Dhananjayarao Gadgil Library 111~IIIIIIIIIIIIIDllllllllmllllllll GlPE-PUNE-OO 1667

THE HISTORY OF ROM~ THE HISTORY OF ROME

BY THEODOR MOMMSEN

TRANSLATED

WITH THE AUTHOR'S_SANCTION AND ADDITIONS

BY WILLIAM P. DICKSON, D.D., LLD. PROFBSSOR OP DIVINITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW

THE PROVINCES, FROM CAESAR TO DIOCLETIAN

PART II

WITH TWO MAPS BY PROFESSOR KIEPERT

LONDON RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET 'lPublifbetS in ®rlJina~ to }!let :majelitp the Qunn 1886

THE PRO·VINCES

OF THE. ROMAN EMPIRE

FROM CAESAR'TO DIOCLETIAN

BY THEODOR MOMMSEN

TRANSLATED

WITH THE AUTHOR'S SANCTION AND ADDITIONS BY WILLIAM P. DICKSON, D.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW

VOL. II

WITH TWO MAFS BY PROFESSOR KIEPERT

LONDON RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW, BURLINGTON STREET

~ubIisbers in ®rlJinaQ! to 1!!n £l!lajrstl! tbe Quem 1886 CONTENTS

BOOK EIG;HTH

THE PROVINCES AND PEOPLE, FROM CAESAR TO DIOCLETIAN

PAGE CHAPTER IX.

THE EUPHRA'1;ES FRONTIER AND THE PARTH.IANS I

CHAPTER X.

SYRIA AND THE LAND OF THE NABATAEANS II6

CHAPTER XI.

JUDAEA AND THE JEWS 160

CHAPTER XII.

EGYPT

CHAPTER XIII.

THE AFRICAN PROVINCES

INDEX 347 INDEX

ABDAGAESES, ii. 44. number of towns, 33x n.; Italian Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under colonists, 332; large landed estates, Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 333 f.; husbandry, 336; com sup­ (under Severus). plied to Rome, 337; oil and wine, Abrinca, rivulet, i. II9 n. 337 f.; manufactures and commerce; Achaeans, diet, i. 264. 338 f.; prosperity, 339; roads, 339 Acbaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, zo; f.; introduction of camels, 340; C'seven houses. " 6. character and culture of people, 340 Achaia, province, i. 255 f. n.; under f.; scholasticism, 342; Christian the emperors, 260. literature, 343-34~; Latin Scriptures, Acraephia, inscription, i. 265 n., 273 n. 343 f. no Actiads, i. 296 n. Agonistic institutes, i. 289 n. Actian games, i. 296 n. Agonot!t.esia, i. 347 n .. 348 n. Adane, ii. 288 f. ; destroyed, 293 f. n. Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. 182-184, Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 n., 88. z94- Adiabenicus, ii. 78 n. Agrippa; see Herod Agrippa. Adminius, i. z74. Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on Adrianopolis, i. 307. the Danube, i. 22; transference of AduIis, ii. 280, 28z, 282, 296. Ubii, . 25; combats in Gaul, 80. Aedemon, ii. 313. Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. 218. Aepum, diet of, ii. 264 n. Agrippina (Cologne), i. II9. Aeizanas, ii. 284 n. Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedi- Aelana, ii. 288. tion to Elbe, i. 3x; dyke between Aemilianus, Marcus Aemili1lS, i. 24I. Ems and Lower Rhine, 34. Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 25I. Ahuramazda, ii. IO f., 84. Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275-278 ; Alamanni, war with, i. x6x f., x63; traffic, 278. raids, 166 f. Afer, ii. 304 n. Alani, ii. 6i n., 64, 73, 74 n. Africa, North, ii. 303; Berber stock, A1bani, ii. 72 f. 303-305; Phoenician immigration, Alexander the Great, basing his empire 306 ; government of republic, 306 f. ; on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120. Caesar's policy, 307 f.; extent of Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. Roman rule, 308 f.; no strict frontier, 232 • 309; province of, 3IO; two Maure­ Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, tanian kingdoms, 3IO f.; physical 26; installed king of Armenia, 33. conformation, 314; Africano-Numid­ Alexander Severus, purchases peace in ian territory, 316 f.; war against Germany, i. r62; murder, r62; Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317- ii. 9I; character, 89 f.; war with 320; Roman civilisation in Maure­ Ardashir, 90 n.; nicknamed .. chief tania, 320 f.; continuance of Berber Rabbi," 263. language, 325 f.; of Phoenician, 326 Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 350. f.; coinage, 327 n.; Latin language, Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 329; Phoenician urban organisation, 242 n., 246 n. 329; transformed into Italian, 331 ; Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Pal-· INDEX.

myrenes, ii. 107, .xoS 11. , 250; num­ tomb of, 125; his buildings at Athens, ber and position of Jews, 16S n., 200 i.278• n., 267; Jew-hunt, 192, 193 n.; de­ Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196. putations to Gaius, 193 f.; •• Greek Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to city." 23S f.; chief priest of, 238; Clyde, i. 187 n.; conflicts in Britain exemptions and privileges, 240 n.; under, 188 n. libraries, '246, 271; chief officials. Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.; position in 248 n.; distribution of com, 2S1 no ; 38 B. c., 23 f.; his army, 24; his Italian, settlement in, 2S7 ; mariners' aims, 24 f.; children by Cleopatra, guilds, 257 n.; comparison with 26 n. ; preparations for Parthian war, Antioch, 262; Alexandrian Fronde, 26 f.; temperament, 27; Parthian 263; nicknames, 263; tumults fre· war, 27 f.; resistance in Atropatene, quent and serious, 264 n., 265; wor­ 29; retreat, 30. 3 I; last years in ship, 265 f., 266 n.; old cultus the East, 32 ; dismisses Octavia seek­ retaining its hold, 267 ; learned world, ing reconciliation, 33 ; punishes those 267 f.; physicians and quacks, 268 ; blamed for his miscarriage, 33; at­ scholar-life, 269 f.; Museum, 271 f., tempt on Palmyra, 93; government 272; labours of erudition, 271 f.; in Alexandria. 232. fI jointure U of Greek. science, 273: Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174-177. camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274- Apamea in Phrygia, i. 327. Alexandria, in Troas, i. 326 f. Apamea in Syria. ii. 136, 141. Alexandropolis. ii. IS. Aper. Marcus, i. II3. Aliso, fortress, i. 34 f., 36; defence by Apharhan, ii. II4. Caedicius, 48. Apion, ii. 193, 194 n. Allegorical interpretation. Jewish, ii. Apocalypse of John: conception of 168 f. Roman and Parthian empires as AlIobroges. i. 87, 88 n., 91. standing side by side, it I n.; pseudo­ Alps, subjugation, i. IS'; military dis- Nero of. 64 f. ; directed against the tricts, 17 f.; roads and colonies, 19. worship of the emperors, 196, 197- Amasia, i. 331. 199 n. AmAzigh. ii, 303. Apollinaris. Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342. Ambubaia, ii. 133. Apollo, Actian, i. 295 f. Amida, ii. IIS. Apollonia, i. 201 f.; 299. Amisus, i. 331 f. Apollonius of Tyana, i. 350. Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223. i. 254 n., 255 n. Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342. Amsivarii, i. 124. Appuleius, Pseudo·, Dialogue of the gods Amyntas, i. 335 n.; ii. 24, 37. quoted, ii. 266 n. Ananias, ii. 102 f. Apri. i. 306. Ancyra. i. 341 n.; 342 n. Apronius, Lucius, i. 125. Anthedon. ii. 210. Apulum, i. 228. Antigonea, ii. 127 n. Aquae Sextiae, i. 78, 81. . Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175-178. Aquileia, i. 197 f., 231, 233. Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 n.,.297 n. Aquincum, i. 228; contra-Aquincum, Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68; capture 249· by the Persians (260). 101, 132, and Aquitania, wars, i., 64. 80; coins, 79 by Aurelian, 109; creation of mon­ n. ; province, 88 ; cantons of, 96. archic policy, 127; capital of Syria. Arabia. ii. 13; Roman, what it in­ 127; Daphne, 128; water supply, cluded, 143 f.; institution of province and lighted streets, 129 n.; poverty by Trajan, 152; west coast of, 284 of intellectual interests, 130; paucity f.; Homerites, 286 f.; Felix, 285, of inscriptions. 132 ; exhibitions and 289; policy of Augustus, 290; expi­ games, 132 i races, 132 11. i immor.. dition of Gallus, 290 f.; state of the ality, 133; dissolute cultus, 134; coast, 291 n.; expedition of Gaius. fondness for ridicule, 134 f.; sup­ 293 n.; injury to its commerce, 293. port of pretenders, 134; reception Arachosia, ii. 13, IS. of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135 ; Aradus, ii. 138 n. Jew-hunt at, 219. Aramaic language. ii. 164- Antioch in Pisidia. i. 336 f. Arbela, ii. 4, 88. Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, <53 ; Archaism. Greek, i. 282 n. INDEX. 349

Arche\aus of Cappadocia, ii. 41. 343, 344 ... ; representatives, 344'" ; Archelaus. son of Herod the Great. ii. land·diets. and land festivals, 344 f. ; 183 f. provincial priests and Asiarchs, 345 Architecture. Syrian. ii. 156 f. f. ; superintendence of emperor-wo~ Ardashir (Artaxares). ii. 81 .... 83 .... ship, 348; system of religion, 350; 84. 85. 89 .... 91• public safety, 350; occupying force. Are\ate, i. 86. 89; amphitheatre. 106. 350 f. ; justice in. 352 ... ; constitu­ Aretas. ii. 148 .... 149 f ..... 150 f. tion of towns, 352 f.'; clubs. 353; Argentoratum. i. 119. 147. 159. free autonomous communities, 354; Ariarathes of Cappadocia. ii. 33. urban life. 354 f. ; prosperity, 354 f. ; AriobaIZanes. ii. 38. 39. defects of municipal administration. Aristobulus. of Chalcis. ii. 49. 357; roads. 358 ... ; trade, 359 f. ; Aristobulus. prince of Judaea. ii. 175 f. commerce. 360; supplies teachers Aristotle's recommendation to Alex- and physicians to Italy. 36x. 365; ander. ii. 241. literary activity. 369; instruction. Armenia, ii. 6. 19. 20. 33. 34. 35. 36. 362 ; sophistic system. 369-366. 40 t:; Parthian appanage for second Asia. Roman: extent of province. i. son. 51. 60 ; Roman policy as to. 50- 325; coast-towns. 325 f.; inland 52; subdued by Corbulo. 53 f.; under townships. 31!6 f.; position under Parthian prince vassal to Rome. 60 f. ; Romans. 327; urban rivalries. 3!19 Roman province under Trajan. 67 f•• f. ; legions in. ii. 63. 70 f.; becomes again vassaI-state. 72; Asiarchs. i. 345-347 ... Parthian invasion. 74 f.; 80 .... 89 f•• Asklepios, i. 350. 92, %02, 104, 11211.,113,114,,-.:r15". Asoka. ii. 13. 14'" Arminius. i. 43; defeat of Varus. 46 f.; Astarte. ii. 331. combats with Germanicus. 54; attack Astingi. i. !l37. on Maroboduus. 60 f.; desertion of Astures, i. 65. 71. Inguiomerus. 61; civil war and end. Asturica Augusta. i. 66. 69. Athens: privileged position. i. 1!54. Arnobius. ii. 345. 258; administration. 276' f.; pos­ Arrianus. Flavius. ii.• 20 .... 73 n. sessions. 977; Hadrian's grants. 277 Arsaces. founder of Parthian dynasty. ii.• f.; street-riots. 279; state of the 3.4. 6• language. !l8 I, 282 ... Arsaces. son of Artabanus. ii. 42. Atropatene. ii. 6. 19. 28 f•• 33 f•• 38. Arsacids and their rule. ii. 3-12 e/. Attalla, i. 334. Arsamosata. ii. 56. 59. Augusta Emerita, i. 64 ... Arsinoe. ii. 280. 29x f. Augusta Praetoria (Aosta). i. 19 f. Art. constructive. in Gaul. i. 115; in Augusta Vindelicorum. i. 19. 20. 154. Syria. ii. 156 f. 196 f. Arta~us (Ill.). king of the Parthians. Augustamnica, ii •• 298. ii.40 -45· Augustan History. falsification as to Artabanus (IV.). ii. 87 f. . Postumus, i. 164'" Artageira. ii. 40. Augustodunum. seat of Gallic studies. Artavazdes of Armenia. ii. 28-33. i. 112 f. Artavazdes of Atropatene. ii. 28. 29. 32. Augustinus. Aurelius. picture of Carth­ Artaxares; see Ardashir. . age, ii. 341; Itala. 343 ... ; Confu­ Artaxata. ii. 48. 53 f•• 75. siOllS, 345. Artaxes. ii. 33-38. Augustus. the Emperor: expedition Artaxias of Armenia. ii. 49 f. against Alpine tribes. i.' 16; monu­ Asander. i. 319. 313 ... ment to. above Monaco. 17; roads Asca1on. ii. 219. or colonies in Alps, 19 f. ; visit to Asia Minor: natives and colonists,l i. Germany, 26; German policy and 320; Hellenism. 39X f.; formation of motives for changing it. 56-59; visits new centres, 322; provinces of, 323 ; Spain. 64; organisation of towns territories added to empire, 323 f. ; there. 68 f.; organisation of the senatorial and imperial government, three Gauls. 84 f. ; restricted fran­ 323 f.; changes in boundaries of chise of Gauls. 98; altar at Lugudu­ provinces and vassal-states. 324 ... ; num. 94 ; altar for Germanic cantons. municipal vanity, 328 n.~; honorary 35, 97. 118; discharge of Batavian Hellenism. 344; leagues of Hellenism. guards. 11II; project of connecting INDEX

Rhine and Danube. X48; projects as Azania. ii. 289. to Britain not carried out. X7"; reasons for and against its eccupation. BACTRA. ii. 14. 15 .... 18. X7" ; conviction of its necessity. Bactro-Indian empire. ii. 14. 16 ... x73 f.; arrangements on' the Dan­ Baetica. i. 67; towns with burgess- ubian frontier. x95 f. ; Illyricum sub­ rights. 68; exemption from levy. 73; dued. 201; settlement of veterans in Moors in. ii. 324. Dalmatia, .202; his Amphictiony. Bagradas. ii. 336. 254 f .. ; dealings with Greece, 26x; Balbus. Lucius Cornelius. ii. 315 ... treatment of Athens. 277; insurrec­ Ballomarius. i. 230 ". tion at, 279; foundation and privi­ BAmanghati. coins found at. ii. 301 ... leges of Nicopolis. 294 f.; colonies Baquates. ii. 324. 325 ... in Macedonia. 30X; pacification of Bar-Kokheba, Simon. ii. 224 ... Cilicia and Pisidia. 335 f.; 1diets Barley-wine. i. 108 ... and festivals for. in Asia Minor. 345; Barsemias of Hatra. ii. 78. cancels debtors' claims there. 357; Barygaza, ii. 16 .... 300. decorum of. ii. 26 ... ; first arrange­ Basil of Caesarea, i. 333. ments in East. 34 f. ; policy open to Bassus. Caecilius. ii. 2I f. him. 36; inadequate measures. 36 f, ; Bassus. Publius Ventidius. ii. 23. 27. in Syria (20 B. c.). 37 f.; mission of Bastamae. i. X2. 217. 238. Gaius to East. 39; Nicolaus Damas­ Batanaea; ii. 144; see HaurAn. cenus on his youth. x68; treatment Batavi. i. 26. 43. 97 ... ; settlements of the Jews. x71 f.; dealing with and privileges. 120; riSing of Bata­ Herod's testament. 18". 184; atti­ vian auxiliaries. 129 f.; Civilis. 130; tude towards Jewish worship. 187; progress of the movement. 130 f.; its annexation of Egypt. 232 f.. 239; consequences. 143 f.; later attitude. Egyptian titles, 244; policy as to 145· south-western Arabia. 290; expedi­ Bato. the Dalmatian. i. 39. 41. tion of Gallus. "90 f.; of Gaius. 293; Bato. the Pannonian. i. 39-42. repression of piracy in Red Sea. 298 ; Beads. glass. ii. 255. colonisation in Mauretania, 333; Beer. i. 108. death. i. So. Belatucadrus (Mars). i. 193. Aurelianus. defeats the Juthungi. i. 166; Belgica. i. 85; division of command. combats with the Goths on Danube. u8". 248 f.; against the Palmyrenes. ii. Belus. ii. 266. 108 f.; battle of Hemesa. 109 .... Berbers. ii. 302 f.; type. 304. 305 ... ; uo ... ; destruction of Palmyra. language. 325 f.; organisation of :III". gentes. 334 f. Aurelius Antoninus. Marcus. Germany Berenice. sister of Agrippa II.• ii. 219. under. i. 160; Chattan war. 161; Berenice. Trogodytic. ii. 280. 284 .... Roman wall in Britain attacked. 188; 286. 288. 297. Marcomanian war. 229 f.; his quali­ Beroe. i. 240. ties. 23"; progress of war. 232 f. ; Berytus. ii. I2 I; Latin island in the takes name of Germanicus. 234; East. 130; factories in Italy. 139'" terms laid down for the vanquished. Bescera, ii. 3I9. 234; second war. 235; death. 235; Bessi. i. I2. 209 ... Parthian war under Marcus and Verus. Bether. ii. 225. ii. 74 f.; embassy to China. 302, Betriacum. i. 130. 143. Aures. ii. 317. 318. 320. Biriparach. ii. 80. Ausonius. i. 109. u3. u4", Bithynia. i. 323. 3"4. 330; Greek set­ Autonomy. idea of. ii. 120. tlements in. 330 r.; Hellenism of. Autricum. i. 91. 330 f.; place in literature. 331; Go. Auzia. ii 319. 325. thic raids. 245. Aventicum. i. 129. Bithyniarch. i. 346. Avesta, ii. 10. Blaesus. Quintus Junius. ii. 318. Axidares•. ii. 66 ... Blemyes. ii. 250 .... "77 .... "78. Axomis. kingdom of. ii. 281 ... ; extent Bocchus. ii. 309. 310. 3Il ". and development. 282 f.; Rome and Boeotian league. i. 259. ,,65. the Axomites. 284 ; envoys toArvidian. Bogud. ii. 308 r.• 310. 3Il ... 284; relation to piracy. 298. Borani. i. "43. "45. INDEX. 3S 1

Bosporan kingdom. i. 242; Greek towns crossing Euphrates. ii. 22; arrange­ of. 244. 3Z2; kings. 3Z4",; extent ments as to JUdaea. 175 f.; African of, 3z4 f.; coins. 317 .... 3zS; titles. policy. 307 f.; Italian colonists in 3z6 ... ; military position. 316 f.; Africa. 332. court. 3IS ; trade and commerce. 319. Caesar. Gaius. mission to East. ii. 3S f. ; Bostra. ii. 95; plain around. 144 f. ; meeting with Phraataces. 39; early legionary camp at. 153; importance death. 40. of. ISS ; Hellenic basis. ISS. C!le5araugusta. i. 68. Boudicca, i. 179. lSI. Caesarea in Cappadocia. i. 332; ii. Boule. the. in Egyptian cities. ii. 236 ... 101 f. Bracara. i. z6. Caesarea (lol). province of. ii. 313. 314. Breuci. i. 23. 3a i:. Brigantes. i. Z7S. lSI. IS2. ISS. Caesarea Paneas. 'ii, 65. Z47, 151. Brigetio. i. 22S. Caesarea Stratonis. ii. 182. 186 f.; in­ Britain. Caesar's expedition. i. 170; surrection. 205 f•• 209 f.; obtains designs of Augustus. 171; reasons Roman organisation. 2z8. for and against occupation. 172 f.; Caesarion. ii. 25 .... 26 ... conviction of its necessity. 173 f.; Caesian Forest. i. 124. occasion for the war. 174; arrange­ Calama. ii. 319 ... , 329 .... 335 11. ments for occupation. 174' ... ; its Calceus Herculis. ii. 3z9. , course. 175 f.; Roman towns. 176 f.; Caledonia abandoned. i. 184 ; probable resistance in West Britain. 177 f.; grounds for this 'policy. 184 f.; under national insurrection. 179 f. ; subju­ Severus. 189. gation of the, West, ISO f.; of the CaIigula. Gaius Caesar. incapable of North. IS2; Caledonia abandoned. serious plans. i. 172; declines .. great 184; grounds for this policy. 184 f.; number" of statues. ,291; the East diversities of race. ISS; fortifying of under. it 45; pardons Aretas. 151; northern frontier. IS6 f.; wars in treatment of Jews. 191 f.; Jewish second and third centuries. 18S f.; deputations to, 193 f.; orders bis Roman fleet. Z 89; garrison and ad­ effigy to be set up in the Temple. 195; ministration. 190; taxation and levy. death. 195. 190 f.; communa,l organisation. 191 ; Callaecia, Roman. i. 63 f.; separated prosperity. 192; roads. 192; Roman from Lusitania. 65. manners and culture. 193; country Ca1Iistus, ii. 102 n •• 103. houses. 194; scholastic training. 194. Calybe, i. 303. 305 ... Brixia, i. 191. Camalodunum. i.' z70. 171. 175. 176, Bructeri. i. 36. 51. 133. 145. 180. 192 f. Burdigala. i. 1I3. Camels in Africa. ii. 340. Burebista. i. 10. 216. 220, 309 f. Camunni. i. 15 f. Burgundiones. i. 167. Canabae. i. 168. Burl, i. 221, 224. Canal. Egyptian. ii. 279. 2S0. 297 f. Burnum. i. 203. Canatha. ii. 147; temple of Baalsamin, Burrus. ii. 206. 156 ; .. Odeon." 157. Busiris. ii. 2SZ. Candace. ii. 275 .... 276. 277. Buthrotum. i. 295. Cane. ii. 296. Byzacene. ii. 336. Canius Rufus. i. 76. Byzantium. i. 246. 292. 305. 306 ... , Cannenefates. i. 36. 97 .... 121. 126 f •• 308• I3Z. 139. 141• Canopus. ii. 258 ... ; decree of, 260. CABINET.SECRETARY. imperial. ii. 272 f. Cantabri. i. 65. 66, 67. Cadusians. ii. 88 ... Cantonal system of Spain. i. 71. 72 ... ; Caecina. Aulus. governor of'Moesia. i. of Gaul. 90 f.; influence of. 94; can­ 40 f.; march to the Ems. and retreat. tons represented in diet. 95 .... 96 ... ; 52 f. in Britain. 191. Caedicius. Lucius. defence of Aliso. i. 48. Cappadocia. i. 323. 324; inland. 332 ; Caesar. Gaius Julius. measures for Dal­ division into praefectures. 332; Greek matian war. i. f f.; Romanising of accent of. 333 ; ii. 19. 41. 63, southern Gaul. 86; policy as to can­ Caracalla. Severus Antoninus. campaign tons of Gaul. 92 f.; Britannic expe­ against Alamanni. i. 162; named dition and aims. 170; project of GetiCU!. 139; Parthian war. ii. S7; 352 INDEX.

assassinated, 88; treatment of Alex­ Christianity in Syria, ii. 126; Syriac andria, 263; uniting the vices of three Christian literature, 124; Christian races, 126, 340. symbols, 141; effect on Christians of Caratacus, i. 175 f., 178. destruction of ] erusalem, 220 r.; Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 n. Christians not, like Jews, a nation, Caren, ii. 6, 46, 84- 226 n.; Christianity and Judaism, Carnuntum, i. 23, 198, 206. 229 f.; Christians and the imperial Carnutes, i. 9 I. cultus, i. 348; conception of the per­ Carpi, i. 238 t secutions of the Christians, ii. 198 n. Carrhae; ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, II4- Chrysogonus, i. 245. Carteia, i. 68. - Cidamus, ii. 316. Carthage, ii.307, 330, -331, 341. Cilicia, i; 323, 324; piracy in, 334; Carthage, New, i. 68. becomes province, 334- Cartimandus, i. 182 f. Cimbri, i. 37. Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. Cinithii, ii. 317. II2 f.; death, II3. Circesium, ii. 91, 95 n. Caspian gates, ii. 62 n. Circumcision, ii. 224; prohibited, 228 Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 n., 262. n.,229· Cassivellannus, i. 170. Cirta, ii. 310, 3II n., 319, 332, 342. Castra Regina, i. 197. Civilis, i. 130 f. ; siege of Vetera, 133 Cattigara, ii. 302. f.; capitulation of Romans, 138; last Catualda, i. 61, 215. struggles, 141 f. Caucasian trihes, ii. 35, 36,61,68, 72 n., Classieus, Jnlius, i. 137 f., 139. 73,91 n. Claudius I., emperor, a true Ganl, i. Cavalry recruited mainly from Ganl, i. 98; cancels restriction of Gallic fran­ 107· chise, 99; rising of Chauei, 125; Celtil' inScriptions, i. I~O n.; divinities, directs withdrawal from right.bank oj 104 f.; language; Itt Ganl. Rhine, 125; occupation of Britain, Cenomani, i. 91. 172, 175 f.; Jazyges under, 216; Census of Ganl, i. 84. re-establishes old arrangement in Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. 140 f., 142, Greece, 276; policy of Claudius in 180, 183. the East, ii. 45; death, 49; policy Cernunnos, i. 104. towards the ] ews, 199 f. ; directs his Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 n. works to be read publicly, 271. Chaeronea in the civil wars, i.267. Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, Chalcedon, i. 245. i. 247 f. ; renewed fortifying of Dan­ Chalcidian peninsnJa, i. 300. ubian frontier, 248. Chandragupta, ii. 13. Cleopatra, iio' 25 n., 27, 178 f. Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 n. Clitae, i. 336. Charibae1, ii. 294 n. Clubs, i. 353, 354 n., 356. Chariomerus, i. 146. Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 352 n. 240 no Cogidumnus, L 176. Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295. Colonate, i. 237. Chatti, i. 27, 28, 29, 51, 133; take the Columella, i. 76. lead, 149; Chattan wars, 150 n.; Column of Trajan, i. 124.( under Domitian, 151 n., 158 ; under Commagene, ii. 19; annexed, 41; king. Marcus, 161, 197, 230 f. dom revived by Gaius, 45; province, Chauci, i. 28, 29 ; renewed rising, 36, 63 n., n8; 43 ; settlements and attitude, 121; Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. revolt, I25. 188; frontier - regnJation in Dacia, CMmi, ii. 251. 228; character, 236; peace with Chemmis, ii. 235. Marcomani, 236. Cherusci, i. 27, 28, 29; nsmg, 36; Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140. under Arminius, 43, 52, 60; later Coptic, ii. 244. position, 146. Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 n. China, embassy to, ii. 302. Corbnlo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Chosroes, ii. 66. Frisians, i. 125; directed to withdraw Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135. from right bank of Rhine, 125 ; sent Chrestus, ii. 199 n. to Cappadocia, ii. 49; character oj INnEx, 353

troops, 50; offensive against Tiri· Daphne, ii. 109; pleasure - garden, .dates, 52; in Armenia, 53 n.; capi- 128, 129 n. tulation of Paetus, 57 n., 58 n.; con·· Dari:lani, i. 9, 12, 299. clusion of peace, 58.60; partiality of Decapolis, ii. 146 n.· Tacitus's account, 57 n.; 58 n.; 60·n. Decebalus, i 220 f., 223. Corduba in Latin literature, i. 75. Decianus, i. 76. Corinth, treatment of, i. 257; Caesar's Decianus Catus, i. 180. atonement, 260 f. Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, Com drawn from Egypt, ii 239 f. i. 240; conflicts with Goths and re- Correetons, i. 279 t: lief of Nicopolis, 240; death. 241. Corycus. epitaphs of Christians at, i. Declamations in Gaul, i. II4. 359 n., 361 no Deeumates (agri), i. 152 n., 196 f. Costoboci, i. 242. Deiotarus, i •. 339 f. Cottius of Segusio, i. 16, 18. Dellius, ii. 32 n. Cotys, i. 210 n.' De1minium, i. 203. Cragus-Sidyma, i. 355 f. . Delos, i. 258, 269 ; De1ian inscriptions. Cremna, i. 335, 337, 338. ii. 257 f. Crete, i. 323, 324, 343. Dentheletae, i. 12. Ctesiphon, ii.· 3, 8, 28, .17, 79, 83, Deultus, i. 307. II3. Deva, camp of, i. 178, 193. Cugerni, i. 33, 124 n. Dexippus, i. 239 n., 241 n., 243 n .• Cunobelinus, i. 171 n., 174. 175. 246 n., 247 n., 281. Cyprian, ii. 345.; Diegis;i. 221. Cyprus, i. 323, 324, 343; Jews in, ii. Dio of Prusa, i. 268 f., 274, 293 221 f., 223, 226. n., 366 f.; address to Rhodians, i Cyrene. i. 323 f.'; Pentapolis, 343; 270 f• .. peasants," 343; categories'of popu· Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and lation, ii. 165 n.; Jewish rising in, . SaJonae, i. 203 f.; Sarmatian victories. 221, 223, 234 n. 250; Persian war 'under, ii. 110 f•• Cyzicus, i. 330. 348. terms of peace, II 5; revolt in Egypt, 25%; edict, as to grain, 251 f., as to DABEL, ii. 149 n., 151. linen, 254 n.; resolves to cede the Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dodecascboinos to Nubians, 277 f. Dacian war, i 10; internal troubles, Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. I I ; raid to Apollonia, 13; war of 250 no Lentulus, 42; Dacian language, 208 ; Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 no Daci under Tiberius, 217 ; war under Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. 14, 24 • Domitian, 219; cbronology of it, Thracian god. 209. 220 n. ; war under Trajan, 221 f. ; Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296. second war, 222 f. ; Dacia an ad. Dioscurias, i. 242. vanced position, 228 t: ; loss of Dacia, Dmer, ii. 149, 153. 24X. .~ Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 n., 277 n •• Daesitiatae, i. 38 f., 41. 278 n. Dalmatia, war, i. 8 f.; towns with Dodona, i. "297 n. Roman franchise, 10; DaJmato.Pan. Dolabella, Publiils Cornelius, ii. 318. nonian rising, 38 f.; Italian civilisa. Domitianus: careful administration, i. tion, 201: ports, 202; state of 108; restricts number of vines, 108 interior, 203; prosperity under Dio. f.; wars with the Chatti, . ISO f.; con­ cletian, 203 f. struction of the .. Flavian altars," Damascus, environs of, ii. 144; Greek, 153; Dacian war, 219 f.; defeated 146; under Nabataean protection, by Marcomani, 221; gives urban 148 n. ; relation to Aretas, 149 n. ; rights to Philippopolis, 307. Jews in, 167;. Jews put to death, Domitius Mer, Gnaeus, i. III. 2 0 9. Double names in Egypt, ii. 244. Danava, ii. 95, 153. Drobetae, bridge at, i. 222. Danube, region of i. ax f.; boundary Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. 104 f.; of empire, 23, 195 t:; fleet, 205; prohibited by Tiberius aI\d Claudius, army, 218 t:; military position after 105; schools of priestS, II2; ill Trajan, 225; primacy of Danubian Anglesey, 185. armies, 250. Druidesses, i. 106. VOL, II. 23 354 INDEX.l

Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Eirenarchs, i. 351 n., 353. Raeti, i. 16, 17; sent to the Rhine, EIagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123. ""; Gennan war, ,,6 f.; expedition Elateia, i. 242. to North Sea, ,,8; death of, "9 f.; Eleazar, ii. 207, "08, 214, 215. character, ,,6, 30; German tribes Eleazar of Modein, ii. "24 n. subdued, 1"3 f. Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74. Dubnovellaunus, i. 171 n. Elentherolacones, i. 260. Durocortorum, i. 89, 90. Ells, i. 261 ; flax of, 29'" Durostorum, i. 227, 309. Elymais, ii. 7 •. Dusaris, ii. 153; Dusaria, -153 n. Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218. Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. "33. Emona, i. 10. 20, 198. 206. Dyme, letter of governor to, i. "37 n., Ephesus, i. 329, 360, 361. ,,60 n. Epictetus, i. "73. I?ynamis, i. 313. Epidapluu, a blunder of Tacitus, ii. Dyrrachium, i. "01, 299, 301. 128 n. Epirus, i. 294 f.; northern, i. 297. EARTHQUAKES in Asia Minor, i. 358. Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. "33 n., Eburacum, i. 183, 186, 193, 194. "42 n., 246, "47, 249. Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28. Eratosthenes, ii. "41 n. Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 10", Esus, i. 104- 125 n. Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. Education in Gaul, i. II2 f.; in Asia 193 n_ Minor, 362 f.; in Africa, ii. 341 f. Euergetes, title of, ii. "38. Egypt: annexation, ii. "32 f.; exclu­ Eumolpidae, i. ,,81. sively an imperial possession, 233 f.; Eupatorids, i. 314- twofold nationality, "34; land-dis­ Euphorion, librarian ~to Antiochus the tricts and Greek cities, "35 f.; coinage, Great, Ii. 130. 237 n.; absence of land-diet, "38; Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. I; Romano­ government of Lagids, "38f.; imperial Parthian frontier-regions, 19; recog­ administration financially, "39 f.; re­ nised as boundary, 21; customs-dis­ venues, "39 f.; privileged position of trict, 70 f., 97 n.; Romans on left Hellenes, "40 f.; personal privileges bank, 77; need of watch, 118 f. ; as in Roman period, "42; native lan­ route for commerce, 278 f. guage, "43; titles of Augustus in, Europus, battle at, ii. 76. "44 n.; abolition of resident court, Euryc1es, i. 283. "44 f.; officials, general and local, Ex.getts in Alexandria, ii. 248 n. 246-"48; insurrections, "49; in the Eziongeber, ii. "S8 n •• Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), "49 f. ; Ezra, ii. 161. revolt under Dioc1etian, "51; oppo­ sition emperors, "51; agriculture, FADUS, Cuspius, ii. 204. 251; granary of Rome, "52 f.; re­ Faustinopolis, i. 333. venue from imperial domains, "53 n., Favorinus, polymath, i. IIO f. "54; trades, "54; linen, "54; papy­ Felix, Antonius, ii. "0". 204. rus, "55; building materials, 256; Filosoji locus, ii. 342. navigation of Mediterranean, "57 f.; Finnus in Egypt. ii. III n. population, "58; manners, "58 f.; Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 n •• 193. religious customs, "59 f.; sorcery, If Flavian altars," i. 153 n. 261; other abuses connected with Florus, Gessius, ii. 206. the cultus, 261 ; revolt of the" Herds­ Forath, ii. 98 n. men." 261 f. i Alexandria, 262*273; Forum Julli, i. 86. 'strength of occupying army, 273 f.; Frankincense routes. ii. 286 n •• 288 n •• :recruited from camp-children, "74; "99· task of the troops, 274; east coast Franks, i. 163, 165, 167; settled on .and general commerce, 278 f. ; canal, Black Sea, 250. - "79 f.; sea -route to India, "79; Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. 181. -eastern ports, 280; relations with Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. "34- west coast of Arabia, ,,84 f.; land­ Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342. routes and harbours, 297; piracy re­ Frisians, i. 27,28, 43, 97 n., 121, 124, pressed, 298; active traffic to the 126 n., 129, 131. 145. -east, 298 f. Furtius, i. "33 f. INDEX 3SS

Fuscus. Arellius. i. 365. Geneva, i. 91. Fuscus. Cornelius. i. 11110. Gens and civitas, ii. 334 n. Georgius, murder of, ii. 265.' GABINIUS. Aulus. ii. 174 f .• 1132. Gerba, ii. 338. Gades, i. 68. 74 f. j Gaditanian songs. Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, 75· i. 41; in· sole command on the Gaetulians. ii. 304. 322 n •• 323 f. Rhine, 49; course after death of Galatia. i. 323 f .• 336. 338 f.; Galatian Augusttis, 50; renewed offensive,5I kingdom. 339 f.; province. 340; f.; expedition to the Ems, 50 f.; in):labitants. 340 j former cantons. campaign of the year 16, 53 f.; dis­ 341; language under the Romans. aster to his fleet, 54; recall, 55 ; aims 341 f. ; Galatians as soldiers. 342; and results of campaigns. 55-59; garrison of. 350. triumph, 62 j mission to ·the East, ii. Galatarchs. i. 344 n.; Julian's letter to. .40; its results, 41 f. 349 n. Germany and Germans: Rhine-boundary, Galba. i. 130; ii. 198 n •• 213. 1. 25 f.; war' of Drusus, 26 f. ; Roman Galenus of Pergamus. i. 366. camps and base, 31 f. ; organisation Gallicus.Gaius Rutilius. ii. 64 n. . of province, 35; altar for Germanic Gallienus. energetic action in Germany. cantons, 35, XI8; rising under Ar­ i. 163; victory over pirates at Tbrace. minius, 42 f.; character of Romano­ 1146; character. 247; murder. 247; German conflict, 49; abolition' of recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f. command-in-chief on the Rhine, 55; Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of. ii. Elbe frontier and its abandonment, 290 f.; Sti'abo's account of it, 291 n. 56-59; Germans against Germans, Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f. 60; original· province, XI7; Upper Gallus, Trebonianus. i. 240 f. and Lower, XI8 f. ; strength of the Gauna, i. 146. armies, 119 n.; right bank of Rhine Gannascus, i. 125. abandoned, 125 f.; position after Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318. fall of Nero, 127; consequences of Gaul, administrative partition of, i. 33 Batavian war, 143 f:; later attitude n.; acquisition of Southero. 78; later of Romano-Germans on left bank, 144 conflicts in three Gauls, 79 f..; Celtic f.; free Germans there, 145; Upper rising under Tiberius, 80; gradual Germany, 147 f.; Limes, 154-160; pacification, 81; rising after, Nero's distribution of troops, 156 n., 159 n.; death, 82, 136 f.; Romanising policy, under Marcus, 160; later wars, 161- 82 f.; organisation of the three 167; Romanising of, 167; towns GanIs, 84 f. ; law and justice. 85; arising out of' encampments, 168; Romanising of Southern province, 88 Germanising of the Roman state, its f.; cantonal organisation. 90 f.; in· beginnings and progress, 168 f.; pic­ fluence of cantonal constitution, 92; ture of, by Tacitus, 169. smaller client-unions. 92 n.; diet, 94 ; Gerusia, i. 353, 354 n. altar and priest, 94; composition of Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323. the diets, 95 f.; officials, 94 n., 95 Getae, language of. i. 20B. n.; restricted Roman franchise, 98 f. ; Gibbon, i. 6. Latin rights conferred on individual Gindarus, battle of, ii. 113. communities, 99; Celtic language, 99 Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. f.; evidences of its continued use, 272• 101 ; Romanising stronger in Eastern Glass of Sidon, ii. 137 ; glass-wares, Gaul, X02 i land measurement, 102; 255· religion. 109; economic condition, Gods, Iberian, i. 75; Celtic, in Spain, 106; culture of vine, 108; network of 75 n.; British, 193; Syrian, ii. 123 ; roads, 109 ; Hellenism in South Gaul, Egyptian, 235, 260 f. 110 ; Latin literature in Southern pro­ Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 n. vince, XI I ; literature in imperial Gaul, Gordianus, • I conqueror of Goths. II i. XI2; constructive and plastic art, XI4; 239; Persian wars of, ii. 91. extent of the three Gauls, XI7; attempt Gordiou Kome, i. 330. to establish a Gallic empire, 137-141. Gorneae, ii. 48 n. Gaza, ii. 1110. Gotarzes, ii. 7 n., 12 n., 46, 47. Gedrosia, ii. 13. Goths: migrations, i. 238 j Gothic wars, Gelduba, camp at, i, 144 f. 239; under Decius, 240.t. ; invasions INDEX.

of Macedonia and Thrace. 240 ; Hebron. iL 213. maritime expeditions. 243 f.; victories Hecatompylos. ii. 4. of Claudius. 247 f.; character of Heliopolis. ii. 121. 123. these wars. 248. Helladarch i. 255. 265 .... 344 ... Graupian Mount. battIe of. 183 f •• 190. Hellenism and Panhellenism. i. 252 f. Great-king. ii. 7. Helvetii. i. 27. 92. 93. 99. II7. II9. Greece: Hellas arid Rome. i. 253; 128; .. Helvetian desert." 152. towns under republic. 256; city­ Hemesa. ii. 103. 106. 109 C.; oU­ leagues broken up. 256 f. ; revived. , presses near. 136 n. 259 ; freed communities and colonies. Heraclea (Chersonesus). i. 305. 312; 258'- 261; decay of. 261; decrease coins of. 315 ... of population. 268; statements of Hercules in Gaul. i. 106. Plutarch. Dio. and Strabo. 268 f. ; Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. 366 n. tone of feeling. 270 f.; good old Hermunduri. L 31. 38. ISO f •• 158. 1114 C. manners. 271 1:; parallel between Herod the Great. iL 176 f .• confirmed Roman and Athenian life. 273; mis­ by Antonius as tetrarch. 177; king of rule of provincial administration. 275 ; Judaea. 178; under Augustus. 179: misrule in towns. 276; clinging to government in relation to the Romans. memories of past, 280; religion. 280 ; 179 f. ; in relation to the Jews. 180 : worship of pedigrees. 280 1:; lan­ character and aims, 180 C. : energy guage--archaism and barbarism. 281 of his rule, I8l1; extent of his do­ f. ; great families. 283 f.; career of minions, 182; partition of his king­ state-offices. 284 f. ; personal service dom, 183; revenues of. 187 n. ; of the emperor. 285; municipal a,d­ territory beyond the Jordan. ii. 146 ministration. 285; Plutarch on its f. ; represses brigandage, 147. duties. 286; games. universal in­ Herod Agrippa I •• iL 49. 191. 194 r.. terest in. 287-290; municipal ambi· 200. tion. its honours and toils. 290 f.; Herod Agrippa II.• it 152. 171. 173 ... , trade and commerce. 292 f. ; roads. 181. 183. 207. lI08. 209. lII9. 294; piratic invasions, i. 245 f.; de­ Herod Antipas. ii. ISO. scription of Greece from the time of Herod of Chalcis. iL 201. Constantius. L 293 n. Herodes Atticus. L 281. 282. 283 .... Greek islands. places of punishment. 284. L 343. Herodians. ii. 218. Gregorius Nazianzenus. L 333. Heroonpolis. it 261. Heruli. t 246 f. HADRIANOI. i. 328. Hiera Sycaminos. ii. 276 n. Hadrianus : 'Hadrian's wall. i. 186; Hieronymus, i. 101. disaster at Eburacum. 188 n.; Pan­ Hilary of Poitiers. opinion ofhis country- hellenism at Athens. 266; grants to men, i. 83. Athens, 277 I: ; his Novae AtMnfll!. Hippalus. ii. 299. 278 ; Olympieion. 278; evacuates Hippo, ii. 310. 319. 328. 339. Assyria and Mesopotamia. and re­ Homerites. ii. 286 f.; coinage. 287 C•• stores Armenia as vassal-state. ii. 71. 290; later fortunes. 294; united with 72; Jewish rising under. 223 f. ; lays kingdom ofAxomites. 295 n. ; com­ out Antinoopolis. 236: gives excep­ mercial intercourse of. 296. tional right of coining, 237; alleged Homonadenses. i. 335 f. letter to Servianus, 256 n. .. Had­ Hordeonius Flaccus. i. 132. rian's road" in Egypt. 297 n. Hyginus. i. 75. Haedni, i. 80. 99. Hypatia. murder of. ii. 265. Hairanes, Septimius. ii. 97 n. Hyrcanus. iL 174. 175 n., 177. 179. Harmozika, ii. 64- Hasmonaeans. ii. 161. IAPYDES. i. 9. Hatra, ii. 69. 78, 79. 89. Iazyges, i. 216. 220. 230. 234. HaurA.n. red soil. ii. 144; mountain­ Iberians. range and language. i. 69: pastures. 145; cave - towns. 147; Romanising. 69 r.; north of Pyrenees. robbers. 147 n. : bilingual inscrip­ 79; coinage. 79 ... tions. 148 n.; forts. 153; agricul­ Iceni. i. 179. ture. 154: Ledji. 154; aqueducts. Iconium. L 336 r. ISS ; buildings. 156. Jdiologus. iL 247 n. INDEX, 357

Idumaea. ii. 1113. 1114. body. 169 f.; Philo. 170; Roman Igel column. i. 115 1: government and Judaism. I11 f. ; 19i1gili. ii. 324- policy of Augustus, 111 f.; of Tiber­ Illyrian stock. i. I99 f. ; range and ius. I12; treatment in the West. 1111; character. 199 f.; admixture of Celtic and in the East. 113 f.; treatment by elements. 1100 f. Gaius. x91 f.; Jew-hunt at Alex­ Illyricum. relation to Moesia, 1. I4 n. ; andria. I92:f. ; statue of emperor in erection and extent of province. 110 f. ; the Temple. 194 f. ; impression pro­ rising' in. 39; admiuistrative sub­ duced by the attempt. 195; hatred division. 195. 1101; excellence of of emperor - worship depicted in the Illyrian soldiers. 1150 f.; Illyrian Apocalypse. 196-198 n.; treatment by emperors. 1151. Claudius. 199 f.; preparations for the India, commercial intercourse with. ii. insurrection. 1101 f.; high-priestly rule. 300 f. 1102; Zealots. 1103 f.; outbreak in Indus. region of. ii. 13 f. Caesarea. 1105 f.; and in Jerusalem. Inguiomerus. i. 52. 60. 6I. 1106 f. ; struggle of parties. 1108 f. ; Insubres, i. 91. extension of the war. 209; war of 101 (Caesarea). ii. 3Il. 321. Vespasian. 210 f.; forces. 2Il n. ; Iran. empire of: Iranian stocks and first and second campaigns. 213; rule. ii. I f.; religion, 9 f.; Bactria Titus against Jerusalem. 213; task bulwark of Iran, 18. See Persia. of assailants. 214 f.; destruction of Irenaeus. i. 101. Jerusalem. 215; breaking np of Isauria. i. 334 f •• 331. Jewish central power. 216; central Isca. camp of. i. 178. 193. worship set aside. 216 f.; tribute Isidorus (leader of .. herdsmen"). ii. transferred to Capitoline Jupiter. 211 1162. , f.; territory becomes domain -land. Isidorus. geographer. ii. 39. 218 n.; further treatment. 219 f. ; Isis. i. 1180 ; ii. 266. consequences of catastraphe. 220; Istachr; see Persepolis. Palestiman Jews; 220 f.; rising under Isthmus of Corinth. piercing of. i. 1194- Trajan. 221; under Hadrian. 223. 225 Istria. i. 1100. n.; position in'second and third cen­ Istras. i. 1139. turies. 225 f.; toleration of worShip. Istrapolis. i. 13. 226; corporative unions. 226 f.; Itala version of Bible. by whom pre- patriarchs. 221 n.; exemptions from, pared. ii. 343 n. and obligations to. public services, Italica. i. 61. 227. 228 n.; circumcision prohibited. ltalicus. i. 146. 228 n.; altered position of Jews and Italy. northern frontier of. i. 1 f.; ceases altered character of Judaism in the to be military. 1151. imperial period. 229. 230. !vernia. i. 178. 182. 184. John of Gischala. ii. 214- Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46. I61. Joppa. ii. X15 .... 176. Josephus. on cave-towns of Hauran. ii. JAHVE. ii. 160. 161. 169. 141; ,account :of Titus's council of Jamblichus. ii. 16 n •• 123 n •• 131. war. 211 n.; value of statements in Jannaeus Alexander. ii. 1611. the preface to his History of the Jerusalem. standing garrison. ii.;[86 ; Jewish War. ii. 205 ... destruction of. 215. 1118; colony of Jotapata. ii. 212. Hadrian. 1124 n. See Judaea. Juba I •• ii. 308. Jews: Jewish traffic. ii. I41 f.; Pariah Juba II.• ii. 312. 313. 338 n.; his Col­ position in Rome, 142 f. ; Diaspora. lectanea. ii. 39. 293 n. X42, 162 f. ; at Alexandria. 162 n" J udaea: distinction between' Jewish land 163; at Antioch. 163; in Asia and Jewish people. ii. x60; priestly Minor. 163 n.; Greek language com­ rule under Seleucids. 160 f.; king­ pulsory. 163 f. ; retention of nation­ dom of Hasmonaeans. 161; Phari­ ality. X64 f.; self-governing commu­ sees and Sadducees. 161 ; under the nity in Alexandria. 165; extent of the republic. X14; Caesar's arrangements, Diaspora. 166 f.; proselytism. 166 f.; X15 f.; freedom from dues. x15 n.; Hellenising tendencies. 167; Jewish­ Parthians in Judaea. I11 f.; under Alexandrian philosophy. 168; Neo­ Herod. 180 - 182; under Arche1aus, Judaism. 168 f. ; fellowship of. as a x83 f.; Roman province. 184. 185 n.; 35 8 INDEX

provincial organisation, 186; military Lindum. i. 182. force in, 186; tribute, 186 f.; native Linen. Syrian. ii. 137. 138; Egyptian, authorities, 187; deference to Jewish 254 n• scruples, 189 f.; the Jewish 'opposi­ Lingones. i. 102, 139. 140; testamen tion. 190 r. See also Jews. of man of rank among, i. 107. Judaism; see Jews and J udaea. Logistae, i. 353. Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198. Lollius. Marcus. defeat of. i. 26. Jugurtba, war with, ii. 307. Londinium. i. 177. 180, 192. J ulianus defeats Dacians at, Tapae, i. Longinus (Pseudo-), on the Sublime, ii. 220. 168.231. Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley­ Lucanus. i. 76. wine. i. 108; reply to " beard­ Lucian of Commagene. ii. 131 ; on the mockers .. of Antioch, ii. 135. Syrian goddess. 134 n.; (Pseudo.), Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. XI5. ' parallel between Roman and Athenian Juridicus. ii. 247 n. life, 273 f. Jurisprudence. studied at Berytus, ii. 130. Lugii. i. 37, 215, 220. Juthungi, i. 161, 166. Lugudunum, i. 87-90. Lusitania, i. 63. 64; towns with bur. KAINEPOLIS, ii. 75 n. gess.rights in, 68. Kanata and Canatha. ii. 146 n. Lutetia described by Julian. i. 109. Kanerku. ii. 16. 17 n. Lycia. i. 323 f., 333; Lycian cities­ Kerykes. i. 246. 281. league, 333. King of kings. ii. II. Lydius. robber-chief, i. 337. Lysimachia, i. 303. 322 n. LABEO. Claudius. i. 136. Labienus, Quintus. ii. 22, !o3. MACEDONIA. frontier of. i. II f.; extent Lachares. i. 283. under the empire. 298 f.; nationalities. Lactantius, ii. 345. 299 f.; 'Greek polity. 300 f.; diet. Lactora. i. 97 n. 300; economy. roads and levy. 301 f.; Laetus, ii. 79. Macedonians at Alexandria. ii. 164. Lagids. government of, ii. 238; finance 165 n. of. 239 r., 241. Machaerus. ii. 215. Lambaesis, ii. 319. Macrianus, Fulvius. ii. 102 n'J 103. Lancia. i. 66. Macrinus. ii. 88. Langobardi. i. 35. 37, 146, 230. Mactaris. ii. 339 n. Laodicea, i. 327, 360; ii. 130. Madaura. iL 341. Larisa. i. 298. Madeira. dyeworks at, ii. 323. 338 n. Lalifundia. iL 334. Maeates, i. 189. Latin version of Bible. ii. 343 n. Magians, ii. 10. 84- Latobici in Carniola. i. 200. Magnesia on Maeander, i. 325, 329. Latro. Marcus Porcius, i. 76. Malchus. ii. 151. Lauriacum. i. 198. Mamaea. ii. 90. Leagues of Greek cities, i. 259, 264 n. ; Marble quarries, i. 292. diets, 264 f. Marcianopolis, i. 308. 310. ~tulus. Gnaeus. Dacian war, i. 42. Marcomani, i. 27; retire to Bohemia, Leptis. Great, ii. 316. 326. 327. 328. 29 ; isolated. 31 ; under Maroboduus, Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 37. 60 f.; under Roman cIientship. 291• 214 f.; war under Marcus Aurelius, Leuga. i. 103. 229 f.; invasion of Italy, 231; pesti. Lex Julia II., i. 10. lence. 231; progress of war, 232 i Libanius, description of Antiocb, ii. submission of Quadi. 233; terms of, 129 II. 234 ; second war, 235; results. liI35 Library of Alexandria. ii. 271 f. f. ; conclusion of peace by Commodus, Libyans. ii. 304. 317. 236• Licinianus. Valerius. i. 76. Mareades, ii. lor n. Limes, meaning of, i. 122 II.; Limes Margiane (Merv), ii. 18. Gennaniae. 122. f.; Upper Germanic. Mariaba. ii. 287 n., liI92, 295. 154 f.; Raetiae. ISS f.; construction Mariarnne, ii. 177, 181. of. 156. 197; object and effect of Mariccus, i. 129. these structures. i. 157-160. Marmarica.j·, ')15. INDEX. 359

Marnus. temple of. it 133. Moesia. i. 12 ; SUbjugation by Crassus. Maroboduus. i. 37. 43. 48. 60 r. 13. 212 ; relation to Illyricum. 14 ", ; Marsi. i. 51. province. 22; Latin civilisation of. Martialis. Valerius. i. 76. ~ 213 ; legionary camps. 213 n •• 218. Mascu1a. ii. 319. 227; Greek towns in lower. 308 f. ; Massada. ii. 215. mints in. 308 n. Massilia, 1. 78. 79. 86. 1I0. Mogontiacum. i. 32. 49. 1I8. 149. Massinissa. it 305. 309. 168. Mattiaci. i. 33. 133. 149 ", Mona. i. 178. 179. 180. 182. Mauretania. Roman dependency.. ii. Monachism cradled in Egypt. ii. 267. 308; two Mauretanian kingdoms. Monaeses. ii. 24. 26. 28. 29. 31. 310 f.; Roman civilisation in. 320 f.; Monobazus of Adiabene. it 54- Gaetulian wars. 322; incursions of Montanus. Votienus. i. III. Moors into Spain. 324 n.; colonisa­ Months. Persian names of. ii. 85 n. ; tion of Augustus. 333 ; large landed Palmyrene. 96 n. estates. 333 f. Morini. i. 80. Mauri. it 304- Mosaic pavements in Britain. i. 194- Maximianus. Galerius. it 1I4- Moselle valley. i. lIS f. Maximinus. expedition into heart of Museum of Alexandria. president of th Germany. i. 162; Mesopotamia falls ii. 248 n.; savants of the. 268 f•• to Ardashir. ii. 91. 271 n .• 272. Maximus. Terentius. ii. 65. Musulamii. ii. 317. 318. 319 ", Mazices. ii. 303. 324- Muza. ii. 289. 296. 299 n. Media. it 4. 6. 10. Muziris .. ii. 301. Mediolanum. i. 91. Myos Hormos. ii. 280. 288. 297. 298. Mediomatrici. i. 141. Megasthenes sent to India. ii. 130. NABATA. ii. 275. 281. 282 n. M_gistantS. ii. 5 r. Nabataea: language and writing. it 146; Meherdates, it 46. kingdom of Nabat. 148; its extent Mela, Pomponius. i. 76. and power. 148 f.; Nabataean in­ Menahim. ii. 208. scriptions. 148. 149 n.; king subject Menecrates. pbysician. i. 366 n. to the Romans. ISO; coins of. ISO Menippus of Gadara. ii. 131. n.; Greek designations of magistrates. Meroe. it 275. 277. 181 f.; merged partly in Roman pro­ Mesembria. i. 305. vince of Arabia by Trajan. 152; wor­ Mesene. ii. 68. ship. 153; Phy1archs. 154- Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians. ii. N aissus. i. 248. 21 ; Vologasus in. 55; occupied by Namara. stronghold of. ii. 153. 157. Trajan. 68; revolt of Seleucia and Napoca. i. 228. siege. 68 f.; Roman province. 68. Narbo. i. 78 f.• 86. 70 f.; evacuated by Hadrian. 72; Narcissus. i. 175. again Roman province under Severus. ~aristae. i. 237. 79; battle of Nisibis. 88; falls to Narona. i. 202. Ardasbir. 91; reconquered by Gor­ Narseh. ii. II4 n. dian. 91; but ceded by Philippus. Nasamones. it 316. 92 ; struggle under Valerian. 100; Nattabutes. it 319 ", action of Odaenathus. 104; once Naucratis. ii. 235 n •• 236 n. more Roman under Caruso 1I3 n. ; Nauplia. i. 293. invaded by Narseh. but recovered by Nauportus. i. 8. 198. Diocletian. 1I3-1I5. Neapolis. F1avia. it 218. Messalla. Marcus Valerius. vanquishes Necho. ii.. 278. the Aquitanians. i. 80. Neckar. region of the. i. 152 f. Minaeans. ii. 285 n .• 286 n .• 290. 295~ Negrin. oasis of, ii. 320. Minnagara. ii. IS. 16 n. N eith. sanctuary of. ii. 260. Minucius. Felix. ii. 345. Nelcynda. ii. 301. Mithra, worship of. ii. %26. Nemausus. i. 87; temples. 106 ; coins. Mithradates I •• ii. 4. S. 1:10. Mithradates. brother of Pharasmanes. ii. Neocorate. i. 346 f. 43. 45. 46 n .• 47. Ned. i. 353. Mithradates of Pergamus. i. 313, 340. Neo-Judaism. ii. 269. INDEX.

Neo-Platonism. ii 126. 209- Ordovici. i. 178. 182. Neo-Pythagoreanism. ii. 269. Orodes. ii. 21. lala. la3 f.• 43. Nero. report of Aelianus as to Moesia, Orontes valley. ii. 134. 141. "j. 217; attempt to pierce the Isthmus Osicerda, coin of, i. 70. of Corinth. 294; under Burrus and Osiris worship. ii 266 n. Seneca. ii. 49; aims of the government Osrhoene, ii. 88. in the East. So. 51; Parthian war Otho. defeat of. i. 128. under. 55 t.; intended Oriental expe­ Oms. ii 83. dition. 61 f.; Vologasus on Nero's memory. 62; confiscations in Africa, PACORUS I •• son of Orodes. ii. 21. 2la. 334; Pseudo-Nero. ii. 62. 64- 23· Nicaea, i. 245. 329. Pacorus. Parthian king in time of Tra­ Nicanor. Julius. buys back Salamis. i. jan. ii. 65 n. 278• Paetus. Lucius Caesennius. it 56 f.: Nicephorium. ii 76. 94. II4- capitulation at Rhandeia. 57 f.; re­ Nicetes of Smyrna. i. 365. " called. 59. Nicolaus of Damascus. ii. 167 t Pahlavi language. ii. II. 12 n •• 85. Nicomedia. i. 245. 329. 345; Dio's Palikars. i. 207. llddress to. 330 n. Palma. Aulus Cornelius. ii. 152. Nicopolis. Epirot. i. 254. 295 t Palmyra. ii. 92 f.; predatory expedition Nicopolis on Haemus. i. 240. 307. of Antonius. 93; military independ­ Nicopolis. suburb of Alexandria. ii 274- ence, 93. 94 n.; distinctive position. Niger. Pescennius. ii. 77. 78 n •• II 8. 93 [; administrative independence. Nile: Nile-flood. ii 252. 253; Nile- 95 f.; language. 95 f.; votive inscrip­ route for commerce. 278. tions. 96 n.; magistrates. 96 f.; Nisibis. ii. 68 f.. 76. 78 .... 79. II5 ; .. Headman." 97; official titles, 97 battle at. 88. 91. ...; customs-district. 97 n.; com­ Nomes. constitution and distinctive .mercal position. 98; under Odaena­ features of. ii. 235 f.; agoranomy in. thus. 103 [; under Zenobia. 106- 235 f.. 239 n.; presidents of "the IIO; destruction. III f.; chronology. nomes. 248 t 1:II ". Nonnus. epic of. ii 268. Pamphylia, i. 324; coast towns. 333 f.; Noreia. i. 198. earlier rulers. 334: assigoed to Noricum. province of. i. 18. 196; Italis­ governor of its own. 336. ing of. 197 [; military arrangements. Panhellenism. i. 252 f.; Panhellenes. 198; townships. 199- 265: Panhellenion of Hadrian. 266 Novae. i. 227. n.: letters of recommendation. 267 Novaesium. i. 132-136. 141. 142. n.: Olympia, 288 f. Novempopulana. i. 197. PaDDonia. province. i. 22: first Pan­ Noviodunum. i. 87 n. nonian war. 22 f.: Dalmatio - Pan­ Noviomagus. i. II9. 120. nonian riSing. 38 f.: military arrange­ Nubians. ii.275. 278. ,ments. 204 f.; urban development. Numidians. ii. 304; Numidia in civil 206 f.; camps advanced. 219; pros­ wars. 307 ; a province, 307. 310. perity. 229. Panopeus, i. 290. OBODAS. ii ISO. 290. Panopolis. ii. 235. Octavia, ii 27. 32. Panticapaeum. i. 305. 3Ila. 313. 315 Odaenathus. Septimius. ii. 97 ... n .. 316 [. 318. 319. Odaenathus. king of Palmyra. ii 103 Papak. ii. 87 n. n.; campaigo against Persians. 104 Papyrus. ii. 255 n. f.; assassination, 106 JJ. Paraetonium. ii. 235 ... Odessus. i. 13. 315. Paropanisus. ii 14- Odrysae. i. II. laog f •• 304. 306 ... Parthamaspates. ii. 69. Oea, ii. 316. 327. Parthia and Parthians. rule of, ii. la t : Oescus. i. 2140 309. Parthians Scythian. 3; regal office, Ogmius. i. 104- 5 ; Megistanes. 5. 6 n.; satraps. 6; Olbia, i. 239. 242. 305. 310 n., 3II. as vassals. 7; Greek towns. 8; Olympic games. i. 288 f. counterpart to Roman empire. 9; Ombites. ii 261. 262. language. II [ ; coinage, 12; extent Onias, tenipl~ of. closed. ii. 217. of empire. I2 f.; wars between Par- INDEX,

thians and Scythians, 18 i Romano· Philhellenism of the Romans, i. 276 r. Parthian frontier-region, 19; during Philippi, i. 301, 303. the civil wars, 21 i at Philippi, 22 i Philippopolis, i. 2II, 232, 260, 304, in Syria and Asia Minor, 22 i Uudaea, 30 7. 177 f.] i seizure of Armenia, 45 n. i Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed occupation of Armenia, 47 f. i war emperor, ii. 91 f. i cession of Euphrates under Nero, 55 f. i the East under the frontier, 92, F1avians, 61 f. ; coinage of pretenders, Philo, Neo-Judaism, ii. 170; deputa­ 65 n.; war under Trajan, 65 f. i his tions to Gaius, 193; silence ac­ oriental policy, 70 f. i reaction under counted for, 196 n. Hadrian and Pius, 71 f. ; war under Phoenician language in Africa, ii. '326 Marcus and Verus, 74 f. i wars under f., 328 n. Severus, 77 f. i wars of Severus Anto­ Phraataces, ii. 39. ninus, 87 i beginning of Sassanid Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38. dynasty, 80 f., 89 i Partho-Indian em­ Phrygia, Great, i. 325 ; language, i. 328; pire, ii. IS f., 17 n. coins and inscriptions, 328. Parthini, i. 9. Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 n. Parthomasiris, ii. 66 n., 67. Picti, i. 189. Patrae, i. 260 f., 292 f., 297. Piracy in Black Sea, i. 242 f.; expedi. Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 n. tions to Asia Minor and Greece, 245 Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, r. i in Pisidia, 334 f. i in Red Sea, ii. ii.I30• 298• Patronatus, c~ntracts of, ii. 329 n., Piraeus, i. 278, 293. 330 n. Pirustae, i. 41. Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. Pisidia, independence, i. 334 i subdued 149 n. by Augustus, 335; Pisidian colonies, Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. 179 f., 336; brigandage in, 351. 181, 182 ; ii. 313, 323. Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. 24 f. Pedigrees, i. 287 f. Pityus, i. 242, 243 f. Pentapolis, Pontic, i. 308 f. i coinage Pius, Cestius, i. 365. of, 309. Plataeae, i. 266 n., 267 n. Pergamus, i. 326, 329, 345, 350. Plautius, Aulus, i. 175, 177. Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83. Plotinus, ii. 126. Persian empire, extent of, ii. I f.; see Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. 272; Sassanids. account of bis countrymen, 272 i on Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 n. ; population of Greece, 268~ character king of, 7 i royal dynasty, Sassailids, of, 274 f.; view of municipal duties, 81. 286, 290. Pertinax, He1vius, i. 233. Poetovio, i. 18, 23, 205, 206. Petra, client-state of N abat, ii. 65; Polemon, i. 313; ii. 24, 35. residence of king, 148; traffic-route, Polis and Nomos, ii. 237. lSI, n. 288; constitution under Politarchs, i. 300 n. Hadrian, ISS; structures of, 156; Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48. rock-tombs, 157. Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. 233. Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. Pompeiopolis, ii. 102. 276• Pontus, province organised by Pom­ Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, peius, i. 331 f.; annexation of king­ ii. 194. dom of, ii. 61. Pessinus, i. 341, 342 n. Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167. Phanagoria, i. 315, 319. Porphyrius, ii. 126. Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43,47, 53. Portus, mariners' guild at, ii. 257 n. Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73. Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133. Pharisees, ii., 161, 183, 188, 208. Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, Pharnaces, i. 312, 339. proclaimed emperor in Gaul, i. 164; Phamapates, ii. 23. takes Cologne, 165 i falsifications of Pharsalus, i. 298 n. the Imperial Biographies in his case, Phasael, ii. 177 f. 164 n. Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. 360. Potaissa, i. 228. Ph adelphia (in Syria), ii. 146. Praaspa, ii. 29. Philae, ii. 276, 278. Praefectus, ii. 233 n., 246, 247 n. INDEX

Prasutagus, i. 176. Rhapta, ii. 289. Premis, ii. 276. Rhetoric, professors of, at Treves, i. Priests in Asia Minor, i. 348. 89 n.; professorship of Greek, at Princeps: position as to Egypt, ii. 233 f. ; Rome, ii. 272. princeps et undecim primus, 335 n. Rhetors in Alexandria, it 264 n. Priscus, Statius, ii. 75. Rhine, boundary, i. 25 ; camps on left Priscus, governor of Macedonia, i. 240. bank, 31 f.; positions on right bank, Proaeresios, ii. 268 n. 33 f.; canal to Zuider-Zee, 28, 34; Probus, opens vine-culture to provincials, dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, i. 109; resumes aggressive against 34; Rhine-army as bearing on Gaul, the Germans, 166 f.; transfers Bas­ 81 ; Rhine lleet, II9; army of Lower tarnae to Roman bank, 249; subdues Rhine, 147 n. Lydus in Isauria, 337; delivers Egypt Rhodians, Dio's address to, i. 270 f., from Palmyrenes, ii. 108, 250, 277; 285. xestores water-works on Nile, 253. Rhoemetalces, i. 40, 209 f. PrUlJincia, alleged use of term, ii. 233 n. Riff in Morocco, ii. 321, 324. Prucheion, ii. 250, 251. Roads in Spain, i. 74; in Gaul, 109 f.; Pselchis, ii. 276. road-measurement in Gaul and Ger· Pseudo-Nero, ii. 62, 64 f. many, 102 f. i in Britain, 192; in Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of An­ Greece, 294; in Asia Minor, 358; tonius, ii. 25. in Egypt, ii. 297; in Mrica, 339. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, ii. 280. Roman empire, character of its history Ptolemaeus, king of Mauretania, ii. as compared with that of the republic, 312 f. i. 3 f.; value of authorities for it, 4 ; Ptoleinais, "Greek" city in Egypt, ii. nature of task assigned to it, 4 f. ; 235, 236• object and limits of the present work, Ptolemais .. for the Chase," on Red 4-6; its -divisions, 6; northern fron­ Sea, ii. 280. tier of, 7f. Ptolemies, court of the, ii. 245 f. Roxolani, i. 217, 238. Punic inscriptions, ii. 326 n. Punt, ii. 285 n. SABAEANS, ii. 158, 286, 290. Purple dyeworks, Syrian, ii. 137. Sabinus, Julius, i. 137, 139. Puteoli, called Little Delos, ii. 139 n. Sabinus, Oppius, i. 220. Sacae, ii. 14; Sacastane, IS; empire QUADI, i. 214, 229, 230, 233, 234, on Indus, 16, 17, n. 237· Sacrovir, Julius, rising of, i. 80 f. Quadratus, Ummidius, ii. 48 f., 202. Sadducees, ii. 161. Quarries, Egyptian, ii. 256. Sagalassus, i. 337. Quietus, Fulvius, ii. 103. Sa1abus, ii. 323. Quietus, Lusius, i. 222; ii. 69, 223, Salassi, i. IS; extirpated by Augustus, 19. 322 n. Salice (Ceylon), ii. 301. Quinquegentiani, ii. 325 n. Salonae, i. 202, 204, 232. Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, i. 77. Samaria, ii. 187. Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, i. 336; Samaritans, ii. 160. ii. 136, 188, 315. Sanabarus, ii. 16 n. Sapor, ii. 91; title and policy of con- RAETIA, affinity of Raeti, i. 196; sub­ quest, 99 f. jugation, 16, 17; organisation, 17 Sapphar, ii, 295. f.; war in Raetia, 161; late civili­ Saracens, ii. 158 f. sation, 196; military arrangements, Sarapis, ii. 265, 266 n., 268; festival of, 197; Raetian limes, 197. ii. "58n. Ratiaria, i. 214. Sardes, i. 327, 330. Religion in Spain, i. 75; in Gaul, 103 Sarmatae, ii. 43. f.; in Britain, 193; in Greece, 280 ; Sarmizegetusa, i. "21, 228. in Asia Minor, 350; in Iran, it 9 f.; Sassanids, ii. 3 f.; official historiography, in Syria, 123 ; in Egypt, 265, 266 n. 3 n.; legend of, 81, 85 f.; dynasty of Resaina, battle at, i,i. 91 ; 95. Persis, 81 ; extent of Sassanid king­ Rhadamistus, ii. 47 f. dom, 82; distinction between Sassa­ Rhagae, ii. 4, 28. nid and Arsacid kingdoms, 82 n.; Rhandeia, capitulation of, ii. 56, 57 f. official titles of ruler, 83 n.; church INDEX

and priesthood, 84 f.; languages of Silures, i. 111 f., I19, 181. the country under, 85 f.; new Persians Silvanus Aelianus. Tiberius Plautius. i. and Romans; 86 ; strike gold pieces, 211. 86 f.; chronology, 89 n.; East for­ Simon, son of Gioras. ii. 214. feited to Persians, 101. Singidunum, i. 213, 228. Satraps, ii. 6. Sinnaces, ii. 44. Saturninus, Gaius Sentius, i. 38. Sinope. i. 331 f. Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, i. ISO. Siraci. i; 316 n •• 317. 319. Sauromates, i. 311, 314 n., 3I7 n. Siscia. i. 9. 205. Savaria, i. 205, 206. Sittius, Publius, ii. 31I n., 332. Saxa, Decidius, ii. 22. Skipetars, i. 199. Saxons, i. 60 f., 161. Slaves. treatment of, in Greece, i. 213; Scapula, Publius Ostorius, i. 178. traffic in, through Galatia. ii. 360. Scarbantia, i. 206. Smyrna, i. 325 f., 329, 346, 354; Jews Scaurus, Marcus, expedition against at, ii. 163 n. Nabataeans, ii. 149 f. Sohaemus of Hemesa, ii. 49. Scironian cliffs, i. 294. Sohaemus, king of Armenia, ii. 75 n., Scodra, i. 200. 126. Scordisci, i. 200 f., 300. Sophene, ii. II5. Scoti, i. 189. Sophists, addresses of, i. 363 f. ; Asia Scythians, ,i. 239, 242, 243 n., 31I; Minor takes the lead in, 365. (Asiatic) ii. 14, IS, I7. Sostra. dam at. ii. 102. Segestes, i. 43, 46, 51, 62. Spain. conclusion of its conquest, i. 63 Segusiavi, i. 88 n., 92 n. f.; visit of Augustus to organise, 64'; Sejanus, ii. 112 n., 113. triumphs over, 63 n., 64; warfare in Seleucia (in weStern Cilicia), i. 334- north of Spain, 64 f.; military organ­ Seleucia Siderus (in Pisidia), i. 336, 331. isation and distribution of legions, 65 Seleucia (in Syria), ii. 127 n., 128. n. , 66; incursions of Moors, 61; Seleucia (on the Tigris), ii. 8, II, 43, introduction of Italian municipal law, 44, 45, 68, 71, 19, 85, 1I3, 12 1. 61 ; diffusion of Roman language, 10 ; Seleucids, ii. 3 al. cantons, 71; broken up, 12; levy, Seleucus, saying of, ii. 245. 13; traffic and roads, 13 f.; religious Selga, i. 331, 359. rites, 75; Spaniards in Latin litera­ •• Seminumidians and Semigaetulians," ture, 15-11. ii·341• Sparta, treatment of, i. 259 f. Semnones, i. 146, 161. Statianus, Oppius, ii. 29. Senate and senators excluded from Statues, honorary, i. 291 n. Egypt, ii. 233 n. Stobi, i 301. Seneca, M. Annaeus and L. Annaeus, i. Successianus, i 2# 16• Suebi, i 60 f., 206, 214, 216. 220. Septuagint, ii. 164. Sufetes, ii. 329, 330 n. Sequani, i. 80, 99, 139. Sugambri, i. 26, 21, 28, 30, 33, 124; Seres, i. 302. probably=Cugerni, 124 n. Servianus, letter (of Hadrian 1) to, ii. Sulis, i. 117, 194. 256 n. Suren, ii. 6, 84' Severianus, ii. 14. Syene, ii. 256, 280. Severus, Alexander; see Alexander Syllaeos, ii. 291 n. Severus. Symma.chus, i. II3. Severus Antoninus; see Caraca1la. Synhedrion of Jerusalem, constitution Severus, Septimius, Wall of Severus, i. and jurisdiction, ii. 181 f.; disappears" 181 n.; conflicts in Britain, 189; 211. death at Eburacum, 189, 269; Par­ Synnada, i. 326. thian wars under, ii. 11 f.; title of S;ynoekismos, i 295 f. Parlkieus, 18 n.; partition of Syria, Syria, conquest of, ii. II6; boundaries u8. , of territory, II1; provincial govern­ Severus, Sextus Julius, ii. 224 f. ment, and its changes, II1 f.; parti­ Sicca, ii. 332. tion into Coele-Syria and Syro-Phoe­ Sido, i. 216, 229. nicia, II 8; troops and quarters of Silk, Chinese, ii. 302; silk of Berytus, legions, 63 n., II 8 n. ; inferiority in ii. 131f. discipline, 66 n., 119 f.; Hellenising INDEX

of. :t20 f.; Syria = New Macedonia, Thessaly. i. 1297 f.; diet in Larisa. 298 X2X; continuance of native language, Theudas. ii. 204. 121 f.; Macedonian native and Greek Theudosia. i. 315. names. 121 f.; worship. 123; later Theveste. ii. 317. 320. 339. Syriac literature. 124"-; Syro-Hellenic Thrace: dynasts and tribes. i. 13 f. xniIed culture. 125; minor Syrian vassal-princes. 14; war of Piso. 12, authorship. 130 f.; epigram and f•• 1210; Thracian stock. 207 £ ftuilleton. 130 f.; culture of soil. 133 language. 208; worship. 209; priD f.; wines of. x37; manufactures. 137; cipate, 209 f.; province. 2IO f.: risini commerce. 137 £; ship-captains. X38 under Tiberius. 21I; garrison ani n.; Syrian factories abroad. 138 f. ; roads. 212 f.; Hellenism and Roman Syrian mercbants in the West. 139 n. ; ism in. 212 f.; Hellenism imported Syro -Christian Diaspora. 140 n.; 302• 304; Philip and AlexandeJ wealth of Syrian traders. 140; country 303; Lysimachus. 303; empire c houses in valley of Orontes. 141; mill­ Tylis. 303; later Macedonian ruler.; taryarrangements after 63A.D•• 210n. 304 ; Roman province. 304 £; Gree Syria. Eastern. conditions of culture in. towns in. 305; strategies of. 306 no ii. 144 £; Greek influence in. 145 f.; townships receiving civic rights frot inhabitants of Arabian stock. 145; Trajan. 307; .. Thracian shore." i Pompeius strengthens Greek urban 212. system. 146 ; civilisation under Roman Thubursicum. ii. 336. rule. 153 £; agriculture and com­ Thubusuctu. ii. 325 n. merce. 154; buildings. 156; south Tiberias. ii. 183. Arabian immigration. 158. Tiberius. assists Drusus in Raetia. i Syrtis. Great. ii. 306. 316. 16. 17; first Pannonian war. 22 f. 1205; German war. 30 f.; resign TACAPAE. ii. 314- command on Rhine. 35; reconcilia Tacfarinas. ii. 313. 314. 317. 318. tion with Augustus. 36; resume Tacitus. dialogue on oratory. i. Il3; command. 36; further campaigns i' picture of the Germans. 169; narra· Germany. 36 f.; expedition to Nort tive of war in Britain criticised. Sea. 37; campaign against Marobod x81 n. uus. 37 f.; return to Illyricum. 40 f. Tadmor. ii. 92 n. again on Rhine after defeat of Va.ru! Talmud. beginnings of. ii. 219. 1231. 48 f.; recall of Germanieus. 55 Tanais. i. 315 n •• 31g. German policy. 55; motives fc Tarraco. i. 64. changing it. 56· 59; Gallic risin Tarraconensis. towns in the. i. 68. under. 80; Frisian rising. 124; road Tarsus. ii. 101 122. making in Dalmatia. 203; procure Taunus. i. 33. 148. recognition for Vannius. 215 ; Dacian Tava (Tay). i. x83. 186. under. 217; takes Greece into hi Tavium. i. 341. 342 n. own power. 276; small number ( Taxila. ii. 14 "- statues. 29% f.; leads force into AI Teachers and salaries at Teos. i. 362. menia. ii. 37 f.; again commissione TeimA. description of. ii. 128S no to the East. but declines. 39 ; missio Temple-tnbute. Jewish. ii. 169. 173; of Germanieus to the East. 40 £ temple-screen, tablets of warning on. Artabanus ,and Tiberius. 42 f. ; missio x89 "- of Vitellius. 42 f.; movement agairu Tencteri. i. 126. 27. 1124. 133. 139 f. Aretas. x5x; treatment of the Jew! Tenelium. ii. 335. 172; attitude towards Jewish custom! Teos. decree as to instruction. i. 362. x89. %90; war against Tacfarin8.! Tertullian. ii. 342. 34.5- 317 f. Tetrarch. title of. ii. 177 "- Tigranes. brother of Artaxias. investe Tetrieus subInits to Aurelian. i. 166. with Armenia by Tiberius. ii. 37 Teutoburg forest. i. 53. 55. 38• Thaema. il. 148 no Tigranes. installed in Armenia b Thagaste. ii. 34%. Corbulo. ii. 54 f. Thamugadi. ii. 319. Tigranocerta, ii. 45. 54- TheInistius. i. 342. Tigris. boundary of. ii. 71. lIS no Theocracy. Mosaic. ii. 160. Timagenes. ii. xo6. Thessalonica, i. 300 f.. 302. Timarchides. Claudius. i. 283 n. IN.DEX.

Timesitheus. Furius. ii. 91. Tyana, i. 333: ii. 109. Tingi. i. 67 : ii. 360 f •• 312 f •• 314. 321. Tylis, empire of, i. 303. 331• Tyra, i. 226. 239, 242, 244. 305, 310. Tiridates. proclaimed king of Parthia Tyrian factories in Italy, ii. 138 n. under Augustus. ii. 34. 35. 37. Tiridates set up as king of Parthia in opposition to Artabanus. under Ti­ UBII, i. 25, 35, 97. 98 r., 102, II7. berius. and superseded. ii. 44. II8. II9, 1:34. 136: Roman town of, Tiridates I.. king of Armenia. brother 168. Ulpia Noviomagus, i. 168. of Vologasus I .• ii. 52. 53. 54. 55. Ulpia Traiana, i. 168. 58, 59. 60 [and ii. II]. Tiridates II.. king of Armenia under Universe, anonymous treatise on, ii. Camca.lla. ii. 87. 168. Tiridates. king of Armenia under Sapor. Usipes, i. 26. 27. 51, 124, 1:33, 150. Utica, ii. 33 I. ii·99· Titus. against Jerusalem. ii. 213 f.; Arch of, 216: refuses to eject Jews at VABALLATHUS. ii. 106 n •• 108. Antioch. 219. Valerianus, Publius Licinius, conquers Togodumnus. i. 175 r. Aemilianus, i. 241 : piratical expedi­ Tombstones. Gallic. i. II6. tion of Goths. 243 f.; character, 247: Tomis. i. 13, 227 n •• 305, 308: Ovid's ii. 100; capture by the Persians. description of, 309: Mariners' guild, 100 II., :rOI II. 310 n. Vangio, i. 215, 229. ·Town-districts in Egypt, ii. 235 f. Vannius, i 215, 216. Trachonitis, ii. 144: see HaurA.n. Vardanes, ii. 45, 46. Trajanus, M. Ulpius: military road from Varus. Publius 'Quintilius. chamcter. i. Mentz towards Offenburg, i. 153: 44: defeat and death, 45-47: locality settlements in Upper Germany, 160: of the disaster, 47 n.: governor of mission tbither, 160 n.; Dacian waI, .Syria, ii. 1:84- 221 f.; second Dacian waI, 222 f.: Vascones, i. 66. column in Rome, 224 f. ; confers civic Vatinius, Publius. i. 89. rigbts on Tbracian townships, 309; Veleda, i. 140. 1:42. 1:45. Parthian waI, ii. 65 f.; death, 69 f.; Veneti, i. 200. triumpb accorded after death, 70; Verulamium. i. 179, 180, 193. Oriental policy, 70 f.; erects province Verus, Lucius, character of. i. 232 f.: of Arabia, 143; Jewish rising under, in the East, ii. 75. 221, f.; enlargement of Egyptian Verus, Martius, ii. 75. canal, 297 f. Vespasianus: municipal organisation in Transport-ship, Egyptian, ii. 256, 257 n. Spain, i. 69, 73: proclaimed as Trapezus, i. 245, 332; ii. 35, 53. emperor, 1:28: instigation of Civilis. Trebellianus Rufus. Titus, i. 2II. 1:30 f.; consequences of Batavian waI, Treveri, i. 80, 93. 94, 102, 136, 137, 1:43 f.; takes possession of .. Hel. 1:39,140• . vetian desert," 152; pushes forward Treves, primacy in Belgica, i. 89; sub­ camps on the Danube, 219; Eastern sequently capital of Gaul, 89: receives arrangements. ii. 62 f.; Jewish waI, Italian rigbts, 99. 210 f.; possessing himself of Rome Triballi, i. 12. througb corn-fleet, 252; nicknamed Triboci, i. II7, 140, 147. the .. sardine-dealer" and " sa-far­ Trinovantes, i. 1:70, 171 n.. 180. thing-man," 263. Tripolis, ii. 314 f. Vestinus, L. Julius, ii. 273 ... Trismegistus. Hermes, ii. 261, 266 n .• Vetera (Castra), i. 32. 49. u8, 1:33. 268. 138• Troesmis, i. 227. Via Augusta in Spain, i. 74 i in Gaul. Trogodytes, ii. 280, 286. 109 f. Trogus Pompeius, historian of Hellenic Via Claudian, i. 20. type, i. IIo, Via Egnatia, i. 302. Trumpilini, i. IS. Victorinus, Gaius Aufidius, i. 230. Tungri, i. 133, 136. Vienna, i. 87, 88 n •• 91. Turan, ii. 12. 17, 45. Viminacium. i. 212, 213. 228, 241. Turbo. Quintus Marcius, ii. 223. Vindelici, i. 1:6, 1:7, 196. ~66 INDJiX.

Vindex, rising of, i. S2, 127, I2S f. WEAVING in Asia Minor, i. 360. Vindex, Marcus Macrinius, i. 234- Wio,es, Gallic, i. 109. Vindobona, i. 206. Vindonissa, i. IS, II9, 140, 159. XENOPHON, of Cos, physician, i. 361 n. Vine-culture in Gaul. i. lOS f.; restricted by Domitian, lOS; on Moselle, 109. ZABDAS, ii, 105 n., 107, 109'- Viroconium, camp of, i. ,17S. IS2. Zaitha, ii. 92. VitellillS" Lucius, i. 12S, 129, 130; ii. Zarai, tariff of, ii. 338 n. 42, 43. 44. 213. Zealots, ii. 191, 203 f., 207, 20S. Vocula, Villius, i. 132,,134-136, 137, Zenobia, government of, ii. 106 f. ; claim 138• to joint-rule, 106 n.; occppation of Volcae, i. 86 f., 93. Egypt, 107, 249 f.; Ailrelian against, Vologasi,as, ii. 47, 65, 98 n. 108; battle of Hemesa, 109 f.; cap­ Vologasus I., ii. 47, 49, 52, 54 f., 57. ture, 110. 62, 63, 64, 65 n. Zenodorus, of Abila, ii. 147. Vologasus IV., ii. 74. Zimises, ii. 322 n. Vologasus V., ii. 77 f. Zoelae. i. 72 n. Vonones, ii. 40, 41. Zoskales, ii. 283. Vorodes, Septimius, ii. 104 n. Zula, ii. 280.

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