 A:Level Volga V12 Coupe '03 A:Level Volga V8 Convertible '06 A:Level Impression '05 A&L RACING A&L Racing S2000 '04 AB FLUG Toyota Supra 80 ' Nissan Fairlady Z32 '89 Nissan Skyline GTR R32 ' Nissan Skyline GTR R33 ' Nissan Skyline GTR R34 ' Toyota Supra S900 '01 Toyota Supra 70 ' Mazda RX7 [FD3S] ' Toyota Aristo 161 ' Mazda RX8 ' Toyota Supra Tamura Veil Black S900 ' Toyota Supra Zefi:r MA04S ' ABARTH Abarth Simca ' Abarth Stola Monotipo Concept '98 Abarth 1000 Bialbero ' Abarth OT850 ' Abarth OT1000 ' Abarth OTR1000 ' Abarth OT1300/124 ' Abarth OT1600 ' Abarth OT2000 ' ABD RACING ABD
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Motoring
    Basic motoring The Evolution of the Modern Ultralight Economy car. Honda Zest Preface I began writing this book because no one else has covered the subject comprehensively, there are a lot of books and web pages on individual models that go into minute often extremely boring details but there is nothing to link all of this class of car together that show how the modern ultralight economy car we use today has evolved. First I must explain what I mean by the rather long winded term ultralight economy car. The type of car or if you prefer automobile, that I refer to below can be classified today by many labels, minicar, economy car, city car, mini compact if you are from USA or an A-segment mini car if you are a European official. None of these describe exactly the type of car I have included in this text. Yes, they were economy cars but very small economy cars with an engine capacity range with some latitude; from 360 cc to 1000 cc. Some could be classed as mini or city cars but not all are and some could be classed as microcars, but they were and are all a relatively low cost form of transport for a great many millions of people around the world in the past and increasingly so today. Page 1 Basic Motoring Austin Voiturette 1909 Introduction. Before the advent of the autobahn, autostrada and motorway, most European urban based car owners and most of those living in the country were content to drive around at a moderate speed, which was all that road conditions would allow.
    [Show full text]
  • Car Design Archives | Last Update: Aug. 1St, 2017 2/25 Car LCV Bus Truck Misc
    Car Design Archives | Last update: Aug. 1st, 2017 2/25 Car LCV Bus Truck Misc. ALFA ROMEO 1948-49 Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 C50 #310 | Nov. 20, 2016 1956 Alfa Romeo Giulietta 750 Sprint Veloce #089 | June 21, 2016 1959-1962 Alfa Romeo Tipo 103 #032 | May 21, 2016 1971 Alfa Romeo Montreal #321 | Nov. 30, 2016 1971 Alfa Romeo Coupé (GTV proposal) - Project 119 #333 | Dec. 05, 2016 1983 Alfa Romeo Arna L #566 | Apr. 15, 2017 1985 Alfa Romeo Arna Pickup #597 | May 5, 2017 1985 Alfa Romeo 75 (Video) #666 | June 18, 2017 1987 Alfa Romeo 164 Project 156 - Part 1: In-house proposals #674+050 | June 24, 2017 Project 156 - Part 1: Pininfarina proposals #675 | June 24, 2017 Coupè & Cabriolet #676+429+350 | June 24, 2017 Station Wagon proposal #677 | June 24, 2017 1990 and 1994 facelift proposals #678 | June 24, 2017 1989 Alfa Romeo SZ - ES30 #577 | Apr. 23, 2017 1994 Alfa Romeo 145 - 5-door - Project 930A #303 | Nov. 15, 2016 1995 Alfa Romeo 146 - Project 930B #250 | Oct. 11, 2016 ALPINE 1979 Renault Alpine VVA project (Véhicule Vert Alpine) #129 | July 18, 2016 1990 Renault Alpine A710 - Project W71 #285 | Nov. 2, 2016 AMC 1963 AMC Rambler Tarpon Concept #343+309 | Dec. 13, 2016 1975 AMC Pacer - Part 1 #068 | June 12, 2016 1975 AMC Pacer - Part 2 #069 | June 12, 2016 1975 AMC Pacer - Part 3 #070 | June 12, 2016 1977 AMC Pacer Concept 80 II #249 | Oct. 10, 2016 ANADOL 1979 Anadol Çağdaş (Contemporary) #507 | Apr. 7, 2017 1980s Anadol A9 #146 | July 28, 2016 ARBEL Arbel Symetric or Loubières #456 | March, 2, 2017 ASTON MARTIN 1997 Aston Martin Vantage Special Series AM4 #130 | July 19, 2016 2009 Aston Martin Cygnet Concept #336 | Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Katalog Aukcyjny: Pełny Katalog Aukcyjny Ze Wszystkimi Obiektami, Ich Zdjęciami I Opisami Będzie Dostępny W Wersji Cyfrowej 10 Września Na Naszej Stronie Internetowej
    2 3 Data: 16 września - 12:00-21:00 - wystawa i oględziny pojazdów 17 września - 12:00-17:00 - wystawa i oględziny pojazdów 17 września - 17:00 - początek licytacji Miejsce: galeria stadionu PGE Narodowy Wejście do galerii znajduje się od strony bramy nr 1 (al. Zieleniecka). Nocleg: na czas aukcji zapraszamy do skorzystania z usług hotelu Warsaw Marriott Hotel, partnera naszej aukcji. Dojazd: osoby, które dokonają pełnej rejestracji przed aukcją tj. dokonają wpłaty vadium-depozytu na konto, będą mogły skorzystać z darmowych przejazdów z naszym partnerem - przewoźnikiem iTaxi. Katalog aukcyjny: pełny katalog aukcyjny ze wszystkimi obiektami, ich zdjęciami i opisami będzie dostępny w wersji cyfrowej 10 września na naszej stronie internetowej. Wersja papierowa będzie formą biletu wstępu na wydarzenie. Będzie można ją nabyć w naszej recepcji podczas trwania wystawy i aukcji w cenie 100 zł i będzie uprawniała do wstępu na teren galerii. Przystąpienie do licytacji: przystąpienie do licytacji będzie możliwe po wpłaceniu przez Państwa vadium-depozytu w wysokości 4000 zł. Jest to kwota, która zostanie zwrócona po zakończeniu licytacji. Przewidzieliśmy dwie opcje wpłaty vadium: 1) wpłata na konto przed rozpoczęciem wydarzenia: Ardor Auctions sp. z o.o Warszawa, ul. Rzymowskiego 53 Nr rachunku mBank: 70114019770000305614001004 2) zablokowanie środków na Państwa karcie kredytowej na czas trwania wydarzenia w recepcji naszej aukcji. Licytacja: licytacja rozpocznie się ok. godziny 17:00 17 września. Przewidzieliśmy dla Państwa trzy opcje wzięcia udziału w aukcji: 1) licytacja na żywo - w celu przystąpienia do licytacji prosimy o przybycie 17 września ok. godziny 17:00 i zarejestrowanie się w recepcji aukcji w galerii stadionu PGE Narodowy, 2) licytacja telefoniczna - jeżeli nie będą Państwo mogli uczestniczyć w naszym wydarzeniu, zachęcamy do skorzystania z opcji licytacji telefonicznej.
    [Show full text]