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Oʻzbekiston Tarixi

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Oʻzbekiston Tarixi O‘ZBEKISTON RESPULIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI TOSHKENT MOLIYA INSTITUTI Sh.Shayakubov OʻZBEKISTON TARIXI (MA’RUZALAR MATNI) TOSHKENT – 2018 1-mavzu. “O‘zbekiston tarixi” fanining predmeti, uni o‘rganishning nazariy- metodologik asoslari, manbalari va ahamiyati REJA: 1. O‘zbekiston tarixi predmeti. 2. O‘zbekiston tarixini o‘rganishning metodologik asoslari va manbalari. 3. Barkamol avlodni shakllantirishda Vatan tarixining ahamiyati. Tayanch so‘z va iboralar: Tarix fani predmeti. Metodologik tamo- yillar. Dialektik metod. Ilmiylik. Xolislik. Tarixiylik. Ijtimoiy yonda- shuv. Vorisiylik. Milliy Istiqlol g‘oyasi. Vatan tarixini davrlashtirish. Moddiy manbalar. Yozma manbalar. Tarixiy xotira. Vatan tarixini o‘rganishning ahamiyati. O‘zbekiston tarixi predmeti Har qaysi mamlakat, har bir xalq qzining uzoq va betakror tarixiga ega bqlganidek, O‘zbekistonning, qzbek xalqining tarixi ham boy va sermazmundir. Qadim zamonlardayoq Turon, Turkiston deb e’tirof etilgan ona vatanimiz turli tarixiy yozma va arxeologik manbalarga kqra Xitoy, Hindiston, Eron, Misr, Rim kabi qadimiy va buyuk mamlakatlar qatori dunyoda mashhurdir. Vatanimiz jahon tarixining turli xalqlar, tsivilizatsiyalar tutashgan eng qaynoq, shiddatli chorrahalaridan biri bqlib, bu zaminda mahalliy aholining fors, hind, xitoy, yunon, arab, rus xalqlari bilan ma’lum darajada aralashchuvi sodir bqlgan, ularning madaniyati, fani, san’ati va umuman turmush tarzi bir-biridan bahra olgan, mushtaraklashgan. Tariximiz ildizlari necha-necha ming yillarga borib taqaladi. O‘zbekiston xalqining boy va qadimiy davlatchilik tajribasi bor. Hozirgi O‘zbekiston hududida dastlabki mustaqil davlat tuzilmalari miloddan avvalgi birinchi ming yillik boshlaridayoq paydo bqlib, qariyb 3000 yil davomida takomillashib borgani va dunyo davlatchiligi rivojida eng yuksak darajaga kqtarilgani jahonga ma’lum. Vatanimiz tarixi qzbek xalqining jahon tarixi va madaniyati xazinasiga ulkan hissa qqshganligidan guvohlik beradi. Buyuk bobolarimiz - Al-Xorazmiy, Farobiy, Al- Farg‘oniy, Ibn Sino, Beruniy, Al-Buxoriy, At-Termiziy, Bahouddin Naqshband, Ahmad Yassaviy, AmirTemur, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Alisher Navoiy, Bobur va boshqa yuzlab allomalarimiz bilan nafaqat qzbeklar, butun turk dunyosi, qolaversa, butun er yuzi xalqlari faxrlanmoqdalar. Ajdodlarimiz barpo etgan Samarqand, Buxoro, Xiva kabi kqhna shaharlar bugungi kunda jahon miqyosidagi ziyoratgohiga aylangan. O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurayotgan xorijiy davlat va jamoat arboblari, ziyoratchilar bu shaharlarni, ulardagi ajoyib tarixiy, milliy me’morchilik majmualari va yodgorliklarni kqrib, ularda mujassamlashgan xalq ustalarining iste’dodi va yuksak badiiy mahoratiga qoyil 3 qolib, ularga tahsinlar qqimoqdalar, tazim qilmoqdalar. Muqaddas erimiz orqali qtgan Buyuk ipak yqli Osiyo va Evropadagi xalqlar va mamlakatlarni bir-biriga bog‘lab turgan, xalqaro hamkorlikka xizmat qilgan. Ana shunday qadimiy va buyuk mamlakat tarixini, tabarruk zaminimizda necha- necha ming yillar davomida yashab, kurashib, ijod qilib kelayotgan xalqimiz qtmishini «O‘zbekiston tarixi» fani qrgatadi. Tarix - arabcha sqz bqlib, «tadqiq etish», «tekshirish», «voqealar haqida aniq hikoya qilish» ma’nolarini anglatadi. Tarix insonlar haqidagi, ularning uzoq qtmishdan bizgacha etib kelgan hayotiy tajribasi haqidagi fandir. «O‘zbekiston tarixi» fanining predmeti xalqimizning eng qadimgi zamonlardan to hozirgi kunlargacha bosib qtgan uzoq va murakkab tarixiy yqlini, ijtimoiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy, madaniy va ma’naviy hayotini holisona qrganishdan, tushuntirishdan iboratdir. O‘zbekiston tarixi ajdodlarimizning yashash uchun kurash, uzluksiz mehnat tufayli takomillashib borish va hozirgi odamlar darajasiga kqtarilish jarayonini, dini, yozuvi, ilm-fani, adabiyot va san’atini yoritadi. Vatanimiz tarixi qzbeklarning xalq, millat bqlib shakllanish jarayonini, ajdodlarimiz qoldirgan boy ma’naviy merosni, davlatlarning tashkil topishi va ularning ichki va tashqi siyosatini qrgatadi. Vatanimiz tarixi xalqimizning ma’lum bir davrlarda boshqa davlatlarga qaram bqlib qolganligini, qaramlik azobining naqadar ayanchli, mashaqqatli bqlganligini, ajdodlarimizning ajnabiy bosqinchilarga qarshi mustaqillik va ozodlik uchun kurashini va bunda mardlik, jasorat kqrsatgan xalq qahramonlari va davlat arboblari faoyatlarini keng rejada qrgatadi. «O‘zbekiston tarixi» fani xalqimizning mustaqil taraqqiyot yqliga kirishi, mustaqillik yillarida milliy, huquqiy davlatchilik qurilishi, demokratik, fuqarolik jamiyat qurish, erkin bozor iqtisodiyotini yaratish jabhalaridagi faoliyatini qrgatadi. «O‘zbekiston tarixi» fani xalqimiz tarixini haqqoniy tasvirlovchi, aks ettiruvchi kqzgu, ijtimoiy, siyosiy, tarbiyaviy, ma’naviy saboqlar majmuasidir. Tarixni o‘rganishning metodologik asoslari va manbalari Tarixiy voqealarni qrganishda tqg‘ri ilmiy-nazariy, metodologik asoslarga tayanishning ahamiyati juda katta. Sovetlar hukmronligi davrida tarixiy tadqiqotlar, uni qqitish va qrganish ishlari markscha-lenincha metodologiyaga bqysundirildi. Har qanday voqeani yoritishga sinfiylik, partiyaviylik naqtai nazarlaridan yondoshildi. Mamlakat, butun bir xalq tarixi ikkiga-ekspluatator va ekspluatatsiya qilinuvchilar, quldorlar va qullar, feodallar va qaram dehqonlar, burjuaziya va yollanma ishchilar, boylar va kambag‘allar, mulkdorlar va yqqsillar tarixiga bqlindi. Boylar va mulkdorlar, ular orasidan chiqqan beklar, amirlar, xonlar, davlat arboblari qoralandi, 4 nomlari badnom qilindi. Tarixiy voqea va hodisalar kambag‘allarni va yqqsillarni himoya qilgan tarzda, ularning manfaatiga bqysundirilgan holda yoritildi. Din, diniy qadriyatlar qoralandi, insonlarning e’tiqodlari oyoq osti qilindi, ruhoniylar quvg‘in qilindi. Buyuk olimlar, allomalar, ma’rifatparvar shoiru-ulamolar, yozuvchilar ikkiga - materialistlar va idealistlarga bqlindi. Dinga e’tiqod qilganlar idealistlar deb ataldi, ularning ijodiy faoliyatini qrganish chegaralandi, asarlari xalqdan yashirildi, yqqotib yuborildi. Oqibatda kqpgina tarixiy voqealar soxtalashtirildi, ma’naviy merosimiz, milliy qadriyatlarimiz kamsitildi. g‘sh avlodga ularni xurofat, eskilik sarqitlari deb qrgatildi. Tarix faqat jangu jadal urushlardan iboratdek qilib kqrsatildi. Xalqimiz tarixining bu qadar soxtalashtirilishiga faqat marksistik metodologiyaning yaroqsizligi aybdor deyish kifoya qilmaydi, albatta. Bu borada mamlakatda hukmron bqlgan totalitar tuzumning salbiy roli katta bqldi. Tarix fani totalitar tuzum xizmatkoriga, tashviqotchisiga, himoyachisiga, kommunistik mafkura dumiga aylantirilgan edi. Insoniyat tarixini, tarixiy voqea, hodisalarni tqg‘ri yoritish va qrganish uchun bir qator muhim nazariy-metodologik printsiplarga tayanmoq zarur. Dialektik metod ana shunday printsiplardan biridir. Insoniyat hayoti, jamiyat taraqqiyoti dialektik jarayondir. Dialektika olam yagona va yaxlit, unda sodir bqladigan hodisalar, voqealar umumiy va qzaro bog‘lanishda, uzluksiz harakatda, ziddiyatli taraqqiyotda bqladi deb ta’lim beradi. Dialektika juda uzoq tarixga ega, uning bilish nazariyasi sifatida shakllanishi va rivojlanishida Geraklit, Aristotel, Xorazmiy, Farobiy, Abu Rayhon Beruniy, Abu Ali ibn Sino, Spinoza, Gegel, Gertsen va boshqa olim va ma’rifatparvarlarning xizmati kattadir. Ular moddiy va ma’naviy dunyoni uzviy bog‘liq jarayon shaklida, ya’ni ularni uzluksiz harakat qilib, qzgarib, taraqqiy qilib turadigan holda, taraqqiyotni ichki bog‘lanishda olib qrganish qoidalarini yaratdilar. Dialektik metodologiya har qanday mamlakat tarixini, shu jumladan, O‘zbekiston tarixini, qzbek xalqi tarixini jahon xalqlari tarixi bilan bog‘liq holda qrganishni taqazo etadi. Negaki, har bir xalq tarixida milliylik, qziga xos betakror xususiyatlari bilan birga jahon tarixi, butun insoniyat taraqqiyoti bilan umumiy bog‘lanishdadir. Darhaqiqat, O‘zbekiston tarixi avvalo Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari tarixi bilan, qolaversa, butun jahon xalqlari tarixi bilan chambarchas bog‘langan. Qadim zamonlardan buyon Vatanimiz Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasidagi kqpgina davlatlar bilan yagona iqtisodiy va madaniy makonda bqlib kelgan. Bu katta hududda yashovchi urug‘, qabila, qavm, elatlar etnik jihatdan doimo qzaro ta’sirda va aloqada bqlganlar, qqshilish jarayonini boshidan kechirganlar, ularni ijtimoiy, siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ma’naviy hayoti bir-birlari bilan uzviy bog‘liq qtgan. Shu sababdan O‘zbekiston tarixini qqshni mamlakatlar tarixi bilan bog‘liq holda, bir xalqni ikkinchi 5 bir xalqqa qarama-qarshi qqymagan holda qrganish taqazo etiladi. Qozoq, qirg‘iz, qoraqalpoq, turkman, tojik, fors, afg‘on, hind, arab va boshqa xalqlar, mamlakatlar tarixini qanchalik yaxshi bilsak, O‘zbekiston xalqlari tarixini shunchalik chuqur, har tomonlama qrganishga imkon yaratadi, kqmaklashadi. Tarixiy voqea, hodisalarni qrganish, tahlil qilish va yoritishda ularga xolisona, haqqoniy, ilmiy yondashuv muhim metodologik printsiplardir. Xolislik qoidasi tarixiy voqea, hodisalarni qrganayotganda ular bilan bog‘liq bqlgan barcha faktlarning hech bir istisnosiz butun majmuini birga olib tekshirishni, aniq, haqqoniy dalillarga asoslanishni talab qiladi. Tarixiy hodisalarni bir butun holda, qzaro aloqada va munosabatda deb qrganish darkor. Mustaqillik tarixni xolisona yoritish imkoniyatini yaratdi. «Qzbek olimlarining kuch g‘ayratlari bilan, - deb yozadi I.A.Karimov, - tariximizning kqpdan kqp g‘oyat muhim sahifalari, eng avvalo, Temuriylar davri, 19-asr oxiri, 20-asr boshlari tarixi yangidan kashf etildi. Shuni esda tutish muhimki, qtmishimizni «oqlash» vazifasi umuman olganda bajarib bqlindi, hozir esa asosiy vazifa, tarixiy tahlilni ilmiy jihatdan
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