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Mcgregor Museum Department of Archaeology McGregor Museum Department of Archaeology Archaeological Impact Assessment Phase 1: Proposed development of PV Power Station at Welcome Wood (extended area), near Owendale, Northern Cape David Morris McGregor Museum, Kimberley March 2012 Archaeological Impact Assessment, Phase 1: Proposed development of PV Power Station at Welcome Wood (extended area), near Owendale, Northern Cape David Morris McGregor Museum, Kimberley March 2012 Introduction This report is commissioned by Irmé van Zyl of Van Zyl Environmental Consultants cc (+2772 222 6194; fax 086 624 0306; tel +2754 338 0722; email [email protected], P.O. Box 567, Upington, 8800, South Africa). It provides a Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for the site of possible development of new PV power stations in the vicinity of Eskom’s Welcome Wood Substation, near Owendale, Northern Cape. The eventual sites (as per two applications) would each have a generation capacity of up to 18 MW and a size of less than 20 ha. A previous study (Morris 2011) has investigated an area down-slope from the areas examined for this report. Specialist and legislative framework The author of this report is an archaeologist (PhD) accredited as a Principal Investigator by the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists, having previously carried out surveys and fieldwork on sites throughout the Northern Cape (e.g. Morris 1988; Beaumont & Morris 1990; Morris & Beaumont 2004; Parkington et al. 2008).The author works independently of the organization commissioning this specialist input, and provides this report within the framework of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). The National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHRA) protects heritage resources which include archaeological and palaeontological objects/sites older than 100 years, graves older than 60 years, structures older than 60 years, as well as intangible values attached to places. The Act requires that anyone intending to disturb, destroy or damage such sites, objects and/or structures may not do so without a permit from the relevant heritage resources authority. This means that a Heritage Impact Assessment should be performed, resulting in a specialist report as required by the relevant heritage resources authority/ies to assess whether authorisation may be granted for the disturbance or alteration, or destruction of heritage resources. Environmental and heritage context The environment in question consists of hill slope, terraces and hilltops of banded ironstone in a portion of the Asbestos Mountains/Kuruman Hills to the north and east of the Barkly West-Postmasburg main road, immediately opposite and across the valley from the abandoned mining village of Owendale. The landscape is vegetated with predominantly scattered Tarchonanthus, and ground cover (grass and low bushes) such that there remains relatively good visibility for detecting artefacts in a setting where erosion dominates landscape-forming processes. Current Welcome Wood study area Welcome Wood Power Station Authorized Welcome Wood PVPS1 (Previous study) Google Earth image showing the area examined for the proposed development (outlined in yellow). The authorized PVPS1 subject to an earlier study is outlined in red. These locations are situated on 1:50 000 sheet 2823AD. Since banded ironstone (jaspilite) is known to have been a favoured raw material for making artefacts in this particular region (compare Kathu Townslands site and Wonderwerk Cave – Beaumont & Morris 1990), the overwhelming ‘background noise’ of stone of this type, occurring as bedrock exposures and scree, potentially makes site detection difficult. The archaeology of the Northern Cape is rich and varied, covering long spans of human history. Stone Age material found in this area spans the Earlier, Middle and Later Stone Ages through Pleistocene and Holocene times. Of note in the area surrounding Owendale are major sites including Tsantsabane (Blinkklipkop) at Postmasburg, a suite of sites around sink-hole depressions and raw material sources at Kathu, Wonderwerk Cave, and rock engraving sites near Danielskuil and Limeacres (Wilman 1933; Humphreys & Thackeray 1983; Beaumont & Morris 1990; Morris & Beaumont 2004; Wilkins & Chazan 2012; McGregor Museum records). Some areas are richer than others, and not all sites are equally significant. Heritage impact assessments are a means to facilitate development while ensuring that what should be conserved is saved from destruction, or adequately mitigated and/or managed. Methods and limitations The site was visited on 2 March 2012 in the company of Lund University archaeologist Folke Richardt. Farm owner Mr Japie Steyn kindly visited at the start of our work. The proposed development areas were examined on foot. The jaspilite (banded ironstone) forming a scree, with bedrock exposed on all surfaces and slopes in the areas examined, constituted a potential raw material source for Stone Age knapping to which the survey had to be particularly attentive. It was highly unlikely that archaeological material would occur below the modern surface on this eroding and rocky hill top where bedrock frequently protrudes. Anticipated impacts The PV power stations are expected to cover, each, less than 20 ha. Associated infrastructure could include access roadway, fencing, guardroom and ablution facilities, security systems, lighting, lightning conductor poles, hanger to store spare parts and workshop. The major destructive impact of the proposed PV power station development that is possible in terms of heritage resources would comprise a direct, once-off event during the initial construction period. An access road to the adjacent power station already exists so that secondary impacts from such a source may be ruled out. With respect to the magnitude and extent of potential impacts, power station construction would involve modification of the landscape surface within an area indicated and involving total surface disturbance corresponding with the footprint of the proposed power station. Relevant observations The areas of proposed development were investigated in detail on foot. Given the potential of the availability of raw material used in Stone Age times to make this a focus for knapping, in fact very few flaked items and cores were noted, some of them barely qualifying as possible artefacts, and in no instance was there any concentration of them that could be construed as representing a ‘site’. The availability of identical raw material in more convenient proximity to living sites in valley floors and/or near water would explain this. A large fake (above) and scraper (below) were rare, isolated finds in a sea of potential raw material. Some apparent flaking and retouch on pieces found on the rocky surfaces of the hill may be fortuitous products of natural ‘flaking’ processes. A low krantz forms part of a steeper slope which separates upper and lower plateaus (as seen in the photograph below), and here there was potential for small shelter formation. A few such places were found and investigated, but none contained any archaeological deposit and no artefacts occurred on the talus slopes below such overhangs. There had been potential for finger paintings to occur here, but again none was found. Potential for such paintings remains high in the kloofs and krantzes beyond the PV plant sites, although the farmer claims that they do not occur on the property at all (cf. Wilman 1933). View westwards from within a small shelter in the zone separating upper and lower parts of the study area. No artefacts and no finger paintings found. No colonial era heritage traces were found on the hill, other than farm roads and Eskom infrastructure. In the valley below the site, however, there are remains of asbestos mining operations. (Although some asbestos dumps nearer to the main road have been rehabilitated with some success, fine asbestos fibres along the farm roads clearly constitute environmental health hazards). Owendale Study area Welcome Wood Power Station Old asbestos working in valley below study area Study area Assessment and Recommendations Few heritage traces were found on this site. A very low density of stone tools makes it of minimal significance from an archaeological point of view. No colonial era features of significance were observed. In the unlikely event of any further site/feature (such as an unmarked grave or an ostrich eggshell cache) being found in the course of development of the proposed power station, SAHRA should be contacted immediately (021-4624502: Mrs Colette Scheermeyer), so that the find can be investigated and mitigation measures recommended. The Northern Cape PHRA (Ngwao Bošwa ya Kapa Bokone), to which a copy of this report is also being sent, will assume responsibility for archaeological resources in the province when it is accredited to deal with this aspect of heritage. Bošwa (053-8312537: Mr Ratha Timothy) should be contacted in respect of the built environment. Records The archive of field notes and images resulting from this study is preserved at the McGregor Museum in Kimberley. Acknowledgements I thank Mrs Irme van Zyl for information provided and Mr Folke Richardt of Lund University, Sweden, who accompanied me in the field. References Beaumont, P.B. & Morris, D. 1990. Guide to archaeological sites in the Northern Cape. Kimberley: McGregor Museum. Humphreys, A. J. B., & Thackeray, A.I. 1983. Ghaap and Gariep: Later Stone Age studies in the Northern Cape. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society Monograph
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