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Download/Ruralhealthstrat Draft020306.Doc EXPLORING THE USE OF MINERAL CORRIDORS AND STRANDED ORE DEPOSITS IN ORDER TO ALLEVIATE RURAL POVERTY AND EFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE THROUGH A PROPOSED RURAL DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR IN SOUTH AFRICA. by Joan Charlaine Baartjes A dissertation submitted to the Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Supervisor: Professor Baojin Zhao 2011 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To all who shaped my thoughts, hopes and dreams, I salute you. Over the years, many people contributed ideas, comments and inputs that culminated in the content of this thesis. Without denying the value of these inputs, the following specific people and organisations are thanked for their roles: To God, you are first in all of me, may this small work also glorify You. May the seeds you sow sprout and multiply a hundred fold. To my loving and supportive husband, without whom this thesis would not have been realised. To my mother and mother-in-law, the prayer warriors that kept us sane, the family functioning and the love flowing. To my children Je-Mé and Viam, ensuring humility and pride in good balance. To my supervisor, Professor Zhao, your guidance and assistance made this doable. To the staff of EcoPartners, your commitment to our company is exemplary, thank you for your support. To the professional editor: Melody Andrews, thank you for all your effort. To all my clients, thank you for your understanding and encouragement. ii DECLARATION This dissertation is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Geology in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture at the University of Fort Hare. This dissertation is a presentation of my original, independent research work and has not previously been submitted to another university. ___________________ Joan Charlaine Baartjes 24 March 2011 iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Jan Daniel Joubert (my father) and Vincent Mervyn Baartjes (my father-in-law), who really wanted to view the graduate procession. Both of you will have to view it from a higher podium. Thank you for all your sacrifices to get me where I am today. iv SOURCES OF PICTURES AND SCHEMATICS Maps are adapted from “click2map.com” Photographs were taken by the author, unless otherwise specified. Schematics were developed by the author, unless otherwise specified. All mineral occurrences in Chapter 7 are taken from The Mineral Resources of South Africa (1998) eds. M.G.C. Wilson and C.R. Anhaeusser. These are supported by sites known to and visited by the author v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABBREVIATION / DESCRIPTION ACRONYM C Degrees Celsius ACR Authorisation Change Request (for the NNR) AEL Africa Explosives Limited AMD Acid Mine Drainage AQL Air Quality Licence BIF Banded Iron Formation CFB Continental Flood Basalt CGS Council for Geo-science CH4 Methane CoR Certificate of Registration (for the NNR) CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSTF Combined storage tailings facility DC Development Corridor DME Department of Minerals and Energy DMR Department of Mineral Resources DPRU Development Policy Research Unit vi ABBREVIATION / DESCRIPTION ACRONYM EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EMP Environmental Management Programme EMS Environmental Management System EMS Environmental Management System FeS2 Pyrite GDP Gross Development Product Ha Hectares HIA Heritage Impact Assessment ISO International Standards Organisation IWWMP Integrated water and waste management plans km2 Square kilometres kt Kilotons KZN KwaZulu-Natal LDC Least Developed Countries m Metres m3 Cubic metres vii ABBREVIATION / DESCRIPTION ACRONYM Ma Million years ago Mct Million Carats MDC Maputo Development Corridor MDG Millennium Development Goals MML Main Magnetite Layer MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act Mt Million tons NE North East NEMA National Environmental Management Act NEMAQA National Environmental Management Air Quality Act NEMWA National Environmental Management Waste Act NHRA National Heritage Resources Act NNR National Nuclear Regulator NWA National Water Act OCC O‟okiep Copper Company PAYE Pay as you earn PPP Public Private Partnership viii ABBREVIATION / DESCRIPTION ACRONYM R Rands R/kg Rands per kilogram RUDASA Rural Doctors Association of South Africa SAMI South Africa‟s Mineral Industry SDI Spatial Development Initiative(s) SITE Standard Income Tax on Employees SME Small and medium enterprises SW South West t Tons TTG Tonalitic/Trondhjemetic/Granidioritic UASA United Association of South Africa UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific VAT Value Added Tax vs. Versus WRDM West Rand District Municipality WML Waste Management Licence ix GLOSSARY (from Encyclopedia Britannica unless otherwise indicated) Acidic phase – igneous rocks that has very high silica content. Aeolian – processes that occur in a desert environment by wind action. Arenaceous – a sedimentary clastic rock with sand grain size between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm and contain less than 15% matrix. Argillaceous – a sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits. Arkosic – an angular, poorly sorted sandstone that contains at least 25% feldspar. Felsic phase – igneous rocks that have a high concentration of light coloured minerals (quartz, feldspar and muscovite). Flagstones – is generic flat stone used for pavings, fences and roofs etc. Greywackes – is a dark, argillaceous sandstone that is poorly sorted, cemented together in a clay matrix. I-type granites – granites formed from the partial melting of igneous rocks. Latitude – gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body) north or south of the equator. Constant latitude is represented by lines running from east to west. Longitude – is the geographic coordinate most commonly used in cartography and global navigation for East-West measurement. Constant longitude is represented by lines running from north to south. Quartzites – a metamorphic rock, formed by the alteration of sandstone Redbeds – layers of reddish-coloured sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone or shale x that were deposited in hot climates under oxidising conditions Rent Seeking –in economics, rent seeking occurs when an individual, organisation or firm seeks to earn income by capturing economic rent through manipulation or exploitation of the economic environment, rather than by earning profits through economic transactions and the production of added wealth. (Kreuger, 1974) Resource curse – is that countries that have an abundance of natural resources tend to develop at a slower pace than those with fewer natural resources. (Auty, 1993) Sandstone - a sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized particles (1/16 to 2mm in diameter). S-type granites – granites formed from the partial melting of sedimentary rocks. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................... iv SOURCES OF PICTURES AND SCHEMATICS ........................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................... vi GLOSSARY (from Encyclopedia Britannica unless otherwise indicated)....................... x LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xx LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xxiv LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................. xxv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xxvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1. Background to the research .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Status quo of South Africa‟s mineral industry ....................................................... 2 1.3. Rural areas and South African poverty ................................................................. 4 1.4. Hypothesis ............................................................................................................. 6 1.5. Structure of the research document .................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 12 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Secondary research ............................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Previous studies ................................................................................................ 12 2.3. Primary research ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Interviews .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Site investigations ............................................................................................. 13 2.3.2.1
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