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Testing of the Torsional Stiffness of the Passenger Car Frame and Its Validation by Means of Finite Element Analysis
The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji Vol. 85, No. 3, 2019 83 TESTING OF THE TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE PASSENGER CAR FRAME AND ITS VALIDATION BY MEANS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS KRZYSZTOF PODKOWSKI1, ADRIAN MAŁCZUK2, ANDRZEJ STASIAK3, MACIEJ PAWLAK4 Abstract The paper presents the results of the conducted tests of torsional stiffness of the VOSCO S106 passenger car, as well as the validation process of these tests by means of numerical analyses using the FEM finite element method. The most important element of the vehicle structure is the part of the spatial frame or the safety cage. Engine, brake system, fuel system and steering system, suspension as well as body and parts, their mounting nodes, hinges, locks, etc. are attached to the frame. The frame must therefore have adequate strength to protect the driver in the event of a tipover or impact. The frame is usually made of steel pipes with the prescribed dimensions and strength according to regulations. The torsional stiffness of the vehicle chassis has a significant influence on its driveability and therefore is an important parameter to measure. In this article, the torsional stiffness of the vehicle frame is calculated experimentally, which was then verified by finite element analysis (FEM) using the Altair HyperWorks program. Keywords: vehicle torsional stiffness; FEM; FEA; validation; passive safety of the vehicle 1. Introduction To check the torsional stiffness of the frame experimentally, a special support structure has been made, and fastening brackets have been made to reduce displacement and ro- tation from all axes and directions [41]. A load was also applied and the deflection was measured using a dial indicator. -
Thule Guide 2018 Roof Racks & Rear Door-Mounted Bike Racks
Thule Guide 2018 Roof Racks & Rear Door-mounted Bike Racks Online guide with the latest recommendations: www.thule.com/global/buyers-guide Content Roof Racks 3 How to buy a roof rack system 3 Roof Racks 4 Roof Rack Feet 6 How much can you carry? 7 Roof Rack Guide 8 Professional Racks 90 Professional Rack Guide 93 Rear Door-mounted Bike Racks 99 Rear Door-mounted Bike Rack Guide 101 Safety & Warranty 136 2 Roof Racks How to buy a roof rack system • Identify your car model and year RacksRoof • Identify your roof type 1 Roof rails 2 Normal roof 3 Fixed points 4 Flush rails 5 Rain gutters 6 T-track • Check your custom fit in this guide or at www.thule.com We are constantly fitting new vehicles. If you cannot find your vehicle model listed in this guide, please find the latest updates in the Buyer’s Guide atwww.thule.com . Thule One-Key System Make life easier and save yourself the trouble of keeping track of different sets of keys for your roof rack, ski rack, bike rack or roof box. Exchange the lock cylinders in all your Thule products and use the same key for all. Simply ask for Thule One-Key System! SPECIFICATIONS Available in four versions: 4 locks (544), 6 locks (596), 8 locks (588) and 12 locks (452). 3 Roof Racks Thule WingBar Edge Thule WingBar Edge has a low profile that perfectly complements the car’s roofline. The advanced aerodynamic shape combined with TrailEdge and WindDiffuser minimizes noise and improves fuel efficiency. -
Road & Track Magazine Records
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8j38wwz No online items Guide to the Road & Track Magazine Records M1919 David Krah, Beaudry Allen, Kendra Tsai, Gurudarshan Khalsa Department of Special Collections and University Archives 2015 ; revised 2017 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Road & Track M1919 1 Magazine Records M1919 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Road & Track Magazine records creator: Road & Track magazine Identifier/Call Number: M1919 Physical Description: 485 Linear Feet(1162 containers) Date (inclusive): circa 1920-2012 Language of Material: The materials are primarily in English with small amounts of material in German, French and Italian and other languages. Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 36 hours in advance. Abstract: The records of Road & Track magazine consist primarily of subject files, arranged by make and model of vehicle, as well as material on performance and comparison testing and racing. Conditions Governing Use While Special Collections is the owner of the physical and digital items, permission to examine collection materials is not an authorization to publish. These materials are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Any transmission or reproduction beyond that allowed by fair use requires permission from the owners of rights, heir(s) or assigns. Preferred Citation [identification of item], Road & Track Magazine records (M1919). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Conditions Governing Access Open for research. Note that material must be requested at least 36 hours in advance of intended use. -
Torrey Peters Has Written the Trans Novel Your Book Club Needs to Read Now P.14
Featuring 329 Industry-First Reviews of Fiction, Nonfiction, Children'sand YA books KIRKUSVOL. LXXXIX, NO. 1 | 1 JANUARY 2021 REVIEWS Torrey Peters has written the trans novel your book club needs to read now p.14 Also in the issue: Lindsay & Lexie Kite, Jeff Mack, Ilyasah Shabazz & Tiffany D. Jackson from the editor’s desk: New Year’s Reading Resolutions Chairman BY TOM BEER HERBERT SIMON President & Publisher MARC WINKELMAN John Paraskevas As a new year begins, many people commit to strict diets or exercise regimes # Chief Executive Officer or vow to save more money. Book nerd that I am, I like to formulate a series MEG LABORDE KUEHN of “reading resolutions”—goals to help me refocus and improve my reading [email protected] Editor-in-Chief experience in the months to come. TOM BEER Sometimes I don’t accomplish all that I hoped—I really ought to have [email protected] Vice President of Marketing read more literature in translation last year, though I’m glad to have encoun- SARAH KALINA [email protected] tered Elena Ferrante’s The Lying Life of Adults (translated by Ann Goldstein) Managing/Nonfiction Editor and Juan Pablo Villalobos’ I Don’t Expect Anyone To Believe Me (translated by ERIC LIEBETRAU Daniel Hahn)—but that isn’t exactly the point. [email protected] Fiction Editor Sometimes, too, new resolutions form over the course of the year. Like LAURIE MUCHNICK many Americans, I sought out more work by Black writers in 2020; as a result, [email protected] Tom Beer Young Readers’ Editor books by Claudia Rankine, Les and Tamara Payne, Raven Leilani, Deesha VICKY SMITH [email protected] Philyaw, and Randall Kenan were among my favorites of the year. -
Lancia Lancia Autobianchi Y10 1985 > 1995
Un giorno senza sorriso è un giorno perso Charlie Chaplin LANCIA *255-516.indd 305 08/06/18 12:28 LANCIA AUTOBIANCHI Y10 1985 > 1995 01115 01116 Versione 4x4 01004 01004 DG1033 09016/A 09016 Rif. Deltagom Rif. Originale Descrizione Dx Sx Ant Inf Sup Centr Post Deltagom P.N. Original P.N. Description Rh Lh Front Lower Upper Center Rear 4402672 Braccio senza snodo sospensione in acciaio 01004 7601261 Control arm without ball joint in steel ** * * 5995503 Braccio completo in lamiera 01115 7585137 Complete control arm in sheet steel ** * * Braccio completo in lamiera (versione 4x4) 01116 5976943 Complete control arm in sheet steel (4x4 version) ** * * 4400264 Snodo sospensione 09016 4402649 Ball joint suspension ** * 4400264 Snodo sospensione modifi cato 09016/A 4402649 Modifi ed ball joint suspension ** * 4288726 Boccola elastica per braccio oscillante DG1033 7601260 sospensione anteriore SE141156137A Front suspension arm silent block ** * APPLICAZIONI - APPLICATIONS FIAT PANDA (141A) 1982 > 2003 - AUTOBIANCHI Y10 1985 > 1995 - SEAT MARBELLA (28) 1986 > 1993 - SEAT TERRA (24) 1987 > 1996 306 *255-516.indd 306 08/06/18 12:28 LANCIA DEDRA (835) 1996 > 1999 DEDRA SW (159) 1990 > 1996 LANCIA DG1204 DG1203 01083GH 01082GH DG1202 DG1201 + + DG1201.4 DG1201.4 02002 204KIT 205KIT 02001 DG3111SB DG3111* (solo/only) KITSB013 KITSB012 DG9000 APPLICAZIONI - APPLICATIONS ALFA ROMEO 145 (930) 1994 > 2001 - ALFA ROMEO 146 (930) 1994 > 2001 - ALFA ROMEO 155 (167) 1992 > 1998 - ALFA ROMEO GTV (916C_) 1995 > 2005 ALFA ROMEO SPIDER (916S_) 1995 > 2005 - FIAT COUPÈ (FA/175) 1996 > 2000 - *FIAT MAREA (185) 1996 > 2002 - *FIAT MAREA WEEKEND (185) 1996 > 2002 FIAT TEMPRA (159) 1992 > 1996 - FIAT TEMPRA SW (159) 1990 > 1996 - *LANCIA DEDRA (835) 1996 > 1999 - *LANCIA DEDRA SW (835) 1996 > 1999 LANCIA DELTA II (836) 1994 > 1999 307 *255-516.indd 307 08/06/18 12:28 LANCIA DEDRA (835) 1996 > 1999 DEDRA SW (159) 1990 > 1996 Rif. -
Ignition System Control Unit Switch Unit, Ignition System
CATALOGUE SUPPLEMENT IGNITION COILS AND IGNITION MODULES www.hella.com Pictograms and Abbreviations Productdetails PC applications OE 4 Cross references 5 6 41279 30185 Overview of order numbers 21913 1 Ignition System Control Unit Switch Unit, ignition system..........................................................................................................................................................................4 Ignition Coil Ignition Coil...................................................................................................................................................................................................9 2 Pictograms and Abbreviations from Chassis No. to Chassis No. Engine Code ... Manufacturer Restriction ... ports Number of ports ...x Required quantity + ABS Braking / Drive Dynamics, for vehicles with ABS + autom. Vehicle Equipment, for vehicles with auto- matic transmission BE Country Version, Belgium + CH Country Version, Switzerland + D Country Version, Germany engine ... from Engine Number to Engine No. + Europe Country Version, Europe FI Country Version, Finland IT Country Version, Italy + J Country Version, Japan Japan-made Vehicle Production Country, Japan LHD Driver Position, for left-hand drive vehicles Model ... from model year to model year +Model ... for model year + N Country Version, Norway NL Country Version, The Netherlands Orga ... from RP number to RP number RHD Driver Position, for right-hand drive vehi- cles + servo Vehicle Equipment, for vehicles with pow- er steering SV -
Citroên Visa - C15
CITROÊN VISA - C15 SUPORTE ESCAPE SUPORTE ESCAPE APOIO MOTOR DTO. VISA C15 VISA - C15 91503080 95576338 91535412 AESC-0004 AESC-0031 APMT-9052 APOIO MOTOR DTO. APOIO MOTOR ESQ. CITROËN BX FOLE J/ RODA VISA - VISA GT - DIESEL - - C15 (954 - 1124 - 1360) - C15 DIESEL CITROËN 7/82-» 184451 96104506 CITROENPEUGEOT 91538407 184468 PEUGEOT 184434 95549619 184451 APMT-0014-D APMT-0011-PD FLIT-000571 BATENTE BARRA EST. BATENTE BARRA EST. BATENTE BARRA EST. VISA - C15 (20MM) VISA - C15 (22MM) VISA - C15 (23MM) BRANCO VERDE AZUL 91539592 91516332 BBES-0513-C BBES-0514-C BBES-0515-C SILENT BLOCO BRAÇO SILENT BLOCO BRAÇO SILENT BLOCO SUPORTE VISA - C15 VISA - C15 MOTOR TRÁS VISA - (12X36X25X17) (12X28X28X34) - C15 (DIESEL) (10X70X40X53) 915071180 91515653 91504247 SLBL-0516-C SLBL-0519-C SLBL-0015-D SILENT BLOCO BRAÇO SILENT BLOCO BRAÇO SILENT BLOCO SUPORTE VISA VISA - C15 MOTOR VISA - C15 (14X38X42X24) (12X30X28X34) 9150018980 96096727 SLBL-0520-C SLBL-0522-C SLBL-1433 TUBO RADIADOR SUP. TUBO RADIADOR SUP. TUBO RADIADOR INF. VISA (1124) VISA (1219) VISA (1219) 75515119 95545882 95545880 TBRA-6029-IC TBRA-6066-I TBRA-6067-I -023- CITROÊN VISA - C15 TUBO RADIADOR INF. TUBO RADIADOR SUP. TUBO CHAUFAGEM C15 (DIESEL) C15 (DIESEL) C15 (DIESEL) 96011359 96011773 95593279 95638650 TBRA-6483-I TBRA-6484-I TBRA-6485-I TUBO RADIADOR SUPERIOR TUBO RADIADOR INFERIOR TUBO RADIADOR INFERIOR C15 CITROEN C-15-VISA D. VISA (1124) VISA DIESEL (470X35X30) 95533542 95593274 95593272 TBRA-7774 TBRA-7782 TBRA-6069-I FOLE J/ RODA FOLE J/ CX. VELOCIDADES FOLE J/ CX. VELOCIDADES VISA II (652) VISA II (652) VISA - C15 (1124 - 1360) -»7/87 /(72MM) 95532950 95532951 95565567 FLIT-000817 FLIT-000818 FLIT-551490-K FOLE J/ CX. -
Инструкция Denso Wiper Blade (DM050)
Дворник Denso Wiper Blade (DM050): Инструкция пользователя Совместмость по моделям втомоле ALFA ROMEO AR 6 (79-89) ALFA ROMEO AR 8 (78-89) ALFA ROMEO ARNA (83-86) ALPINA B3 (E30) (87-92) ALPINA B6 (E30) (83-90) ALPINA C1 (E30) (83-88) ALPINA C2 (E30) (85-88) BMW 3 (E30) (82-94) CHEVROLET COMBO (01-) CHEVROLET CORSA (94-02) CHRYSLER PT CRUISER (00-10) CITROËN BX (82-94) CITROËN C25 (81-94) CITROËN C35 (73-94) CITROËN SAXO (96-04) DAEWOO MUSSO (99-) DAEWOO NUBIRA (97-) DAF 400-Serie (89-93) DAIHATSU GRAN MOVE (96-02) DAIHATSU MATERIA (06-) DAIHATSU SIRION (05-) DAIHATSU STORIA (05-) DAIHATSU TERIOS (97-05) DAIHATSU TREVIS (06-) DE LOREAN DMC-12 (81-83) FERRARI MONDIAL (80-93) FERRARI TESTAROSSA (84-91) FIAT CROMA (85-96) FIAT DUCATO (280) (82-90) FIAT DUCATO (290) (89-94) FIAT TALENTO (290) (89-94) FORD ESCORT V (90-94) FORD ESCORT VI (92-95) FORD ESCORT VII (95-01) FORD MAVERICK (93-98) FORD MONDEO I (93-96) FORD MONDEO II (96-00) FORD ORION III (90-93) FORD P 100 (87-92) FORD SCORPIO I (85-94) FORD SCORPIO II (94-98) FORD SIERRA (82-87) FORD SIERRA (87-93) FORD USA MUSTANG (93-04) FORD USA MUSTANG (04-) FORD USA PROBE II (93-98) GAZ GAZELLE (2705, 3221, 3302) (93-02) GAZ GAZELLE (03-13) HOLDEN COMBO (C) (02-) HONDA ACCORD V (93-98) HONDA CIVIC V (91-97) HONDA CIVIC VI (94-01) HONDA CRX III (92-98) HONDA HR-V (99-) HONDA INTEGRA (93-01) HONDA JAZZ II (02-08) HONDA JAZZ Saloon (03-) HONDA LEGEND I (86-90) HONDA LEGEND II (91-96) HONDA LEGEND III (96-) HONDA LEGEND IV (06-) HONDA LOGO (99-02) HONDA NSX (90-05) HONDA PRELUDE IV (92-96) HONDA -
Modern Moparmopar ER CAR SL C Y L R U H B
HRYSLE R C O C A F R S C O L U U T B H A U A STR ALI Modern Mopar ER CAR SL C Y L R U H B C O F A I S L O A GHFHPEHURPDUFKR U R TH AUST President Iain Carlin General monthly meetings are held on the FIRST Tuesday of every month at: Vice President Hugh Mortimer The West Adelaide Football Club, 57 Milner Rd, Richmond. Secretary Di Hastwell Treasurer Greg Helbig Events Coordinator Damian Tripodi ACF Coordinator Jason Rowley Regular - $40.00 per year (& quarterly magazine) Events Organisers John Leach Historic Registration - $50 per year (& quarterly magazine) Chris Taylor Historic Registrar Stuart Croser Inspectors North John Eckermann Jason Rowley South Chris Hastwell Charles Lee Central Rob McBride Dave Hocking Sponsorship & Marketing Evan Lloyd Club Library Iain Carlin Editorial / Design Dave Heinrich Webmasters Iain Carlin Dave Heinrich Photography Mary Heath Iain Carlin Lesley Little Ingrid Matschke Damian Tripodi Paris Charles John Antinow Charles Lee Mandy Walsh Contributors Iain Carlin Hugh Mortimer Lesley Little Rick Saxon John Antinow Guy Oakes Stuart Croser Damian Tripodi Source Wikipedia Allpar Hot Rod Car Advice Car & Driver FourWheeler.com DISCLAIMER CarWeekly.co.uk Chrysler, Jeep®, Dodge and Mopar are registered trademarks of FCA LLC and are used with permission by the Chrysler Car Club of South Australia. Enquiries Torqueback is not a commercial publication and is only published in good faith as a newsletter for a not-for-proÀt organisation. Club Mobile The mention of companies, products or services, and the inclusion of advertisements in this magazine does not immediately 0412 426 360 imply any automatic endorsement by the Chrysler Car Club of South Australia or its editorial team. -
Messebericht 20L8 Holland Oto 21 Nürnberg Februar 2018 Holzmann 21 Hsa Automodelle 21 Der Maßstab 1:87 Lebt! Das Ist Unser Fazit Der Spielwarenmesse 2018
Hauler 18 Haxo 16 Heico 19 Heki 19 Herkat 19 Herpa 19 HMB 21 Hobby-Ecke Schuhmacher 21 Messebericht 20l8 Holland Oto 21 Nürnberg Februar 2018 Holzmann 21 HsA Automodelle 21 Der Maßstab 1:87 lebt! Das ist unser Fazit der Spielwarenmesse 2018. Auch Hummel 21 wenn in diesem Jahr im Bereich der Modellautos leider weniger Aussteller in Iconic Replicas 21 die Noris gekommen sind, haben wir sehr viele interessante Neuheiten in Igra 22 Jägerndorfer 23 87facher Verkleinerung gesehen. Unsere persönlichen Highlights: Carsons Joswood 23 ferngesteuerter VW Bulli, die spektakulären Ankündigungen von Minichamps JSD-Modelle 24 und die „Rost-Autos“ von Artitec – mehr zu diesen und vielen anderen Kibri 24 Neuerscheinungen aus den Bereichen Modellautos und Zubehör in 1:87 in Krois 24 L.S. Models 24 unserem diesjährigen Messebericht. Ladegüter Bauer 24 Die um einen Tag verkürzte Messe (jetzt von Mittwoch bis Sonntag) brachte Lemke Minis 24 unseren jahrelang eingespielten Zeitplan ein wenig durcheinander – und im Liliput 24 Limox 25 kommenden Jahr gibt es wieder eine Umgewöhnung: Statt in der Halle 4A Luft 25 werden die Modellbahnhersteller in der Halle 7A zu finden sein, gemeinsam Majorette 25 mit dem übrigen Modellbau. Die Technik verdrängt die Modellbahn – nicht nur Märklin 25 in den Kinderzimmern, sondern auch auf der Spielwarenmesse 2019, die Mehlhose 26 Merten 26 Drohnen, Roboter & Co. in die 4A einziehen lässt. Für die Modellbauaussteller Microrama 26 könnte es die Chance zu einem Neuanfang sein: Die Zielgruppen sind ähnlich, Minichamps 26 vielleicht erreicht man ja sogar neue Kunden. Wir sind gespannt auf die Minitrains 28 MKB 28 Messe im kommenden Jahr! Mo Miniatur 28 44 Seiten, 105 Hersteller und rund 370 Fotos – das sind die Eckdaten unseres Modellbahnwerkstatt 29 Modellbau-Kaufhaus 29 diesjährigen Messeberichts aus Nürnberg, den wir wie immer um Neuheiten Modellbau Laffont 29 weiterer Hersteller ergänzt haben. -
Blitz Info 26 2013
mini Auto BLITZ INFO 26/2013 mini auto a. bunte kg hardenbergstr. 16 – 18 45472 mülheim ruhr tel. 0208 435989 telefax 0208 435990 www.miniauto.net [email protected] Blitz Info / flash news 06.11.2013 Liebe Modellautofreunde, eine neue Info ist fertig und wir nähern uns dem Jahresende mit großen Schritten was man an den reichlich eintreffenden Neuheiten bemerken kann. Wiking liefert wohl noch im November ein starkes Neuheiten Paket aus und auch sonst gibt es wieder viel zu berichten, aber lesen Sie selbst… Ihr MINI AUTO Team Brekina / Starmada 1:87Neuheiten eingetroffen 13008 Mercedes 600 Landaulet geschlossen, goldmetallic € 16,90 13009 Mercedes 600 Landaulet geschlossen, silbermetallic € 16,90 13011 Mercedes 600 Landaulet offen, purpurrot € 16,90 13012 Mercedes 600 Landaulet offen, silbermetallic € 16,90 Wiking Neuheiten Vorschau Dezember 2013 Für das letzte Neuheitenpaket des Jahres 2013 hat sich Wiking viel vorgenommen und bringt im PKW Bereich 2 Formneuheiten: BMW 2002 und Renault R4 bereichern das Programm und damit findet erstmalig ein Renault PKW Platz in der Wiking Historie. Darüberhinaus wird das Programm mit sehr interessanten Form- und Bedruckungsvarianten sowie zwei Sondermodellen ergänzt. Die Auslieferung könnte noch im November 2013 stattfinden wenn alles klappt. Neuheiten 1:87 0183 01 BMW 2002 (runde Rückleuchten) orange € 9,95 0224 01 Renault R4 (1961) hellblau € 9,50 0293 02 VW T3 Doppelkabine Bundeswehr grün € 11,50 0358 01 John Deere 7260R Traktor € 14,30 0366 01 Unimog S Werkstattwagen MB Service € 9,50 0389 10 Claas -
Acta 115.Indd
Acta Poloniae Historica 115, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Mariusz Jastrząb and Joanna Wawrzyniak Department of Social Sciences, Kozminski University Joanna Wawrzyniak Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw ON TWO MODERNITIES OF THE POLISH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF FABRYKA SAMOCHODÓW OSOBOWYCH AND ITS STAFF (1948–2011)* Abstract Focusing on the history of the Polish main car factory, the FSO, the paper examines two modernisation waves in the country’s automotive industry: the socialist Government’s purchase of a license from the Italian Fiat in the 1960s and the acquisition of the factory by the Daewoo Corporation in the 1990s. The history of the FSO as an enterprise shows, above all, the pitfalls of dependent development. It has, however, resulted in the training of a class of specialists and engineers for whom the implementation of foreign technologies and management cultures presented opportunities for self-advancement, redefi nitions of their identity, along with reconsiderations of the value and meaning of work. Keywords: passenger cars, automotive industry, Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO), Fiat, Daewoo, Poland, socialism, capitalism, transformation 1 * Research work fi nanced within the programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), under the name ‘The National Programme for the Development of Humanities’, between 2012–18. The authors would like to thank two anonymous readers for their helpful comments and Hanna Gospodarczyk for an initial report on the FSO and for delving into the archives of the Ministry of Treasury. Our gratitude goes also to interviewees participating in the project ‘From a Socialist Factory to an International Corporation: Archive Collection of Narrative Biographical Interviews’ for sharing with us their recollections, as well as to the students of the Institute of Sociology of the University of Warsaw for conducting these interviews (see also n.