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Vatan Tarixi O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI BOBUR NOMIDAGI ANDIJON DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI RUSTAMBEK SHAMSUTDINOV, SHODI KARIMOV VATAN TARIXI B I R I N CH I K I T O B to‘ldirilgan, Qayta ishlangan ikkinchi nashri O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi tomonidan universitetlar, pedagogika institutlari tarix fakulteti talabalari uchun o‘quv qo‘llanma sifatida tavsiya qilingan «SHARQ» NASHRIYOT- matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi BOSH taHririyati TOSHKENT — 2010 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 2 VATAN TARIXI Sh 22 Mas’ul muharrir: Anatoliy Sagdullayev, tarix fanlari doktori, professor. Taqrizchilar: Profеssorlar: H.Sodiqov, F.Haydarova, F.Nabiyev, S.Inoyatov, Q.Us mo nov; tarix fanlari doktori B.Matbobo yev; tarix fanlari nomzodlari O.Bo‘riyеv, S.Hoshimov. Mustaqil taraqqiyot yo‘lidan borayotgan O‘zbеkiston xalqi ijtimoiy- iqtisodiy hayotning barcha jabhalarida ulkan muvaf faqiyatlarni qo‘lga kiritmoqda. Qo‘lingizdagi «Vatan tarixi» o‘quv qo‘llan masi ham ana shu istiqlol mеvasidir. Mazkur qo‘llanmada muqaddas Vatanimizning eng qadimgi davrlaridan to XVI asrgacha bo‘lgan davri tarixi o‘z ifodasini topgan. Qo‘llanmani tayyorlashda tarixiylik, ilmiy yondoshuv, xolislik bosh mеzon bo‘lib xizmat qildi. Mazkur qo‘llanmadan mustaqil diyorimiz yoshlari ajdodlarimiz ning tarixiy taraqqiyot yo‘llarini o‘qib-o‘rganadilar, mustaqil tahlil qiladilar, o‘z hukm-xulosalarini chiqaradilar. Ular ongida milliy tafakkur, vatanparvarlik his-tuyg‘usi, milliy mustaqillik bilan g‘ururlanish, milliy istiqlolimizni yanada mustahkamlash uchun mamlakatning siyosiy, iqtisodiy, madaniy va ijtimoiy hayotida yanada faolroq qatnashish, O‘zbеkiston mеning vatanim, mеn uning egasi va himoyachisiman, dеgan burch tushunchasi shakllanadi, dеb umid qilamiz. Qo‘llanmada juz’iy kamchiliklar bo‘lishi mumkin. Kitobxonlarning barcha fikr va mulohazalari samimiyat bilan qabul qilinadi. Shamsutdinov R., Karimov Sh. Vatan tarixi. K.1 / Mas’ul muharrir: A.Sagdullayev; Taqrizchilar H.Sodiqov va boshq. — T.: «Sharq», 2010. — 512 b. Sarlavha: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi, Bobur nomidagi Andijon Davlat universiteti. BBK 63.3(5O‘)ya 721 ISBN 978-9943-00-582-2 © «Sharq» nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi Bosh tahririyati, 2010. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi K I R I SH 3 Трудолюбивый народ Узбекистана, идущий по пути незави­ симости и прогресса, успешно трудится и последовательно добивается новых побед во всех сферах социально­экономической жизни. благодаря независимости увидело свет учебное пособие «История Родины», в котором освещается история Узбекистана с древнейших времен до XVI века. Главным мерилом при подготовке пособия служили историзм, научный подход и объективность. Мы надеемся, что в процессе изучения этого пособия молодежь не только ознакомится с поступательным движением истории, получившей объективное отражение, но и сможет самостоятельно его проанализировать, сделать свои выводы. Выражаем также надежду, что это во многом будет способствовать утверждению у будущих специалистов национальной гордости, развитию, воспитанию их в духе патриотизма, послужит формированию национальной идеи и идеологии независимости, более активному участию молодежи в политической, экономической и духовной жизни, укрепит в них убежденность в том, что Узбекистан — наша Родина, а они — его полноправные граждане. В пособии возможны некоторые недостатки. C благодарностью примем замечания и пожелания читателей. The hardworking people who are going on the ways of independence and progress of Uzbekistan are successfully workingand achieveing new victories in all spheres of social and economic life. The manual «The history of native Land «is also one of the achievements of independence». In this book the period of our sacred Native land beginning from the ancient times till XVI century is described. The historical truth, scientific, objectivity and impartiality were used as the main measures in preparation of this manual. We hope, that while studying of this manual the youth of our independent country will not only familiarize without ornaments and estimations the historical activity of our ancestors on the way of progress, but also can independentlyanalyse it and make conclusion. We express our hope, that in many respects our Native land, and owners and defence counsels will promote to awakening of national pride, thinking, education in their consciousness and pride of our national independence formation of national idea and ideologists of independence to their more active participation in political, economic, cultural and social life of Uzbekistans. In the manual some lacks are possible. The authors with gratitude will accept the remarks and wishes of the readers. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 4 VATAN TARIXI KIRISH Tarixga murojaat qilar ekanmiz, bu xalq xotirasi ekanligini nazarda tutishimiz kerak. Xotirasiz barkamol kishi bo‘lmaganidek, o‘z tarixini bilmagan xalqning kelajagi ham bo‘l­ maydi. Islom KARIMOV Milliy istiqlol o‘zbеk xalqining orzusi, armoni edi. O‘zbеkiston mustaqilligining qo‘lga kiritilishi eng ulkan g‘alaba, uning qadriga yеtish, mustahkamlash, avaylab saqlab qolish muhim vazifa. Har qanday mamlakatning qudrati, uning mustaqilligi, davlat chеgaralarining daxlsizligi o‘sha mamlakat fuqarolarining o‘z yurtiga mеhr-muhabbatli qilib tarbiyalanganliklari, milliy istiqlol uchun kurashda zarur bo‘lsa jon fido qilishga ham tayyor bo‘lishdеk oliyjanob fazilatlarga ega bo‘lishliklariga bog‘liqdir. Bu fazilatlarni xalqimiz, eng muhimi, yurtimiz kеlajagi bo‘lgan yoshlar ongida qaror toptirish va shakllantirishda Vatan tarixining o‘rni va imkoniyatlari chеksizdir. Vatan tarixini amalda qanday bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, shunday xolisona o‘rganish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldik. Sobiq sovеt hokimiyati yillarida kommunistik partiya yurgizgan siyosatning natijasi sifatida O‘zbеkiston maktablari, o‘rta maxsus va oliy o‘quv yurtlarida Vatan tarixini o‘qitish masalasiga umuman e’tibor berilmadi. Sovetlar hokimiyati yillarida mamlakatimizning haqiqiy, tom ma’nodagi tarixi xolisona yaratilmadi. Maktablar va o‘quv yurtlarida o‘qitilgan darslik va adabiyotlarda ona tariximiz soxtalashtirildi. Natijada o‘zbek xalqining ma’naviy hayotiga putur yetdi, xalqning siyosiy ongi o‘tmaslashdi, ijtimoiy-siyosiy voqealarga befarqlik, loqaydlik hissi kuchaydi. Chunki mustamlaka asoratiga solingan xalqlarni siyosiy qorong‘ilik va zulmatda saqlash yo‘li bilangina ular ustidan hukmronlikni o‘rnatish mumkin edi. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi K I R I SH 5 Chor Rossiyasi va sobiq sovet mustamlakachilari qariyb 130 yillik hukmronligi davomida o‘lkamiz xalqlari o‘rtasida ruslashtirish siyosatini olib bordilar, xalqimizni tarixidan, o‘z ona tilidan, dinidan judo qilish yo‘lini tutdilar, shaklan milliy, mazmunan sotsialistik madaniyat bayrog‘i ostida milliy urf-odatlarimiz, axloq-odob va madaniyatimizga xuruj qildilar. O‘zbekistonni Markazning xomashyo yetkazib beruvchi bazasiga aylantirdilar. Kommunistik partiya bunday siyosatni sobiq Ittifoq hududidagi barcha respublikalarda va sotsialistik hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlarida yurgizgan. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin sobiq Ittifoqning barcha respublikalariga, sotsialistik hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlariga Markaz- ning buyrug‘i yuborilib, unda turli mavzularda ko‘rsatmalar belgilandi. Xususan buyruqlardan birida quyidagi jumlalar ham bor edi. «Mahalliy aholi orasidan yetishib chiqqan rahbarlarning ommaviy chiqishlarida milliy bo‘yoq berilishga yo‘l qo‘yiladi, ammo u millatning o‘sishiga, birlashuviga xizmat qilmasligi kerak. Boshlang‘ich va o‘rta maktablarda, o‘rta va oliy oquv yurtlarida o‘ta e’tibor qozongan o‘qituvchilar ishdan chetlashtirilishi lozim bo‘ladi. Ularning o‘rniga biz tomondan belgilangan kishilarni qo‘yish kerak. Tarix darslarida o‘tmishdagi siyosatdonlardan kimlar vatan ravnaqi uchun xizmat qilishgani yoki xizmat qilishga urunishgani haqida gapirish mumkin emas, e’tiborni faqat podsholar zulmi va ularga qarshi qaratilgan xalq kurashiga burmoq lozim bo‘ladi...» Kommunistik partiyaning yurgizgan bunday ulug‘ davlatchilik mafkuraviy siyosati xalqimiz va millatimiz taqdiri uchun ayanchli oqibat va natijalarga olib keldi. Vatan tarixini bilmaslik o‘zbek xalqining milliy qadriyatlari va urf-odatlaridan uzoqlashish oqibatida jamiyatda shunday avlod vakillari shakllandiki, ularning aksariyatida milliy ong va milliy g‘urur tushunchalari so‘nib ketdi. Ularning ongida O‘zbekiston taqdiriga, o‘zbek millati taqdiriga, madaniyatimiz, tariximiz va tilimiz, dinimiz taqdiriga loqayd va befarqlik munosabatlari g‘oyasi ustuvor mavqeni egalladi. Millat istiqboli uchun vaziyat shu darajada halokatli nuqtaga yetdiki, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘zining davlat mustaqilligiga erishgandan keyin ham, o‘z taqdirimizni o‘zimiz hal qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lganimizdan so‘ng Vatan tarixini o‘qitishga qarshi kurash yo‘lini tutuvchilar ham bo‘ldilar. Ular o‘z «g‘oyalari»ni asoslashga intilib, «O‘zbekiston tarixini jahon xalqlari tarixi bilan birga qo‘shib o‘qitish kerak», «O‘zbekiston tarixi — bu maktab fani», «Oliy o‘quv www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 6 VATAN TARIXI yurtlarida O‘zbekiston tarixining o‘rniga O‘zbekistonning ijtimoiy- siyosiy tarixini o‘qitish lozim», «Jahon xalqlari tarixini o‘qitishga o‘tish darkor», «Oliy o‘quv yurtlarida umuman O‘zbekiston tarixini o‘qitishga ehtiyoj yo‘q» kabi fikrlarni o‘rtaga tashladilar. Albatta, bu milliy g‘oyasizlik milliy g‘aflat va milliy vijdon inqirozining tub o‘zagida o‘z ona tarixidan bexabarlik yotadi. Bu esa qullik, tobelik va mustamlaka muteligining asosiy ayanchli ko‘rinishidir. Darhaqiqat, qullik, tobеlik
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