119
- Notitia Bucharest century rd which figures which Dacia Ripensis [email protected] Institute of Archaeology, , flotă.
, fleet. Vasile Pârvan Vasile MIHAIL ZAHARIADE MIHAIL Notitia Dignitatum atunci când Dacia traiană încă exista la nord la exista încă traiană Dacia când atunci , Dunărea, frontieră riverană, Dacia Traiană, is offered by offered is SECTION
Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula , , Danube, river frontier, Trajan’s Dacia, forts, Trajan’s , Danube, river frontier, deţinea o poziţie importantă pe frontiera dunărea frontiera pe importantă poziţie o deţinea Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula cohors , , cohors , century (more specifically from the Constantinian period to period Constantinian the from specifically (more century Dacia Ripensis th auxilium , auxilium Itinerariul Antonin , Dacia Ripensis Antonine Itinerary cuneus held an important position on the Danube Imperial frontier. It most likely most It frontier. Imperial Danube the on position important an held , cuneus , legio , legio DACIA RIPENSIS RIPENSIS DACIA , NOTITIA DIGNITATUM (XLII) DIGNITATUM NOTITIA Dacia Ripensis century installations, oriented at that time towards the powerful Decebalus-led towards the Dacian time that oriented at century installations, IN st THE THE Dacia Ripensis care înfăţişează practic reformele constantiniene, deşi alte câteva faze mai recente sau mai , Dacia Ripensis castre, surse literare şi geografice, limes : literary and geographic sources, limes, of the previous 1 previous the of witness a was he which to and him before decades two or one with begun process a ended Aurelian state. been have adjustments Further moment. the of requirements strategic the by abiding army, Roman the in 4 out all The period. Tetrarchic in out carried covered the southern stretch of the Trajanic Dacia. Basically, the first elements of the new mid 3 mid new the of elements first the Basically, Dacia. Trajanic the of stretch southern the covered Danube defense system seems to find their first structures duringGallienus’ reign, Trajan’s while Dacia occupation the resuming in consisted process the Practically, existence. in still was Danube) the of (north la care asistase ca ofiţer în armata romană, supunându-se noilor cerinţe strategice ale momentului. Noi Tetrarhiei. Imaginea globală a armatei romane din modificări au fost efectuate în vremea în secolul IV, mai precis din perioada constantiniană până la sfârşitul secolului, este oferită Dignitatum de târzii în evoluţia sistemului sunt de asemenea detectabile prin dovezile epigrafice. nă. Frontul ei riveran acoperea cel mai probabil porţiunea care a corespuns întinderii frontierei dunărene frontierei întinderii corespuns a care porţiunea probabil mai cel acoperea riveran ei Frontul nă. a Daciei traiane. De fapt, primele elemente ale noului sistem defensiv dunărean la mijlocul secolului III Gallienus, lui domniei timpul în originile găsească îşi să par de Dunăre. Practic, procesul reconstituirii apărării pe Dunăre a constat în reluarea ocupării instalaţiilor anterioare din secolul I, care fuseseră orientate la vremea respectivă către puternicul stat dac condus de Aurelian Decebal. a încheiat un proces început cu un deceniu înaintea lui, în timpul lui Gallienus, şi the end of the century) picture of the army in basically the Constantinian arrangement, although some more earlier or later phases in the evolution of evidence. the system are discernable due to epigraphic As a new province, În calitate de nouă provincie imperială, provincie nouă de calitate În Rezumat: Cuvinte-cheie Abstract: Key-words: Thraco-Dacica S. N., Tomul VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), 2014-2015, 119-154 2014-2015, VI-VII (XXIX-XXX), Tomul N., S. Thraco-Dacica 120 2 1 frontier oftheEmpire cia, theriverlinebecameagainpartofnorthern the under Danube urban andcountrysidelifesouthofthe prosperous cia, in 271 or 274/5 (fig. 1). Thus, after 170 years of before the official abandonment of the Trajan’s Da shortly conceived new sectionmusthavebeen and west, the to reka, frontier of The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII)
The militaryoccupationoftheDanubestretchsouth Tra There isonlyonemonographicapproachof Nonetheless, thenumberofspecificallyorientedstudies ube (PorţiledeFier/IronGatesIandII)cameintobeing. building twosizablehydropowerstationsacrosstheDan promoted oncethecommonRomanian-Jugoslavprojectof of sites.IntenserescueexcavationsalongtheDanubewere focused onspecificlarge areasorindividualsitesgroups as aprovinceinitsentirety(Vetters 1951). Archaeologists The new context. be thoroughlyrevisitedandarchaeologically reassessedina military activity(cf.Gudea2001a, 35-36and Tab. 2)must tor, andinitially attributedbysometothe2 and archaeologicalartifactsfound alongsidethisriversec (Petolescu 2010,166-167). Thus, theepigraphicmaterial tive ofapeacefuleconomicand sociallifeinLowerMoesia tians andpossiblyfreeDacianswhichopenedtheperspec solid diplomaticarrangementsin118/119 withtheSarma have becomeevenmoreuselessonceHadrianestablished back ofaheavilydefendedterritory. Suchaplanningwould from humanandmaterialresourcesviewpointtoprotectthe viewpoint. There wouldhavebeenhighlyunproductive 218; Petolescu2002,37-43),madenosensefromastrategic strength ofca.55,000meningarrison(Macrea1969,215- Utum east ofthemouthsCernaRiver, between the contrary, tomaintainmilitaryforcesalongtheDanube power centerinthe Tisa plain(Gudea1977,223-236).On Dalmatia, twoprovincesdirectlyexposedtotheIazyges position, readytointerveneintheneighboringDaciaand amount ofauxiliaryregimentswerestillinanoperative VII Claudia Sarmatians, intheBanatregion,wheretwolegions, Taliata it seems,alongthe Timiş-Cerna corridor, the sector between south-western boundaryof Trajan’s Daciawasfinallyset,as communication waterthoroughfareoftheEmpire.If of therivereitherasastilldefenselineoraninterior our opinion,theproblemresidesinassessingsouthbank 88; 2000a,292-298; Petrović 1980,53-62;Benea1981,23-32;Gudea1996,49- jan’s Daciabetween106and275hasbeenmuchdebated: sim; Petrović-Vasić 1996,15-26;Ivanov1997. 1983, 542-560;1986,Mansuelli1984,13-36pas Velkov 1976,85-93; Tudor 1978 Mirković 1968;Gudea1974,173-190;1982,93-113; 2001; 1901, 1975-1976;Swoboda1939; Tudor 1960,335-364; Kanitz between1882and1914(seebibliography);Brandis text andfootnotes.Notablecontributionswerebrought: ally; theywillfindtheirdueplaceinthereferences Dacia Ripensis different areasandobjectivesontheterritoryofformer and articlesasbasiccontributionsfortheknowledgeof Introduction , behind Trajan’s Dacia,aheavilyarmedprovincewith and Singidunum andthe Dacia Ripensis cates as stretch of the Danube river cates asstretchoftheDanube Dignitatum Notitia is toolarge tobementionedhereindividu IIII Flavia 2000b, 15-24;2001a,29-45;41-42. aegis formedanopen 2 . oftherobust Trajan’s Da Utus as well as considerable aswellconsiderable 1
4 , 416-470; Vasić, Kondić Vt eswr. This eastward. (Vit) h frs t Porečka at forts the (further limes nd Dacia Ripensis -3 against the againstthe rd Taliata ND century century ) indi and and In In ------pire’s diplomatic and military control, a buffer zone the Em under gripped a territoryapparently forged shows actuallythattheRomanadministration Gepids). in formerDacia landscape The post-provincial Sarmathians, Vandals, Carps, (Goths, populations with neighbouring treaties concluded of themostprobable provisions and thepolitical the abandonment of tioning juridically the province Trajan’s Dacia. of Romanized to liveinformer which continued communities number significant a was There there was no vacuum produced by the withdrawal. evidenceshow,authorities, but, as archaeological the accompanied have could government Roman the immediate economicand social interestsof the to bonded strongly communities of civilian number army; a territorial structuresandtheoperational personnel, who took over the new south Danubian process organized mainly theadministrativeandmilitary envisaging an was Dacia Trajan’s from its 1 particular ments and forts, the latter of quite different types different quite of latter the forts, and ments of theregi terrain; thecharacterof distribution mountainous specific a with course Danube the of combination the by marked environment, specific to adistinctand scheme of thedefensive aptation aspects: thead veals aseriesofquiteoutstanding of the riverlinein reoccupation control oftheterritorynorthDanube. for amanageable but suitable invasions of major asortof‘softlimes’,freestress be considered cia Ripensis sion. at leastuntiltheHuns’north oftheDanube, inva creation of any sort of barbarian state structure the its goalofnotallowing The Empireachieved region. the of parts considerable re-annex even and garrison, troops in to maintain of theDanube, north and militarycrisisunfolded in somepolitical its territory, implied theEmpire’ legacy to intervene former Trajanic Dacia,orat least alargepartof graphic finds in as shownbytheepi north asmuchneeded, further expanded have been control could military bly remainedunderthe Empire’s occupation; the kingdom. structures similar to the 1 of state to preventanyestablishment intended There must have beenan Aurelianic edict, sanc 3 late The The partially Gallienic and large scale large and Aurelianic Gallienic partially The Within theseparameterstheriverfrontierof A stripoflandnorththeriverhaveostensi st etr crusacs Te withdrawal The circumstances. century limes rd may have become sufficiently lax to lax sufficiently become have may century strategic situation onthis strategic situation century Tibiscum section differed significantly from significantly differed section (Jupa). The protection of st century Decebalus-led Dacia Ripensis Da re ------121
; - ; 9. ; 2. Utum - Aelia Sostica Byzan Sucidava Crispitia ; 5. Taliata which remain Mihail Zahariade Mihail Translucum ; 8. ND Siosta . displays 12, while (no. 7) and 7) (no. in the Roman Empire, has been dated lately by ; 4. TP It. Ant It. Transdrobeta , a name commonly used for Dacia Mediterranea. Transalba cursus publicus Transdrobeta ; 7. century on. th and and its last update in 293 see: Cuntz, 1929, ; 3. century function although, surprisingly, although, surprisingly, century function , is mentioned; the document gives also Two, Two, , which appeared as the new name of Jerusalem rd . -3 It. Ant. st from the 5 . For comparison, Constantinopolis is the result of successive copies and overprints carried 4 16 places on the same segment Vesuvius Burgo Novo ) There is a group new nine of place names TP out at various times from one or several ancient originals. The last revised copy dates from the fourth or early fifth The oldest information goes back probably to century. before 79, when Pompeii, not rebuilt after the eruption of Capitolina after 138. Fourth century mentions and image is provided for tium no. 1-75 (terrestrial), 76-85 (maritime); Löhberg, 2006, 49; no. 1-75 (terrestrial), 76-85 (maritime); Löhberg, van Berchem 1974, 301-308. scholarship analysis to the fifth century as the last update: As a 2010. Talbert 2006, 50; Levi, Levi 1967; Löhberg in fact a road specific document, an illustrated itinerary, map showing the On the Dacia Ripensis TP TP I). (Tab. introduced in the Dacian list of unknown to the Transdierna itineraries: 1. 6. Sucidava (no. 9), show solid archaeological their 1 evidence for 4
- - - - - and yields a (further
ND par 3 partibus Oc ND in ) parts, was finally century Imperial Antonine Itinerary Dignitatum th
), achieved re in a Notitia – The general map of the provinces of The general – from Ravenna seat, under whose Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula partibus Orientis Dacia Ripensis Fig. 1 .) and , in Seeck’s edition of the document, Berlin edition of the document, Berlin , in Seeck’s It. Ant It. ) and eastern ( Place-names in he Dacian section is framed in chapter XLII of The list offered by the late 4 T 178; Kulikowski 2000, 358-377. supervision the document, both for western ( cidentis revised see: Enßlin 1956, 617-619; Brennan 1996, 147- tibus Orientis For the 1876 and all the more recent editions thereafter. primicerius notariorum quadriburgium, burgus, turris
3 previous main itineraries, the (further of different types and size. Out of thedisplayed 22 places by the Dacian section, nine (40%) are astonishingly new names totally ignored by the administration for which were garrisoned 22 forts by total number of 29 legionary detachments and auxiliary regiments some identification issues seems the earliest. tion; the position of the new Dacian district among the new Dacian district among tion; the position of other Danubian provinces in which the commence ment of the Constantinian reforms of the army ( gion of particular political and administrative tradi 122 The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 48 47 46 44 43 42 41 Itinerarium Antonini Utum Oescus Valeriana Variana Augustae Cebrum Almus Ratiaria Bononia Dorticum Aquae Egeta Table I.
Place-names
Camistrum Pomodiana Almum Remetodia Ratiaria Ad Malum Dorticum Aquae-Ad Aquis Clevora Egeta Drobeta Dierna Tabula Peutingeriana Utum Pedoniana Augustae Regianum
in DaciaRipensis ( Cebrum ) recorded in Aegeta Transdrobeta Drobeta Sostica Siosta Transdierna Dierna Translucum Transalba Notitia Dignitatum Utum Sucidava Oe Va(le)riana Variana Augustae Cebrum Almum Ratiaria Burgus Novus Bononia Crispitia Dorticum Itineraries scus and NotitaDignitatum. Ostrovul Mare Brza Palanka Milutinovac Ostrovul Corbului Rtkovo Hinova Kostol Drobeta-Turnu Severin Puţinei (?) Kladovo Karataš Donje Butorke Insula Banului(?) -- Šip Tekja Orşova Hajdučka Vodenica Mali Golubinje Identification Milkovica-Guljanci Celei Gigen Dolni Vadin Ostrov Leskovec Orjahovo Harlet Zăvalu Kozlodui Bistreţ Gorni Stanevo Lom Orsoia Desa Arčar (btw Vidin andDunavci) Vidin ? Košava Vrăv Prahovo Velika Kamenica Izvoarele Slatinska Reka Ts ibar 123 , ------) co mu and which or Pontes contra- cohors ipensis century Transdi . century, century, st 12 rd ) R( -3 Dierna Mihail Zahariade Mihail nd normally situ century situa . That explains That . acia and probably rd Translucum 16 93-100. municipium -3 ; Alba 4 nd century in close re century in close . The same situation nd municipium , while the 1 ) DIERNA were also ) DIERNA 13 14 and ensis continued to be considered continued to )P( lost gradually its military im gradually its lost i was initially bridgehead a of century due to the urban pro 15 Lucum rd ) R( and early 2 st acia type, measuring 32 x 25 m, replaced the Drobeta , 17-23; Benea, Şchiopu 1974, 115-125; , 17-23; Benea, Şchiopu 1974, 115-125; 4 century administrative nomenclature, century administrative nomenclature, which has the same meaningas which has the , on the left bank of the Danube (Benea 1977, Transdrobeta th in early 3 in late 1 have been granted existed on the left bank of bank left the on existed granted been have and trans- Dierna Vasić 1986, 554; 1991, 308, 310. Vasić Constantine I), a smaller, quadrangular fortification of Constantine I), a smaller, quadriburgium found old type of auxiliary fort; stamped pieces DIERTRA at 1997, 167) alludes to the reshuffling of the Vasić 322; old fortification; bricks with stamps DA( Benea, 1975, 91-98; 1976, 203-214; Bodor, Winkler 1979, Winkler Benea, 1975, 91-98; 1976, 203-214; Bodor, Ardevan 1996, 243-246; Gudea 2001, 74, no. 15. 141-155; 1974, 42; Gudea 2001, 74, no. 15; Cermanović-Kuzmano vić 2004, 14, 18-34. Tekija stream; it on the left bank of the early first century, garrisoned a military unit of mixed composition, Gallorum IX Gemina voluntariorum, V a fleet squadron. In the fourth century (Diocletian- DIANA and D( DIANA 34, 43; Cermanović- TIR L fortlet; Tetrarchic found in the Kuzmanović 1969 (1), 149; 1969 (2), 269; 1983-1984, 1997, 165. Vasić 338; We are ill-informed on the 2 We Bărcăcilă 1937; Davidescu 1980, 5 1978 Tudor Kondić Kanitz 1977, II, 51-52; Mirković 1968, 110-111; The auxiliary fort, 100 x 84 m in size, was built in the secondary in relation with the mother places north of the Danube were labeled and with the preposi tion even if the situation had changed significantlyand the importance of military and economic life had 275. moved south of the river shortly after tion of places like ated on the left bank of the Danube termed places across the river that produced 12 13 14 15 16 at firstsight, a distorted image. the However, situ ation has an explanation. In the 2 urban soon became that important forts large and to which structures the status of lonia the Danube: Pontes Dacian wars and the bridge Trajan’s lation with the protect the and continued to over the Danube, the urban progress of the civil north end of it, but produced position economic key its and settlement of the status the granting of lost gradually its importance, a fact demonstrated by archaeological evidence at occurred also in case of the fort was initially a bridgehead and later became a nicipium gress of its civil settlement Roman fort at Tekja next two centuries portance in the mirrored even in the why in the collective mentality, official 4 the right bank derivative installations like erna head to the north, on the left bank. That creates,
, . - - 5 - 4 7 - ). ῷ ); 55: ); (XLII Burgus Burgus Panonia poll breaks,
Augustae ( (Kostol) ὐ is hardly is hardly (no. 3), ; TIR L 34, TIR L ; Novo o Valeria ς Transdierna . ND Dacia Ripen ( . e. pattern in the 10 . nh Burgus Novus Contra Reginam Moesia Prima ά ( Pontes Z , reveal an odd IV 6 is mentioned IV . In
- the bridge-head the - ND ῦ ) who reconstructed noma 11 Transalba ςὄ to (no. 3), (no. Sucidava Sucidava , but more likely at 8 ὲ . century Procopius of nte (no. 5) have not been It. Ant., Crispitia 6 Contra ό th Burgo Zonoi Burgo ); XLI 21: Contra Bononiam De Aedif. ton d idavenses
Contra Acinco Contra ( as ύ (no. 7). These four cases, is proposed to be located at is proposed to sti, P to . century epigraphic century evidence Transalba Contra Margum ἐ ND Sostica Σuc Valeria n rd ) έ ( Dacia Ripensis -3 orii nd ῷ) in Proc. ); 33: ( Košava is another name for is another . IV 6.8: 6.8: . IV On Buildings Crispitia . XXXII 41: rion m followed by the name of the toponym: ύ (no. 2), (no. . Non 9 ( territ century inscription (IDR II 190) records ); XXXIII 49: ); ) Transdrobeta rd at present day Desa. es NDOcc ( (no. 4), and De Aedif Trans Trans Nono the situation is apparently rendered contrary the situation is apparently Moesia Prima poqen fro the document with the Dacian section in 1968, 71 s. v. Secunda Contra Tautantum ( in a certain way, the pattern of parallelism showed by the pattern of parallelism in a certain way, Four places are composite. They bear the prepo the bear They composite. are places Four Three others of this lot, Three others of By not being recorded in the e.g. Kondić 1965, 88-89; TIR L 34, 1968, 95; Gudea 2001, 90 TIR L Kondić 1965, 88-89; no. 25a. be connected to a stamp DARP ΣON found at be connected to a stamp DARP who suggests, with great reserve, the location of Novus that as an older variant in but its precise location cannot be offered A 28, 36). 1997, 166, n. 31 to Vasić name has been proposed by a temple from the foundations in the town (Tudor 1978 a temple from the foundations in the town (Tudor 206-207). ἄ curial jović- Marjanović 1984, 25-84; Garašanin, Vasić, Marjano Vasić, jović- Marjanović 1984, 25-84; Garašanin, Kondić, 1986, 542-560; Vasić, 1984, 55-84; vić-Vujović 1991, 308-310. Vasić Gudea 2001, 79-81; Gudea 2001, 80-81; Mirković 1968, 112-113; Vucković Vucković Gudea 2001, 80-81; Mirković 1968, 112-113; 1980(1), Vasić 1964, 172-182; 1967, 21-28; Garašanin, Vu Vasić, Garašanin, 8-41; 1980 (2) 34-52; 1987, 85-116; Kanitz 1882, 56; 1909, 469-471; Garašanin 1951, 158; Ivanov 1997, 482. The author seems to ignore the fact Ivanov 1997, 482. Proc. A mid-3 Kanitz 1891, 45-48, fig. 25-27; Garašanin 1951, 147-148; Kanitz 1891, 45-48, fig. 25-27; Garašanin 11 9 10 8 7 6 have been considered the one on the right bank, while the main would normally goes for a bridge 5 built on the left bank of the river sis wise to this principle: subordinate the fort seems to either side of the Danube. The mid-Danube provinces this particular for sort of preposition is the pair forts (no. 4), specific only for manner of rendering the pair-places situated on sition Translucum Radujevac below note 40) modern Košava (see identified as yet (see below), while (no. 6) was only conjecturally placed somewhere between Vidin and Dunavci observable in 2 Siosta which paradoxically appears under name the latter 6 in the later, only much Caesarea’s they were recorded in Transdrobeta none of the itineraries. 124 20 19 18 17 DRPDIERNA Veterani Suggestion and Cuina Turcului yielded a stamped tile Danube. the could bedoneforDubovawheresomecavesat across bank left the record of evidence archaeological clear any of lack in to locateitmoreprecisely be purespeculation would it and environment, or place a 2), (fig. color ND with to haveexistedbyjuxtaposition literary sourcesbut it must be stronglysupposed or itineraries the in recorded not where is place The laid. bank southern the with 4 the in bridgehead a became 3 respectively Vodenica Hajdučka at located been Transalba The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) rd IGLRno.422= IDRIII/1,63. The CazaneleMicisectoroftheDanubegorge, ca.3km Cermanović-Kuzmanović2004,12-16. Add alsoKanitz Čerskov1967,57-59;1968,65-67;1969,142-143; Fig. 2 Vodenića size. the identificationofa be searchedontheleftbankwhere stressmustbeputon glaring, whitecalcareousstone structure. The fortletmust a highrockyriverwallanddisplays, oneitherside,a Ciucarul Mic(Romania)andMali Strbac(Serbia)shows in length,locatedbetweenthemountainousmassives 353 (Tekja). 319-330 (Hajdučka Vodenica); Tomović 1982-1983,345- II 1877,39;Swoboda1939,55-56;Jovanović1982-1983, Zahariade 1996,249-251. Kondić 1974,48-49,no.14; Vasić, Kondić1986,551; Translucum century place on the left bank of the Danube, the of bank left the on place century . Alba – The Danube Gorge in the mountainous region between Ciucarul Mic (Romania) (left) and Mali Strbac (Serbia) latter controlledby names, place of pair a of name the gave that wall rocky,white the displaying (right) expresses something connected to white connected something expresses (unidentified). Translucum 18 20 and . as well assomefew small objects Alba quadriburgium , presumablyanolder2 Transdierna in auxilium Milliarensium ND
implies a th centuryinrelation ofatleastHajdučka havealready Transalba 17 Transalba n Tekja and Lucum 19 . . The . have on nd in - of Romanprovenance near the village of Lomets), on the upper of Lomets),on the village near River), jetztKalarasch’ Žiul des Einmündung der an Donauufer the otherhand,errsinlocating place names do not offer any such toponyms. of forms corrupted displaying in alike ons Cosmography derivatives. nor ing as word neither direct meaning, have noapparent in 24 23 22 21 in the sense of ‘saviour’, ‘preserver’, e.g. accepted by-form The meaning. certain a towards brought be can PN in like suffix, a popolis a as o) 2 (VII in mentioned Moesia, Lower in river, (Osăm) Dečev1976,467. KanitzII1877,97;Dečev1976, 467.Severalaltarsfound Dečev1976,447. TIR L 1968,56;Boroneanţ1973,10. At Dubova,asettle Siosta 260-263). century cohortsinthisimportant strategicpoint(ILBno. in theareaindicatepresence ofsome2 of theDanube. like defensestructure,similartoitspairontherightbank Lucum remained unfortunatelystillunpublished.However, at DubovahasbeenmadebyD.Bondocinastudywhich the stampedtilewasfound. An attempt tolocate ment wasidentifiedonaheightcalled‘Veterani’ where Abe would closeexample ND . Read as such, as specific toponyms, they toponyms, specific as such, as Read . 23 musthavepresumablydisplayeda and , - sosta Sostica (further mutatio i Dčvs opinion Dečev’s in , sospes Pri-sosta are two elusive place names place aretwoelusive It. Ant ontheroad 21 22 Rav. Cosmogr . . as, Alba , Sostra , TP hospita Pro-sostus and , and Siosta (TroianHissar, Oescus-Philip Transalba nd quadriburgium 24 and and3 ) champi .), ‘am linken ‘am , would be , would Ravennate Dečev, on , Iuno Sos (i. e. Jiu e. (i. . Lucum Asamus Sostica hospes rd
, the TP
-
- - - -
125 . . th 30 29 -6 but th –early nd Diana . The name ) at Karatašat ) 28 Mihail Zahariade Mihail recorded only in century auxiliarycentury
rd ς ). Another ). attractive and the equationthe and -3 ne st ά Diana Diana according to a late 2 late a to according
(= . Procopius indicates Pontes is ‘a very old little town’. The Zanes, Z
Zanes Sostica IV 6. 6 is commonly identified with . The fort at Kladovo (100 x 54 m=0.54 54 x (100 Kladovo at fort The . Zanes . 31 or statio cataractarum Diana cataractarum statio Siosta sounds closer to closer sounds De Aedif fort ( fort ,
century inscription found in the fort century inscription found in the ND Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula 62. Kondić 1987, 45-47. 1997, 150, 165-169. Vasić Gudea 2001, 78 no. 18. Garašanin 1995, 35-39; Kondić 1987, 45; Rankov 1980, rd to accommodate 300 men of a cohort, is the 4 century triangular in shape installation m=1.05 ha) (98 located x on 108 a 28 now flooded Danube 29 30 31 statio cataractarum Diana cataractarum statio 3 DIANA appears on a significant number of stamped bricks in differentOrşova, and variants: Karataš) or DARDIANAOn DRPDIANA the other (Tekja, (Karataš) hand, Proc. 1 a where Kladovo at ruins the fort is apparently Procopius supposed does not concurrently mention to have says only that functioned. Diana Kladovo than better description Procopius’ fit would Zanes Kondić V. Garašanin, M. by accepted is Diana=Zanes Rankov J. and ancient other any with unidentified yet as remains ha) place names and hypothetically could be taken into consideration for one of the two mysterious places in after immediately capablesurroundings, the in fort sizable a for solution in
in Aegeta Dacia to would sostico cohors ), it is hard is it ), Taliata ‘to defend’, Sostra which would easily or both would have or Sucidava bore also the name sospito-are under the command of 27 Siosta – The road from The road – , from where . Such strength requires , and , Sostica . 26 or with the meaning of ‘defense’, Fig. 3 sosta cohortes Siosta Sostica mentions only three traditional bridge type of infantry unit; Hoffmann 1969, 240; cf. in which for the toponym Dierna, Drobeta /Davidovac-Karataš century is generally estimated to have been ND from where the verb th 25 cohors Hermans 2012, 327-336. Várady 1961, 367, 378; cf. Jones Grosse 1920, 20-25; 1964, 378-380, 681-682; gives 500 men as strength for a Várady 1961, 378 n. 167 552-553, 556-557; Kondić 1987, 39-42, 45-47; Rankov passim. 1991, 308-311, Vasić 1987, 16-36; Diana As Apparently we must accept a corrupted form or hapax Rankov 1980, 61-84; 1984, 11-17; Vasić, Kondić 1986, Vasić, Rankov 1980, 61-84; 1984, 11-17;
27 26 25 the 4 the 300 men in strength larger space. of the Danube. They are the only forts Ripensis in A below). (see garrisoned were tribune a to believe that to be been also bridge heads; the two places must therefore identified somewhere on the right bank different and a far from one another. different and a far from one another. heads ( a - to think us makes are two the locations of the that hand, only be at ‘fortified place’. Defense what? pita could be easily corrupted in ‘to preserve’ from where 126 The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 detachment at legionary to would bereasonablesupposethepresenceof a structures on older based I, partially stantine 4 early forts in built LEXIIIGSP 4 of discovery the and ha) m=1.57 128 x (123 size its given above), men. 600 ca. of strength legionary a garrison to enough sizable but fort, renamed and ing, erected mentioned). drobeta Gemina list ofthelegion deployment regular apparently Radujevać at ruins the with fied ly to Novus Burgus Novus stream down names place ancient the of most identified at Đerdap-CazaneandIronGates of the big river buckle marked by difficult segments Krčag Gerulata/ by Moesia Prima Taliata safer from faster and much byland reached been cavalry,base at andnaval that theimportantlegionary,version, considered It. Ant isthat of the author(s)of that anomaly explanation and pairs, bank right their with together positions key and the exchange, In course. entire sectoralongthebigbendofDanube Aegeta island, InsulaBanului(GuraVăii) Vasić, Kondić1986, 553; Vasić 1991,308. Vasić 1997,160,161. Seenote8-9;KanitzII1877,469-470; Garašanin1951, TP Kanitz 1892, 39-40;1909,450;Swoboda1939,50;Garaša- Davidescu1977,37-42; Tudor 1968 The on ground surveys and scholarly expertise surveys andscholarly The onground 158; TIR L 34,1968,95;Ivanov1997, 482. 34, 1968,115. nin 1951,194; TIR L 34,1968,60;Gudea2001,95,no.33. 4 of thehydropowerstationPorţiledeFierIindicateclearly shortly beforethecompletefloodingofareaatdam lamps foundduringtherescueexcavationsundertaken kilns, fragmentaryamphorae,kitchenpottery, andoil The Gerulata th TP TP -6 Drobeta Nono Transdrobeta VI 3o; th ., possibly in its final late 3 late final its in possibly ., 34 , the eastern-mostcenterofneighbouring centurylevelsofoccupation. It. Ant. is believed to have corresponded apparent to havecorresponded is believed , ignoring thus tomentionplacesonan , ignoring V 3 ) vr h Mrč lta, through plateau, Miroč the over o) 3 (VI Aegeta than the time consuming circumnavigation the timeconsuming than , and Miroč fort (135 x 150 m) and Burgus Novus in Procopius and was ostensibly identi ostensibly was and Procopius in 37 Rav Burgus Novus Burgus cannot be ignored among thenewly cannotbeignored a fundamentis are mentioned by are mentioned Una Dierna , using the functional road recorded , usingthefunctional
. ae a i la from leap big a makes . and The mostdisputedareapparently Cosmogr arebothrecordedin th th
century stamped tilesbearing (fig. 3). The only reasonable only The 3). (fig. Crispitia Crispitia , although before , although century,Con under probably . IV 7; Kanitz 1892, 40; TIR L appears between appears Diana expresses a new build a new expresses or a thoroughly rebuilt orathoroughly
se above). (see Aegeta . The sizable num sizable The . 36 4 TP TP , 279. The pottery rd 33 32 . However,. the in centuryrevised 35 TP . and (VI 3 o; VI 4 o) 4 VI o; 3 (VI . VI 3o could have could Transdierna, Diana Diana Una Taliata . Burgus Dierna /Kraku Trans (see (not 38 XIII to ; it ------
Valentiniana 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 regiments southoftheDanube of the transfer final the before epoch, Gallienus’ the the futureheadquartersfor the at military facilities eastern rampartwallof as fortress at of theformerlegionary east rampart wall additional of an cal: thebuilding ond half of the 3 Gratiana the of that of case later a in Valerianus likely like Emperor himself, more or general important an Valerianus epoch. It mightbethat Tetrarchic to previous tradition of traces at Košava ruins the for made been has suggestion 10), note water. the ruffles which For wind the verb from thetransitive wavy terrainif one acceptsa transposed derivative bly reproduced the impression of an on looker of a in Ant. the in appears Kéresztur, or Szárkány modern whose modernnameisnotknownasyetrisky. in name place a with identification any ly, XIII Gemina significant a number inotherplaces in found DARDIANA DIANA, DRP DIANA, bearing bricks and tiles on stamps of ber 920); thefactis notalwaysmentionedbytheauthors of at e.g. The coinsseriesfound inthetowersno.4,5and13 Velkov 1966,155-175;Giorgetti 1980,13-34; Vel Čičikova,Sultov, Najdenova,Dimitrova-Milčeva1980, Ivanov1990,917-927;1998,51;54-91. Proc. NDOr. TIR L 34,1968,71;seealsonote9. Vasić 1997,164,table3. 864-865. Georgieva 1986,437-440;Dimitrova-Milčeva1990, kov1976, 24,63,86;Giorgetti 1983,19-39; Atanasova- Danubian territoriesalreadyunderGallienus. which possiblybegantobewithdrawnfromsomenorth structures ofciviladministrationfromthe Trajan’s Dacia additional areastoreceive,inafirstphase,troopsor Oescus against pre-existing2 2003, 80-84. The stoneprecinctstowardseastbonded 1984, 29-46;Genčeva,Dyczek,Biernacki,Sarnowski 80-83; Čičikova,Najdenova1981,47-48;Sarnowski sec of traditions Gallienic good other are There The Dacian section of section The Dacian Crispitia Pannonia Superior Pannonia Oescus Oescus II XIII Gemina 27 9 between 9) (267. De Aedif , XLI26;XXXIX27. Iand derived from the Emperor Gratianus Emperor the from derived II beginswith Valerian’s reign(Ivanov1990, is a peculiar place name. Aname. place peculiar a is 40 .
who reproduces either the name of the name either reproduces who fromValentinianus I cannot be eschewed but, unfortunate cannot beeschewed Novae 43 . IV 11. 20. , in the same manner in whichthe , inthesamemanner rd , must have been rebuilt in late rebuilt been , musthave century,archaeologi particularly II,maypossiblybeexplainedas Valeriana nd Oescus -3 . rd 39 Crispitia Cimbrianis centurydefensewallsof Novae II within theterritoryof the crispico- ND recalls the nameof recalls and V Macedonica hw significant shows 46 must havepossi 42 uein could Aurelian . was built and Ratiaria are referring to referring are Oescus . Crispitia Crispiana Arrabona , known , /Arčar - 44 Notitia . The . 41 and (see or It. 45 - - - - , ,
127
. - ) - rd - . A . . tou 61 (?), ά Varia- , , possib- 66 . Caput Bovis 68 Mihail Zahariade Mihail Doukepr , Donje Butor- Transalba other in Proc quadriburgium ) Cebrum ( 62 , , : and
not recorded in the not Milutinovac-Brloga , , 59 ) 67 Notitia Aegeta Ratiaria
, , Glamja-Rtkovo , , specialized small military . Tactically, on a river . Tactically, fron 65 and 57 Ducis Pratum led to the construction of a the construction of led to : 58 quadriburgia De Aedif., IV 6. 11 De literarily thickened the defense (291) .,
supposed to be the Slatinskareka excavations and await identification identification await and excavations
, Hinova ), , Transdierna ς 64 cal ; Proc (IV 6. 5-6) Dacia Ripensis Oescus ?) ( , at the entrance in the Trajan’s canal Trajan’s at the entrance in the ,
t boe ύ 60 quadriburgia , Puţinei , in October 294 Mareburgu
1979, 127-134; Kondić 1974, 50-51, no. 16. ković 1986, 378-400. 63 Cermanović-Kuzmanović 1964, 52-53; 1969, 165-166; Benea 1977, 37-46. Davidescu 1978, 76-86; 1980, 77-86. Gabricević 1986, 71-94. Milosević, Jeremić 1986, 245-263. Bondoc 2005, 793-800. Milosević 1982-1983, 357-362. Kondić 1992-1993, 49-53; Garašanin 1995, 35, 38-39 Kondić 1986, 555 Vasić, Popović 1969, 102; 1970, 58; Beside the routine repairs, period the Tetrarchic The Tetrarchic significant building interventions Jovanović, Korać 1984, 194-200; Jovanović, Korać, Jan Zahariade 1999, 3-16. Enßlin 1948, 2434, 2439-2440; Barnes 1976, 187. Kapo Armata 63 64 65 66 67 68 De Aedif identified with the fort(now completely underwater on the Ada-Kaleh island ( at Šip certain numberof historical been discovered sources, have due to archaeologi with ancient sites: Malo Golubinje ke ly ( 57 58 59 60 61 62 century. particularly stands out through a solid and judi cious building policy in which the implementation of a totally new type of fortlet not standardized in size but in layout, holding roughly four or rounded rectangular corner towers was epoch making in Roman the Empire tier, and was an important down compact enemy forces while crossing the contributor to breaking they could billeted, as clear cases Moreover, river. show in small repair, as such activities, specific for strength surveillance. scale buildings, patrol, watch, and on the Dacian sector stimulated by Diocletian’s at visits na substantial number of installations of quadriburgium type, some recorded in Translucum of significant repairs in the third quarter of the 3
, ------st 50 II I) in Pon , and limes Diana Augustae castellum quadriburgium century’ general century’ , th . We are still ill- yielded evidence 49 II is considerable in
52 , where one of the 56 , 423; Toropu, Tătulea Toropu, , 423; 4 -early 4 Oescus rd Aegeta . . To . the To west, Drobeta , Valeriana 47 54 I and 48 Forni 1959, 1269; Saria 1961, 1189; Forni 1959, 1269; Saria 1961, 1189; seems earlier in date although 53 (1998), 188-196. Oescus Utum II) (84 x 33 m=0.27 ha), belongs appar belongs ha), m=0.27 33 x (84 II) enclosure stone wall enclosure stone , and maybe even the building and maybe even the building , the of 51 and apparently
Ulpia Oescus zdac 2002, 97, n. 793; Hartmann 2006, 81-117; Benea zdac 2002, 97, n. 793; Hartmann 2006, 81-117; 55 ă Škorpil 1905, 462; 37; Petrović 1984, 160-182; 1986, 369-377. 1990, 866-867; Ivanov, 1997, 483; 543-548; Zahariade 1990, 866-867; Ivanov, 1997, 72, no. 71, no. 5. 1976, 88, 279; Ivanov 1997, 481, 538. Velkov 337-338; 1987, 73-87. Ivanov 1974, 235, fig. 62; 1997, 484; Zahariade 1997, 72, no. 10. Assignable to the Gallienic period is the begin Florescu 1967, 144-151. Petrović 1984, 162. 1986, 550. Vasić Kondić, Barbu 1973, 27-55; Tudor 1978 Tudor Barbu 1973, 27-55; 34, 1986, TIR L Kanitz 1882, 40-42; 1909, 451-453, 457; Kanitz I 209-210; 246; Patsch 1897, 703; Atanasova 1974, Kanitz I 209-210; 246; Patsch 1897, 703; Forni 1959, 1269; Mašov 1990, 21-45; Dimitrova-Milčeva Škorpil 1905, 465; Beševliev 1955, 285; Forni 1959, The reassessments of the importance of Gallienus’ reign of the importance of Gallienus’ The reassessments 1269; Ivanov 1997, 484; 548; Zahariade 1997, 72, no. 8. G 2010, 643-648; Petolescu 2010, 281-292; Benea 2012 (2), 205-218 . commencement of the abandonment of Dacia: Daicoviciu 1979, 651-659; Barbu 1998, 141-149; Zahariade, Phelps 1999, 313-327; Oprean 1999-2000, 393-406; Ruscu 2000, 272-273; Protase 2001, 264-265; Benea 2001, 285-300; on of the Lower Danubian in the reorganization reconstruction work (cf. Ivanov, Ivanov 1998, 78). The Ivanov 1998, 78). reconstruction work (cf. Ivanov, literature on late references number; a complete list with direct and indirect Ivanov in the monograph and R. T. until 1998 is given by the excavations in order to set in motion the preconceived the excavations in order to set in motion scheme of the so called ‘late 3 castellum 54 55 56 53 51 52 50 49 48 47 of the area by the waters of the hydropower sta tion Porţile de Fier II tes the same place was not fully investigated because of the flooding century auxiliary although in a new architec forts, tural manner: right bank of the river right bank of the ning of the reshuffling of some of the former 1 in strength, as well in strength, as as an entire administrative structure and bureaucratic apparatus that required ready-made and functional installations on the pleted the process. There was a systematical re troops auxiliary of number sizable a of assignment reduced probably much legions, even if and two have officially sanctioned the partial measures taken by Gallienus and practically com withdrawal 150 m=2.1 ha in size auxiliary fort ( installations, the elongated type of ( ently to period; the Tetrarchic a rectangular 140 x Sucidava informed on the chronological between the relation forts no. I, II and III at Bononia 128 The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 are We Danube. the across from danger potential any of lack of because possible was dispatch The by unfolded offensive counter front Persian the on later years three of units from Gemina V Macedonica legio of section the Egyptian in detectable are never returnedto legions (297-298) and his Domitianus Domitius L. against operations military ampler for revolts inthecitiesof the of quelling the of occasion the on (293) Egypt V Macedonica three times in only five years. frontier ofmilitarystrength the Dacian depleting Diocletian’for is responsible administration and forts fortresses from (except thelegionary 12-15 than less no in Aurelian by redeployed and reign attributed to ube areonlyconjecturally Aurelian’s southoftheDan troops reassigned the auxiliary half of the 3 first the by weakened sensibly probably although janic Daciamusthavebeenstillofsomestrength, cial forces provin these of picture sketchy a even enhance during evidence istooslimto Aurelian, epigraphic at donica south oftheDanube, legions two pivotal preserved the Aurelianic redeploymentwiththe Dignitatum Williams 1985,84. Dietz1993,301. Zahariade2001,25-28. Zahariade2001,25-28. However, some evidencewouldsuggestthat in army the of strictly Speaking rez-Maratray 2000,31-32. Kolb 1988,325-343;Zuckermann 1994,68-70;Car 2001, 26. Dietz 1993,284-285;Ivanov1997,482;484;Zahariade 33; Bărbulescu1987,32-34;Sarnowski1990,855-861; The Tetrarchicinitially seems tohave regime Schwarz 1975;1977,217-220; Thomas 1976,253-279; Bowman 1978,25-38;1984,33-36. ND ND Ritterling 1925,1580-1582,1715-1723;Moga1985,30- Ratiaria The army of The army Oescus 1. Thelegions 71 XXVII 15;Barnes1976,181-182; Eadie1996,74,78. XXVII 14. . Therefore, where are the troops withdrawn at at 73 Oescus 70 ( . The . rd It )?. The fact must have an explanation. Te ry ihrw fo te Tra the from withdrawn army The . Babilona . century events. With few exceptions, Ant and Dacia Ripensis ., 219.3) vexillations ( It. Ant. XIII Gemina Dacia Ripensis Dacia 76 corrector at Bousiris A osdrbe number considerable A . Memfis 220. 5) and 5) 220. 69 Dacia Ripensis
. fromthetwoDacian Vexillations were dispatched to dispatched were and
were dispatched Aurelius Achilleus 75 aeis in Galerius
Dacia Ripensis and Coptos 77 in XIII Gemina
during the during legio XIII legio fromthe V Mace 74 Ratiaria Notitia ND . They . 72
- and 298. as - - - -
aue ezd y osatn fo Lcnu fol Licinius from Constantine by seized Danube Thrace. of battle the in Constantine against combat the in 316 as early as Licinius by were lateremployed frontier armyoftheprovince It is also possiblethat parts of considerable the the troops recruitedorbroughtfrom of that mainly formed was out army Galerius’ the pointed of bulk also Kinch Persians. the compatriots near Serdica for the campaign against Dacian his together calling Galerius as scene the the of personification military costumetointerpret place andtheDacian the of evidence the used a by end opposite the on bracketed is East facing pier south the on panel A cap. Dacian traditional the as wearing illustrated They aresymbolically army Sassanian the against troops Dacian of in Thessaloniki displays arch scenes showing Galerius’ participation forces. Dacian of use massive Festus of Euphrates front, but onecanrecallthestatements on the on theDacianunitsredeployed ill-informed 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 geographical order. In general, it follows the known strict in not although organized, rigorously groups, five in listed units of types distinct five are There to disentangle. difficult sometimes 4 updates, minor tury with army the of structure tinian Aurelianic and Tetrarchicarmy provincial the of organization frontier intervention Constantinian able forms. the primarilysubmittedtomilitaryre presumably was and first the of administration the under tered 316 of battle the lowing Jones1964,99. DiMaio,Zeuge,Bethune1990,67-80. Cf. Williams 1985,84. Kinch1890,17-18. PondRothman1977,439,440fig.18;Stanciu1980,399- Dacia Ripensis recently, Brennan 2007,211-218. 97-100; Stein1968 108; Seston1955a,784-789;1955b, 284-296;Jones1964, 189; Klindert1949;1952,87-108; vanBerchem1952,87- 195-279; Nischer1923,12-13, 29-31;Parker1933,175- III 31;40; Hist 409; Williams 1985,84. aConstan is basically detect finally we What section of The Dacian Adv. Pag Brev Eutropius For theConstantinianarmyreformsingeneralsee:Zos. Victoria-Felicitas . II32-34(highlynegative);John. Lyd. . 25. . VII 25,11. 78 , De Mens Brev , Eutropius . 25. wastheearliestterritoryon 2 . I27(deleterious);Mommsen 1910, , 122-124;Luttwak1978,226-227; in a conch-shell niche. Kinch niche. conch-shell a in 86 . 79 84 ad Orosius and , ND , when theprovinceen indicates a consider indicates Campi Ardiensis 85 Dacia Ripensis intheprevious De Mag 80
on the th . II10; cen , in 83 81 82 ------. .
129
, - - - ). (bridge Dierna century century covered , Drobeta th Utum-Ce 97 , where the , ) and four for 96 and Mihail Zahariade Mihail , therefore not , was sectioned during de Sucidava - Moesia Prima Raetia Aegeta XIII Gemina XIII . (bridge and bridgehead Macedonica II Adiutrix , and and XIII Gemina
the segment Oescus V 95 . Such a dispersion of the . Dacia Ripensis 94 98 ) in Dierna Cassiliacum , where the to Macedonica
transvectione specierum V XIII Gemina XIII Moesia Secunda appears to have been divided in five de . XXXIII 52-57. 17-19; 21-22. . XXXV , Valeria XIII Gemina V Macedonica . There were functional bridgeheads and Vimania and Italica
The list indicates a breaking off of the effectives Exceptionally, the breaking off of the legionary Such specific tasks are not indicated for the two Dietz 1993, 284. NDOcc NDOcc 1971, 155-192; 1978, 416-422. Tudor Marsigli 1726 I 22; II 15; Benea 1975, 92. (bridgehead) and for the 94 95 96 97 98 in five locations for legio legio legionary strength is unusual for the 4 Lower Danube provinces which show a division in two, or three at the most, main headquarters (cf. Scythia prov the in occurred Danube mid the on effectives ince of six parts than in no less III tachments, but in the latter case two drafts were dispatched in a permanent mission, but for policing the road from Dacian legions (fig. 5). The the Danube tract between while the brum bridges for each legion at and bridgehead for the riod as well as the setting of additional riod as well as the setting of legionary an headquarters uncommon number, in a rather operation which was most likely Constantinian in date (fig. 4). .
, / - - - - 92 Ad XIII , all ND V Macedonica and auxilia/ and Ad Me Ad with the ; Desa) ( and classis -Băile Her- Praetorium indicates a Ratiaria ( Notitia Dignitatum ND Ratiaria (atiaria) Praetorium R (emina) XIII Gemina XIII Ad Mediam G , and finally , continuing with XIII , V Macedonica XIII Dierna cohortes , ; L XIII GRAT ( reign of Constantine and 91 ; IGLR no. 401; Vasić 1997, 161. Vasić ; IGLR no. 401; , and also some temporary garrison ) 4 – The basic deployment The basic deployment of the legions – ; LEG(ionis) cunei equitum 93 90 ; LEG(ionis) 89 ND . in 293 and 295-298 that had already been already had that 295-298 and 293 in Fig. 4 Fig. and probably later by Licinius, led literarily .The Constantinian administration was the Dierna as main legionary also mir centers, a fact 87 88 ; 161; Zahariade 2001, 26. The picture showed by the picture showed by The The Aurelianic and possibly Tetrarchic stamped Tetrarchic Aurelianic and possibly The The massive use of IGLR no. 415; IDR III/1, no. 47. III 14597 CIL 1997, Vasić 1960, 345-347; Sarnowski 1985, 119; Tudor IGLR no. 416; 420; IDR III/1 no. 1960, 51; 347 Tudor 72; IGLR no. 421; IDR III/1, no. 101. Benea 2010, 643-648; 2012 (1), 574-580; 2012 (2), 209. Luttwak 1978, 173, note 131. no. 54. 92 93 90 91 87 88 89 Mediam pe later a at effectives the of pulverization marked Dierna rored in or export of building material at Mehadia?) diam shows dispatch of detachments to building material issued by ( abbreviation: XIII culane?) although the operation has antecedents. army main author of the legionary redeployment on the way it is showed by the Dacian river frontier, deprived of significant cavalry strengthlienus by Gal of the provincial to a dramatic decrease in number with some remarkable particularities. Gemina pattern in other Danubian provinces beginning with the group of milites, legiones 130 The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) Fig. 5 – Legionaryheadquartersin
Dacia Ripensis atthetimeof Notitia Dignitatum. 131
; ; . , . , ------) of , - 105 - 4 104 107 109 106 -
- Su Mac Ro , and . 17; at to egionis Oescus Oescus V Mace V (IGLR, Sucidava Epit Oescus in situ )] ( = reoccupation . Mihail Zahariade Mihail co . in that place. Sucidava . III 50; Theoph. . III 50; mille passum I Sucidava Macedonica Oescus-Sucidava
V Yscum ) Oes( under the new Con )] and LEGVMOES v. Const v. . 517. The sources gathered . 517. Sucidava 108 co ( V Macedonica V Chron Oes ) 233; Euseb. acedonicae century final revised form of the VI 35 gives th . 41; Kedr. . 41; Kedr. CTh. ) V M( , as a bridgeheadas , in front of is detectable in the issue of stamped stamped of issue detectable in the is (XLII 39) previous to Constantine reign (Aurelian Chron in the newly revised variant drawn up much in the newly revised variant drawn . The evidence becomes extremely important in this . the place appears in an unusual position. It acedonicae Chron. Pasch. Chron. ionis ND held a key role. cidava 1997, 155-157; Vasić (Sarnowski 1985, 119; Tetrarchy) or Zahariade 2001, 26) is supported by epigraphic evidence, the Constantinian building program including the con 1978 struction of the bridge across the Danube (Tudor Tătulea 1987, 85) would have implied the Toropu, 430; presence of a draft from 41; Conf. 1971, 161-164. On this occasion, tile stamps Tudor by 1997, 168; cf. with OESCO CO I and ΩISCUS (Vasić who dates the type later) could have Sarnowski 1985, 119 been issued. no. 278) dates from 328 and mentions (1,479 m= 1,479 km) indicating the repair on that dis tance of the old road to the north, from mula context, especially that the piece was found indicates the solidity of the Constantinian the southern Dacia in which the roads building must have If the presence of a detachment of Barbu 1998, 141-50. IGLR no. 279, 280-3, 285. Zahariade 2001, 26 Sarnowski 1985, 117; Victor. Aur. On the Oescus-Sucidava bridge: The Constantinian milestone found at The interventions in the territory of the V 109 rison of the Constantinian edonica building material bearing: LVMOES V [L( M( [Leg( 104 105 106 107 108 the stamps and LVMCORSIII CORS [L]VMCIIII in date Tetrarchic early Aurelianicvery or maybe in that the record might be of the place was due to the bridge inaugurationthe of (July 328). Sucidava to the reoccupied connected the province part of Dacia Trajanic the former stantinian administration. That implies maybe that or Licinian period the Tetrarchic in the legionary coulddetachment withdrawn have been from various reasons was missing and in a pos sible and probable first existing list of the Dacian troops drawn The up later before Constantin 328. ian building intervention and the significant recon sideration of the importance of the place, where a legionary detachment was reinstalled, prompted the record of the changes and the addition of the as a headquartersthe list of the place to donica later, maybe in a post Thus, the late 4 Constantinian epoch Dacian section has caught the picture of the gar suspected suspected to have its origins in Gallienic times
: . , - - - - - ) ) ) .
is - - Le XIII - ND ars west ionis cen ) to the to the iterior . Zanes th , 103 Hist. Nov is not (ipensis) , is placed ) C( Sucidava ionis century R ). If P( th Dierna Aegeta ars Cebrum Aquae Diana mentions it. Tiles Tiles mentions it. , and , (ciae) Ratiaria was situated be was situated , P( ) ( Ratiaria V Macedonica ; LEG( Ratiaria 102 deployments deployments shows It. Ant. 101 ) ( uperior ) which means the limes , the main headquarters, to the east, including iterior ) S( /Prahovo , to the east, and , to the east, Sucidava shows four locations in nferior ars Burgus Novus see: Tudor 1960, 345, no. 39; 346, no. 1960, Tudor see: , although the Cebrum, Oescus ) C( Oescus , XIII Gemina Gemina XIII Almus , P( (present day Vidrovac), apparently a Vidrovac), (present day legionary detachment placed at ) i( - ., IV 6.19). Surprisingly, 6.19). Surprisingly, ., IV Aquae ars Valeriana Aquae ars /Vidin, and Vidrovac: DA Vidrovac: and /Vidin, Notitia . to Aquae ) P( i.e. Aquae ) means the sector upstream Danube ) means the sector upstream Danube Ad Aquas , De Aedif / The main headquarters, Aegeta-Transdrobeta-Burgus Novus-Dier Aegeta-Transdrobeta-Burgus . eminae) Sucidava Transdrobeta . Bononia Diana 99 100 G( , provided , provided that eminae recorded in AQVIS were found at Bord and bricks with the stamp jej, AQVIS. For 43; Jovanović 1996, 263-264; Petrović 1997, 123-125; 1997, 166. Vasić Dusanić 1987, 344-345; Dietz 1993, 293; Vasić 1997, 161. Vasić Dusanić 1987, 344-345; Dietz 1993, 293; 1997, 161. Vasić 1985, 119; significant military station on the Danube in the 4 was an important urban center in the 6 tury, (Proc. 1889, 263; Marquardt 1891, 366; Várady 1961, 369; Várady 1889, 263; Marquardt 1891, 366; Jones 1964, 380; 681-682; Clemente 1968, 147; excep Amm. the size could have been much smaller: tionally, Marc. XVIII 9.3; XIX 2.4; XXVII 12.16; Zos. Luttwak 1978, 175. 45; V uperior Tudor 1960, 345-347; Dušanić 1978, 343-345; Sarnowski Tudor Aquae The size of the Constantinian riparian legions: Mommsen 347, no. 52; 1960, 346 no. 42; Tudor IGLR no. 287; 403; The The deployment list of the The Constantinian intervention seems to have Theoretically, if we accept the idea of 3,000 men 3,000 of idea the accept we if Theoretically, The list of the The list See note 8. segment marking the stamped tiles and bricks: LEG( increased the number of the headquarters of the legion to five and produced some changes in in their locations would have been men approx. 600 for a riparian legion in the each detachment the strength of Constantinian and shortly later, period west the of one most list as the eastern the the end of at XIII Gemina ward: na tween a coherent geographical a coherent from order 103 101 102 99 100 the end of the list seems likely in a the later Dacian section. insertion The fortress is very much west, and again eastward. The picture shows irregularitiesci in the order of places: the geographical the tation of position of Variniana not so orderly configured ingio V Macedonica the document. Va
Romulianum V ) ( PEV, RV [ PRLVM PRELVM, ; ; LVMVAR [L(
Particular types of brick stamps bear stamps brick of types Particular ) ) P pr 118 M( P ( Uto Oesc Legio V Macedonica ) Sucidava ( raepositus S( ) V M ( and K. Dietz ) has apparently no geographic nogeographic ) hasapparently raepositus acedonicae distinguo raepositus ( ] ub ( /Gamzigrad, Oescus Var( o ( ] ( )], C( ) acedonicae egionis Orlea, , inianae between LVMOES and ) Oescus
) ura r ) praepositus ] ( )] ) 119 r ( 116 ( RO( ) ipae ipae r ) tried to refine and ( LGM SCRO LEGVM ; ipae) l ipae) V M Oescus ] ( )] , ) ) ) Val l l pr e.g. PROES, P P Romulianum Sucidava ( muli acedonicae ( ( ( ( Oescus ( raepositus raepositus egionis egionis Varinia a . ( ) ) erianae ) which ?) e ( 112 egionis ( fectus) , but ionis ) ) ) ) ripa ) 110 115 114 V V V )] ) ) ) ) - ) ; ; , ;
competence ofthe point ofmilitarycontrolonthelimes to dispatched likely most (PRLVMVTO) detachment legionary initial by to with a replaced and dispatched been have could VAR) later date,thedetachmentfrom implies that the fort garrison wasmaintained;at a leriana in between Gemina of case in (like detachments legionary five of Constan the of tine’sdispatch reign,wemustalsoadmitaninitial decade last the in datable are list. Sucidava quarters although OESC( by firmed and arecon headquarters the nameoflegionary 123 122 121 120 epigraphically attested. pars inferior Secunda sector between Moesia Secunda have replacedthelegionarydetachments. instead of headquarters at legionary new of installation the to due 328 after changed donica If we acceptthat the h rsoain f h scin f h lgo V legion the of section the of restoration The Due to its position next to the boundary with Due toitspositionnexttheboundary The pictureof the deploymentof the A tile stampedPRLVMOES wasfoundat NDOr. NDOr. Valeriana the 1960, 345,no.370).Forthestamped buildingmaterialof er thanapresenceofdetachment from territory ofthe with NI whichwouldresultin VALERIANA inaccordance plying anaddableparticleLEandeliminable which mightbeacorruptionfrom VA(LE)RINIANA im ( stamped tiles,ononehand,and form between the wording VARINIANA ispuzzling;itlooksahybrid the sameplaceisnotsoconvincingin as in problems. NDOr It. Ant Utum It. Ant Bari V Macedonica It. Ant on the river frontierwasthussubstantially , o ) concentratedonarelativelylimitedarea, VAL 220.3). 120 XLII 31, but apparently it must read must it apparently but 31, XLII ) seems also to have been deprived of its deprived seemsalsotohavebeen XLII 32. XLII 18. ά ), the , Varinia ND . (220.3),apparentlythecorrectnamerepeated na could be a later addition on theDacian could bealateraddition and VTO.and and Varinia ND . This could be another argument that argument another be could This . Varina . andtheepigraphicevidence. ( by Proc. eriana of its lists it as one of the legionary head lists itasoneofthelegionary CEBR( : Valeriana Varinia XIII Gemina V Macedonica ND and in Oescus andtheshortnessoflimes westof and displays acorruptedform, ND Oescus ripa ), as the bricks indicate, which indicate, bricks the as ), De Aedif Cebrum cuneus equitum cuneus , twoneighboringfortsposesome Sucidava Sucidava Utum
( Utum (XLII 18)is o Utum , recordedeitherin It. Ant , VAR( ), Ratiaria . Itiscertainlyanimportrath and center . IV 6.4. The readingof . Sucidava and , asthewesternmost where Variniana . 220.4),VAL( Varina had apparentlyno is notamongthem, Securisca see Vasić 1997,158. inia Variana Valeriana Varianis 123 ND (ND)> , VAL( ), Oescus cunei equitum 121 and . 122 Bononia XLII 31where isrecorded . The near . The underthe > Variana (PRLVM eriana Sucidava ( Variniana Variana V Mace Cebrum (Tudor eriana Moesia stamps ND , inthe ) on
Va XIII or
- ), , ------
133
’ ------th rd - - , in , - Iovius Cf. cohors Cohors . tribunus , the She Who Valleriana Valleriana by Lupus, 129 by mid-3 or early 4 was an im was an rd the cohors of Mihail Zahariade Mihail cohors I sagit cohors I Fortuna Restitu Dacia Ripensis , especially when recorded at Me means ‘ means Drobeta which here takes Drobeta , for her attributes were Fortuna Redux . In fact, the at Iovi cohortali pro cen Iovi ; the second is Redux , refers obviously to the 131 Redux cohors Secunda redux cohors Secunda ) had among other charges the ) had among other charges secundi . Fortuna Redux Fortuna . The first is ’), therefore ‘ 127 IOM Cohortalis Paternus Fortuna attributively (= ‘success’, ‘pros still billeted in Drobeta . There are two candidates for a mil a for candidates two are There . or ‘Returns’. The goddess oversaw a century altar is commonly considered century altar is commonly considered The inscription written on the opposite 130 . Many of the regiments could have sur have could regiments the of Many . . nd is also known at Rgotina, in the mining 132 res prosperae 128 (‘She Who Restores’) = (‘She res secundae Kajanto 1981, 1502-588; De Caprariis 1984, 131-153; 120-121. also IMS III/2, no. 5. bearing the epithet supreme deity as protector of a cohort or cohorts, but also a reference to the origin of the individuals in the mili Arya 2002; Perfect 2012, 36-54. Goddess of luck ( mainly mission of bringing people back home safely, from wars. She was invoked on an altar dedicated by the Au Senate in 19 BCE for the safe return of the Emperor gustus.The Goddess bore also the name trix the health and safety of the soldiers. She was worshipped mainly in the military environment. Daicoviciu 1944, 292-293; Popescu 1976, 354. no. 22. IMS III/2, no. 126, 127; IV, 2002, Petolescu 77-84; 1976, Benea 107; ISM II no. 106; ISM III, no. 77; Petolescu 2002, 102-103, no. 35. IDR II no. 21=IGLR no. 402. What can be said on the provenance of this regi 129 130 131 132 century (Philippus Arabs) (Philippus century III Delmatarum milliaria equitata hadia in 257-260 with the honorific title Galliena 127 128 from e.g. a mission/assignment/war. The epithet is singular in the list of cohorts of Early of a There is no question Empire. would have been which case the wording cohortis Secundae Reducis shows no number and is known only through this euphemistic expression. Some late 3 have triggered century events in the Empire could from the regiment the dispatch of followed return in the same prov by its successful ince. An ment? altar is dedicated turionibus omnium ordinum tribunus face of a 2 Aurelianic in date not if Tetrarchic as cohortalis district of Bor and Majdanpek, but particularly in by the Dalmatian environment, as demonstrated Mirković M. liary cohort at tariorum milliaria portant deity in the Roman in the Roman portant deity religion those who for implored safe return Brings Back’ a long as well as from war, from return primarily or hazardous journey. The stance is stressed by plural the adjective in in a context a favorable enterprise, the meaning of of perity’, ‘ returned auspiciously those who have safely and of the Roman society.
, . ------ND 126 listed A law A seems reditus secundi As many . laterculi laterculi 124 were cohortales cohortiu
, and alae and cohortes were still func Dacia Ripensis from pre-Severan (Seston 1955, 788). and ) (AE 1937, 232; van n Berchem 1952, 18- and there is clear , presumably to incre alares alares Redux cohors secundorum 125 The wording cohortes (part-mounted units) had alae are commonly pre-Te ; cohortes . cohortes and cohortales and alae and alae proposed proposed by K. Dietz : Mommsen 1889, 262-263; Grosse Sucidava. is labeled Tabula Brigetione Tabula Cohortes ] . XLII 40) Cebro; Oesco; Varinia(na) alares ND ] ] ] VII 20. 4) speaks of cohors in table ( cohortes equitatae Siosta NDOr added to each provincial section of the Eastern added to each provincial section of the Eastern CTh. is a Genitive Plural. ( were important notions in the social life Seston 1955, 788; Várady 1961, 376, note 162). That Várady 1961, 376, note 162). Seston 1955, 788; Brigetio 2. Cohortes is apparently suggested by two the Berchem 1952, 75-83; cf. Seston 1937, 477-486) mention is also made of The size of a 1920, 45, 53, 54; Jones 1964, 679-680; Clemente 1968, 146; Luttwak 1978, 178 (500 men). ase the army’s mobility and capacity for rapid and varied ase the army’s response (Roxan 1976, 61; Campbell 2008, 113). of 325 ( (Várady 1961, 376, note 162; Jones 1964, 97; Seston 1955, 786) a hint that On tioning as part of the structures of the Roman army. their status: van Berchem 1952, 90-93; Jones 1964, 57. In Tetrarchic regime is clearly stated by Eumenius (18. 4): regime is clearly stated Tetrarchic nam quid ego alarum et cohortium castra per censeam, stituta toto Rheni et Histri et Eufratae limitere as seventy auxiliary times certainly or probably retained their name and pro It seems that in vincial garrison in the late Roman army. some cases been changed into full cavalry 147. See also the separate subdivisions called 147. See also the separate subdivisions called minores army where the old type of in their pre-and probably preserved in great number, size (va configuration and Tetrarchic 19; the structure of the auxiliary troops was not altered by the Dietz 1993, 315. Roxan 1976, 59-76. 1968, 146- Várady 1961, 378; Jones 1964, 56; Clemente One of the infantry regiments in The oldest evidence of pre-Constantinian (Aure 126 reversus 124 125 billeted at reducum reduces and papyrological sources. Each such regiment was commanded by a tribune, a by Each such regiment was commanded cases in a pattern revealed in several other lianic-Tetrarchic) units in the configuration given by given configuration the in units lianic-Tetrarchic) ND Praefectus legionis quintae Macedonicae Praefectus legionis partis superioris(?) Praefectus legionis quintae Macedonicae quintae legionis Praefectus partis superioris Praefectus legionis quintae Macedonicae quintae legionis Praefectus partis superioris cated: Macedonicae quintae legionis Praefectus partis superioris Macedonica Macedonica reasonable, although it appears scholarly fabri the new organization in the Eastern provinces after the legions. in date Tetrarchic trarchic or evidence of preservation of older in structures 134 one of the 134 133 infantry was stantinian epoch,whentheremaining Con in later, de and strength cavalry were their of they prived when period Gallienic in formed cohortes milliariae sized large the of decedents be presumably may regiment inmid-3 ( equitata milliaria Dardanorum relia NovaDardanorum at regiment not All the manuscripts give cohort, regardlessitsepithetorethnonym. tribunus Dacia. of abandonment the vived The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) Timacum Minus Cohors Secundorum reducum Cohors The second Wagner 1938,131-132;Dušanić1976,237-246;Bene Wagner 1938,130-131;Dušanić1976,237-246;Beneš 122; Spaul2000, 350-351 1978, 30-31,no.80/43;Petrović 1986,514-515;1997, 1978, 30,no.79/42;Spaul2000, 349. of the south bylate3 regiment whichseemstohavebeenre-dispatcheddown was setbya tion canbemadethattheDrobetaaltar(IGLRno.402) (Mirković 1966,391-394;ISMIII/2no.126).Sugges Naissus closer tothepresenceofDalmatianpopulationaround the Dalmatianenvironmentwhichwouldbringdeity tary. nona IOM Cohortalis Sagittarii fits the command of a one thousand men thousand one a of command the fits /Niš, andRgotinafortressonthe Timok basin ‘h nnh) I nt rcn stig the setting, recent a not If ninth’). (‘the cohortes novae Sostica tribunus Fig. 6 cohors rd unit. century, ratherthananofficer ) rd 134 of the 3 the of century. – could have been a survival of a survival been have could isspecificinthiscontextmoreto oftheonethousand-menDalmatian orevenarecentlycreated Cunei equitum inthesectionis . (Naissus?) nova in Upper Moesia: Upper in rd
century, utterlytrans (‘the new one’)and stationed atRavna and ontheriverfrontierof 133 ʽ Lupus’ rank of rank Lupus’ cohors nova , or cohors nova (tribunus II Aurelia I Au - š
) - - - - .
Dacia Ripensis pi i salr eahet. t h tm of time the At detachments. smaller in split 136 135 centers, althoughthe patched eachtolegionary that accidentally two Aegeta Cebrum tions Dacia Ripensis ( regiments at anytimetobeturnedintooperational liable units ranking high of position their confirms ND regiments operational ated, a fact emphasizing the high status of tinian formations, continued tobetraditionallycalled size under the command of a high rank officer who both cohorts were each no bigger than 300 men in commitatenses Legionary detachments and the typical Constan SeetheConstantine’s decreeof17June,325( 187-188). against Alaric in409(cf. Várady 1961,370;Scharf 2001, cunei Dalmatarum also byapassageinZos. 20. 4.4);theversatilityof size: Várady 1961, 369-371. 2001, 187-193;Zahariade2006,170;for Jones 1964,99;681-682;Hoffman1969,248-250;Scharf 51-53; especially 212;Fiebeger1900,1756-1757;Grosse1920, equitum vexillationibus comitatensibusseucuneis CTh. display only the headquarters of only theheadquarters display legio-cuneus V 4.1;17June325: , in that of the 3. Cuneiequitum , in theterritory of the van see:Mommsen1889,195-279=1910,206-283
Berchem 1952,99; Vára accordingto shows two exceptional associa or cunei equitum were usedasoperationalstrength in the same headquartersat pseudo commitatenses pseudo 135 XIII cunei equitum Hist Notitia Dignitatum universis tamlegionibusquam . The provincial
Gemina . (V 45.1)inwhichfive cunei equitum V Macedonica , are rarely associ dy 1961,369-371; . It might be not be might It . tribunus ; on numerus cunei isproved where dis cunei insignia CTh cunei . andits . VII which , and ) 136 ND as in - - - - .
135
------rd - - Dro- was . . Two garri Aurelius were a were 145 stationed and It. Ant , they were Divitia and IV 6; Rav. Rav. 6; IV (Vrăv): Ptol. (Vrăv): Mihail Zahariade Mihail rightly pointed need some addi VI 4 o; center with the 143 scutarii Dorticum ) from where the from ) Stablesiani after 311, and espe and 311, after De Aed. see in particular: Cle applied at a later pe Dalmatarum Diviten , Dorticum were dispatched ap legio Italica II equites Dalmatae Divitia Drobeta Tab. Peut. Tab. . numerus exploratorum Ger It could have been initially Scutarii . 144 equites Dalmatae Divitensium still acting on differentocca century being repaired during Jus and th Aurelius Maximus . D. Hoffmann D. . Divitenses . There were large independent independent large were There . 147 . D. Hoffmann supposed that the 142 cunei equitum 146 XLII 3.14; Procop. and the Germania Inferior cavalry units from ( Dorticum . Like the stratores are recorded in a pair of inscriptions. Stablesiani III 9.4 (Δορτικόν); III 9.4 (Δορτικόν); and was later redeployed on the Danube of 312 NDOr. NDOr. Divitenses .IV 7. 8; 20; in spite of its strategic importance at 7. .IV 141 of the unit, ) Cunei equitum Dalmatarum o from is certainly to be sought In indirectly. late 3 Divitia Turin Turin Lauriacum Turin Turin until the end of the 6 34, TIR L tinian I; Kanitz 1882, 67; Patsch 1905, 1576; 1968, 55; Gudea 2001, 91. 119. mente 1968, 150-151; Hoffmann 1969, 248-249; Scharf The sources for 2001, 185-193. Geogr. 219.1; Geogr known the site is hardly River, Timacum the mouth of the from archaeological view point; it seems to have survived Hoffmann 1968, 177-179, 258-260. Caroll-Spielecke 1993, 386-387. 2629, 7001, 7012. 7000=ILS V CIL Barnes 1981, 41-42. Caroll-Spielecke 1992, 387. Tudor 1960, 340, no. 17; IGLR no. 294; Sarnowski 1985, Tudor For The two cavalry regiments The two cavalry The connection of the 143 144 145 146 147 century a regiment of Turin is recorded in three epitaphs at exarchi Senecio They seem to have died most likely in the battle of officers were dispatched in the area occasioned by the a squadron of confrontation However, with Maxentius’ billeted during the first orTetrarchy rather second forces. at epithet dispatched in Italy where it took part in the battle of 141 142 sizable Imperial bodyguard strength created Gallienus by and perpetuated by the provincial or imperial the Tetrarchic from originate They re gime. guards of units of sions and frontier sectors. Like as reorganized cially after 325. sium tional comments out that the epithet riod to some regiments from the palatine and field army has close connection with the of detachment a Here, son. at manicianorum Divitensium or in early Tetrarchy parently during the second reign; Constantine’s the latter was apparently split in other smaller units Divitenses beta ALM(
. ------
). - cu 140 - - Campi see: for the Odessus on the oc garrisoned Constantin had 500 men was billeted Scutarii , of which , of which two Aegeta ) the inscription (XL 11, 13, 16), 13, 16), 11, (XL in Thrace (316) numeri scutariorum and is recorded on an Stablesianorum vexillationes equitum vexillatio or bear functional epi a veteran of the regi appear for the first (XL 15) respective cunei equitum scutari could be reasonable consid Dis Manibus Dacia Ripensis Dalmatarum and one Scutariorum Macedonica
Cebrum ) sprang out directly from the section shows signs of suc section Moesia Secunda (fig. 7). I V ( (XLII 15, 20); on the equites scutarii 138 for . Provided that a cunei equitum (SGSLIBulg., no. 130). According to (SGSLIBulg., no. 130). legio-cuneus Campi Ardienses Flavius Victorinus, equites scutarii ) or as a result of later re-deployments. (1,000 men) could have served as a good in total: five total: in . formed a large Imperial bodyguard . It could have been later integrated into the Scutariorum Cebrum Odessus 137 where a later repair the fortress is high of (XXXIX 12), ). Three ). . It could have begun splitting and reas cunei equitum Scutariorum Scutariorum cunei equitum at the Lower Danube by the amalgamation with (XL 20) and cunei equitum Gemina Dacia Ripensis
139 vexillatio secunda cuneus equitum Stablesianorumcuneus equitum cuneus equitum Scutarii he The association A orum other regiments of AE 1946, 42) and allotted to: (cf. Kalinka 1905, no. 384; Scythia and Hoffmann 1969, 292-299. turned to its initial headquarters after the battle at Ardienses Constantinian army and served as a base for the setting of a in size (Jones 1964, 56; Clemente 1968, 146; Luttwak 1985, 97) two Williams 1978, 177; scutariorum base for the creation of new six epitaph set for ment, at the invocation of the deity ( or Constantinian period at the Tetrarchic is datable in in The regiment was billeted most likely latest. as part of the Licinius army in 316/317, and never re ered either as a tactical arrangement for each legionary territory ( XIII Almus
Hoffmann 1969, 248-249; Scharf 2001, 185-193. Hoffmann 1969, 292-300; Scharf, 2001, 185. A T Cunei Dalmatarum Two 139 140 138 lighted by the issue of building material stamped 137 at casion of the presence of the victorious Constan tinian army at redistribution could have been the result of this formations of The time. dispatch of some cavalry units to the le gionary headquarters in signing parts on different sectors of the Danube and Eastern frontiers, a process officially finished presumably under Maximinus Daia, when smaller ly. ly. regiment during Gallienus’ and early Diocletian’s times Aegeta Gallienic-Tetrarchic sizable Gallienic-Tetrarchic group of units labeled Equites Dalmatae ianorum thets (two with simple name, two others labeled after place of the mother unit, and one bearing origin, one after ( I Constantine founder, its of name the cessive interventions (fig.6). There are nine nei equitum reasons, if there was any in particular, remain still remain still in particular, if there was any reasons, uncertain 136 150 149 148 Sofia Ardienses the the troops destroyed during battle of and two the in identifiable Dalmatarum Divitenses regiment of the splittingoflarger included Constantine, by controlled now frontier, river on theDacian battle tacticalarrangement Licinius with conflict incoming the for likely most army, Constantinian the of part as The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) Afound at plate withinscription marble SGSLIBulg.,no. 6. Zahariade1997,167-182. Scharf2001,189. Dorticum Fig. 7 150 adds some important clue on thepresence clue some important adds in316. – Fortsofthe 149 , possibly to fill up the gaps left by left gaps the up fill to possibly , cunei equitum cunei equitum in two separateunits,
in 148 from Dacia Ripensis Te post- The . Serdica Drobeta equites Campi / andtheirrepresentationinthemss.of
151 Li by controlled areas the in number sizable a name, likethatof tum of anewtyperegimentslabeled border which began shortly after 316. The creation Dacian the on reforms gradual Constantinian the could alsobeanimportantpieceof evidence on created from ca couldbeequatedwithoneofthetworegiments Serdica. around Divitensium n(umero) certain o f Numeri Dalmatarum Numeri Mommsen1889, 232. Divitenses 151
preserved, in particular cases,theiroriginal in particular preserved, Felix , equites Dalmatarum Divitensium Dalmatarum equites n ai. h isrpin eod a records inscription The Dacia. in civis Ambianensis Numerus Divitensium Dalmatarum Divitensium and a veteran settled in or settled in a veteran and seems to have been in seemstohavebeen Notitia Dignitatum , asig(nifer) d(e) from Serdi from cunei equi . . It . - - - 137
------) - - th is Me . D. For re con cuneus were could Augus of 300 Dalma even in . At formed a formed exarchus from which is recorded centurio Bononia numeri from > was billeted, Mihail Zahariade Mihail II Traiana For Traiana II and numerus decurio > Cuneus equitum that fought on Li , together with two , as recorded in the as recorded cuneus centuria Fortensium 159 contubernia cunei equitum centuria signifer decuria from Bononia. garrisoned , therefore 600 men in a were a numeri XL XL 13, , mentioned the second in . century Fortensium . In that case, a a case, that In . th Drobeta in the Varinia has a tradition in hosting legio II Traiana Fortis legio Traiana II NDOr. NDOr. centuriae should have had the late Tetrarchic Tetrarchic should have had the late Exarchus . But sizable cavalry strength in a 4 numerus Fortensium Dalmatarum . thinks that the regiment was a de and . 158 numerus cunei equitum Dalmatarum ; if so, ten of such ten of so, if ; 156 157 , a in general see: Zos. V 45; Várady 1961, 369-371; 45; V in general see: Zos. (=60 men). The The (=60 sixth men). 160 centuriae Varinia , it may be that the Mediolanum regiment cuneus Fortensium and receiving the epithet regiments, many probably proceeding from the and On the basis of the calculations of the space available in Augustae units not more than 290-300 men. For the size of a equitum Clemente 1968, 150-154, both with commentaries on Zo Várady The number of 1,200 men offered by text. simus’ 1961, 370-371 seems highly improbable. a barrack block at Zahariade 1997, 172 considers for such a type of cavalry Hoffmann 1969, 234-235, 258. Ritterling 1925, 1484-1490. 5823. V CIL Scharf 2001, 186.
In the Tetrarchic period and later, period and later, Tetrarchic In the According to Dacia Ripensis The two century legion is questionable after the massive Gallienic withdrawal of the horse stock. It would regiment was formed the be more conceivable that from a unit of Dalmatians acting on the battlefield as an auxiliary force of the legion tis diolanum usually cavalry regiments little chance and there is to have been infantry in structure. If so, the exist ence of first Mokreš inscription makes sense and would term of suggest that the placed the older term of a cavalry unit. inscription was a non-commissioned officer,who commanded six cavalry men organized in a tubernium centuria ex the means practically that inscription first the in ten istence of Tetrarchic have been later split in two men each Dalmatarum Fortensium Hoffmann tachment of the derives the epithet side cinius’ at recorded in early 4 ( officers non-commissioned epithet the Given regiment. the in served who tensium to the setting contributed, even if maybe partially, of the tae Licin the in troops of category that of organization ian army 157 158 159 160 tae 156
. - - ) ------ND nu exar cunei who limes filius ; 2. during , active , , in the / , , buried , . ) set the VI numerus was situ recorded recorded matarum ( nturia / [3] ] ce Dal Romus , on the , in a recorded in ) [ Doranus ; 3. AE 1938, 99: ; 3. ) numerus Calvinus v(ixit) a(nnos) Iuventinus Atadis Dorani Anchialos Anchialos ) / of ) / uitum ’. ( Bononia Romus qui mili/ta(v)it in exarchus of the regiment (prob the of almatarum ( / , . Two inscriptions record eqq . The latter individual men individual latter The . D numeri Dalmatarum anibus . The vexillation might have might vexillation The . Aurelius Maximianus ( XX ) ) centuria 155 , the son of almatarum ] after 324. M numerus Dalmatarum of exceptional importance for of e ( s 154 , died aged 20. ( ) [ . An inscription from Thiatyra D numerus Dalmatarum in the pre-Constantinian period is centuria ) ( umero Ancialitana ( 152 D n ) Atadis stelae D(is) M(anibus) / Aur(elio) Mund(o) / D(is) M(anibus) / / t umero ) who died 30, while his wife died 20 probably in the same ( Calvinus vi n comitatus ( vixit / anno ) mentions Valerius ] of ho ni Aurelius Mundus ( cunei equitum Dalmatarum [ 153 in vexillation , a veteran in a , atensium ( Aurelius Myrcianus ‘ circitor AE 1938, 97: exarc Aureli/ae Surae / v(ixit) a(nnos) XX et Au/reliae XXX et / Aur(elius) / Myrcianus Augustae / v(ixit) a(nnos) VIIII, p(osuit) / b(ene) m(erenti) parentib(u)s Aur(eli) Maximi/niani ci(r)cito/ri vix(it) D(is) M(anibus) / Aur(elius) Maximus / vet(eranus). a(nnos) LII / qui milita Calvi nume/r
163 cuneus equitumDal equites Dalmatae equites Utum . The insertion of a of insertion The . uneus Eq where bricks and bricks where and seems suggested and ] cunei Dalmatarum Sucidava ( , uites ) A( cuneus equi cuneus indicatesthe milites equitum ) DALVARI n ( ontheriverfrontierof umeri inau ) - as - ) ------
168 167 166 165 field army. at any timeto regiments liable be assigned to the of hierarchy the in position ranking army high their and field the with interoperability their frontier, ofthistypecavalryunitsonthe the importance beta ( Varinia the headquarters of names the of Most itineraries. and rebuilding or repair activities, are confirmed by significant of occasion the on issued material, ing rebuilding ofthefortress (mid-4 later a mark would (retrograde) bearing stamps brick The above). (see e.g.the unit, detachment ofthe re-dispatched lost by apreviously left gap the fill to as a base for the creation of the ment of regi the However, material. building of import an at suggests the presence of a detachment of the unit nection with con Areforms. the of commencement the to ous CEBR Many toponyms recorded on the stamped build stamped the on recorded toponyms Many Tudor 1960,345, no. 41; Vasić 1997,167-168. Tudor 1960,344,no.32. Tudor 1960,341,no.19;Sarnowski 1985,119. Utum, Sucidava stamped bricksandtileshavenot yetbeendiscovered. Except ( DRVBETA ( ) 167 VAR equites Constantiniani equites Dacia Ripensis either to replace a former regiment or to a formerregiment to replace either Dorticum , Almus during the works of reconstruction or reconstruction of works the during Utum ), 166 Augustae appearonstamps: ). Their record indicates above all above indicates record Their ). and ( isnotobligatorily, butthepiece ALM . Aegeta ), 165 ( AVGVSTISFO Bononia . whoseabbreviations on could have served have could cuneus V Macedonica ( BON Utum dispatched VTO th ), ) century) 168 Cebrum ( VTO , , cunei OTV Dro ND ), - - - -
139 ------
] M castel ; Kanitz Claus , on the of 48 . 3 [ ; Veliki ; Veliki garrisoned garrisoned 177 was built in see: Jordović DRPDIERNA rivulet Mihail Zahariade Mihail VRIANE , a place to be ] of 50 x 42 m F Dierna . Auxilium Miliaren ? (CIL III 8277 (CIL milites exploratorum quadriburgium 176 and another with the CC DRPDIERNA
[ Tabula Traiana Tabula Transalba along the road in the Ca FECERIS
quadriburgium DIERNA , shows; it is a direct reference , shows; it is a direct milites exploratorum milites exploratorum NVN DRPDIERNA
Auxilium Claustrinorum SI LATERCVLVS Moesia Prima
of 27 x 27 m); Veliko Golubinje: Veliko of 27 x 27 m); S ] to the mouth of the Jakomir (XLII 29); it was assigned it was assigned (XLII 29); for patrol /Donji Milanovac and , in (…)] MIE [ millia passuum XLI 35. On the Roman road along the Danube be XLII 27. FAC castellum Taliata Taliata Taliata miliarensium which garrisoned Taliata of 40 x 31 m; sizable number of coins, big granite of 40 x 31 m; sizable number of coins, big means, among others, a confined space, a NDOr. NDOr.
NDOr. NDOr. An important but different assignment had the Three regiments were deployed along this fron tian (92, 94), and thoroughly restored and extended to the the segment (Donja Klisura), (101); then, Trajan east under ca. along 700 the m Cazane upstream area of Vrbica, Balon and Vodenica until Hajducka The building of the road, es the mountainous rocky wall. pecially in the Cazane area, made safer the navigation and The road was enabled the towing of the ships upstream river. apparently used also in later Roman period. square lum blocks, a tile stamp stamp [ ALEDOR 34, 1968, 42; TIR L 1882, 38; Swoboda 1939, 49-50; 297-300); Popović 1969, 102-103; 1970, 58-59; 1984, Malo Golubinje-Četače: 1965, 191; Vucković (Kanitz 1882, 38; Swoboda 1939, 51; Kondić 1986, Vasić, Popović 1967, 61-62; 1968, 68-69; Vasić 1996, 18; Gudea 2001, 72-73, 554 fig. 25b; Petrović, no. 13b); stamped tiles Strbac: two signaling towers; stamped tile (Swoboda 1939, 52); Mali Strbac: 34, TIR L x 30 m (Kanitz 1882, 33; Swoboda 1939, 55; 1968, 77); Donji Milanovac-Pecka Bara (Swoboda 1939, 52-53; Garašanin 1951, 193; Kondić 1965, 83; Gudea 2001, 73, no. 13c). Kanitz and Swoboda identified and the towers along and signaling 20 watch ca. more described sector are round in layout. most of them bank of the Danube; right tween 1982-1983, 365-370; Petrović 1986, 883-895 (with the en (33/34) Tiberius under built was road The bibliography). tire along Kučaj and Miroč Mountains the of wall vertical the in the Gornja Klisura (i.e. southern gorges of the Danube); it Domi and (44) Claudius under repaired and maintained was 177 176 tier sector. A unit of of unit A sector. tier Transdierna ling and policing the right bank of the Danube, ca. 12 km in length upstream river until the exit of the Danube from the narrowest course at the Cazane gorge. A specific mission had sium sought for on the right bank of the Danube across Dubova in the same Cazane ling and area, road maintenance tasks as the adjectival with patrol noun, to some care take to had regiment the which of gorge zane of. However, its area of competence could have have been con gone much further south and must tiguous to the activities of the from third regiment, trum gateway, a key, but also a channel, narrow pas commanding sage, gorge, and strait the entrance into a region. That is exactly what happens in the
, . ------, - and alae alae limi Austin refer to is repre cohortes, cohortes, and which is a and one in auxiliaries
Transdierna : Hoffmann ND - 173 auxiliares . Moesia Secun (fig. 9).
has five units of were treated as Cohortes 175 Taliata cohortes and .
Moesia Prima 169 century and Tetrarchic Tetrarchic century and 170 rd Moesia Prima cohortes as infantry regiments, al as infantry regiments, and , the Danube , the Danube frontier dis legio-milites in on the and and, strikingly, only four only strikingly, and, century. On century. Moesia Prima Scythia th . VII 20. 4.4); van Berchem 1952, 89- . , alae milites Scythia auxilia had apparentlypatrolling missions, 2002, especially 42-66. CTh milites and 6 , therefore under the direct compe to th . ) on this segment were identified at Kovej: units from the legionary detachments. 174 and Dacia Ripensis ; four of them are included under the title them of four ; Rankov 2002, especially 42-66; 237-241. auxiliares XXXIX 19-27. 18-28. XL XLI 33; 34-37. , 4. Auxiliares in type of regiments, but this status was emphasized 172 Raetia have only
milites NDOr. NDOr. NDOr. NDOr. Austin 171 Rankov 90). It seems that tanei only in the 5 1969, 140, 167. discussion in note 162 with large reference to the Imperial decree of 325 ( milites exploratorum On this distinct type of troops and their tasks see: Military installations (watch towers and small sized
Várady 1961, 371-373; 377-378 and the comprehensive The Constantinian reforms brought changes in The tasks of Surnames borne by some of the quadriburgia 174 175 172 173 170 171 ture plans ligence, as scouts, espionage missions, monitor ing activities and making detailed regular reports, offering information on terrain the and enemy’s fu Dacia Ripensis the Danube, in acting more or less overtly north of the enemy’s territory (Sarmatians) to gather intel milites their specific assignments (fig. 8). Four regiments of sented by the binomial good argument to understand the provenance of the the commonest tandem in However, milites item legiones tence of the legionary headquarters da under the title of though they are styled Besides are inheritance from the 3 were still in exist units of types epoch when these ence (see above). auxiliares otherwise extant in the Near Eastern number and Egypt in great provinces number and structure of the auxiliary regiments. From plays three categories units: of infantry of small forts and watch towers 169 gorge. Its control received particular attention. The attention. particular received control Its gorge. by east the from overlooked river, the of bank right number significant a shows plateau, Miroč high the versified. This stretch of the Danube course was difficult for navigation, hardly accessible and cir culation considerably slowed down in the Cazane sector appear to have been more complex and di sector appearto 140 178 tract Danube dangerous length, in km 9 narrow,ca. lar outs, also bywayof probably boats, of this particu the mission to patrol, survey, and controlins ilium 10). (fig. Claustrinorum Cazane at corridor Danube The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) Zahariade1996, 249-51. 178 of the straits’; it garrisoned . In fact, the fact, In . can beeasilytranslatedas‘ Fig. 9 auxilia – Auxilium from
/ Transalba Translucum milites fortstypein Auxilium ( milia aux with - - - Dacia Ripensis 180 179 respectively, are recordedas in checkingoutthisspecific riversection. the of Danube seem to have bank had strict but adjoined right tasks the on another one to situated rensium Two
NDOr. NDOr. auxilia ) and XLII 24. XLII 28. during at Translucum Notitia Dignitatum. Drobeta 179 (
claustrinorum and primi Burgus Novus and ) closely secundi 180
141 - - - de legio I which 185 which re . If so, the had already , shows clear Mihail Zahariade Mihail . 184 183 auxilium IV Martia in the Aurelianic Aurelianic or in the legio Martenses Martensium of the Gallic army’ (CIL (CIL of the Gallic army’ , labels himself as belonging to , at Oescus Crispitia Martenses . auxilium Exploratorum 186 and Valerius Vitalis Valerius XLII 26. , or the comitatensian NDOr. NDOr. ‘the detachment of Seeck 1876, 96, note 5. Ritterling 1925, 1418-9; Hoffman 1969, 175. A soldier, Auxilium Mariensium fought on Constantine’s side and of which a de tachment could have been drafted and established on the Danube 183 184 185 186 style cohort billeted at epoch turned into an Tetrarchic calls the epithet of its traditional garrison. signs of corruption in terms. Seeck proposed, on good ground, regiment must have had a connection with Martia rived from the mother legion, in and auxilium Claustrinorum primi seems to refer rather . If . Mediolana , making a clear a making , Dacisci auxiliary units once Mediolana leave the impression of appears as part of an old Moesia Secunda 182 is recorded at Dacorum . The term Dacia Ripensis 181 – The Cazane Gorge controlled by – Dacia Ripensis Fig. 10 XL 21. XL XLII 25. in . They are not the only ones expressing milites Dacisci NDOr. NDOr. NDOr.
Auxilium Crispitiense 181 182 being Constantinian, the Moesian regiment looks presumably post-Constantinian (Constantius II?) in date. have been purposely created and dispatched to fill to dispatched and created purposely been have the gap of a missing unit at secundi difference from the Trajan’s recruited among the native Dacians in The regiment in Dacia. called Moesia Secunda to units recruited in Dacisci this apparent ethnical-territorial term. A regiment 142 banks water coursesintotheriver with protruding canals ronment characterized by long and sizable islands, stations ( Ad Malum east. the to segment entire the along control its extended fleet ern units of the of headquarters billeted atRatiaria,thelegionary 11). (fig. bases two in trated century as severalheadquartersupstream stretched tomiddleDanube, for itscompetence at 192 191 190 189 188 187 allotted at themiddleDanube separate squadrons Pannonica via Moesica from squadrons western of theformer tion of the detachmentssuggestsacombination Vindobona of a river fleet, one could suppose that the the north-west. As center,the legionary until presumably of surroundings downstream the upand covered 4 early in deployment and structure in changes river frontier. Both seem to have undergone drastic nonica nacium Flavia Moesica 1 large consisting inathoroughtransformationof two on theDanube domain in thenaval intervention squadrons. fleet river the are section The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) An increased stress seems to have beenput on section of The Dacian Dacia Ripensis The lasttwounitsunderscrutinyintheDacian Bounegru,Zahariade 1996,25. NDOcc. Mitova-Džonova1986,508-509. Mitova-Džonova1986,507-508. Bounegru,Zahariade1996,19-22. took place. sis 115=265=VII 91)arrivedandgarrisonedin legion ( in Arabia detachment, eitherfrom is difficulttoknowinwhatcircumstancesalegionary 1969, 175,note VI, 461tothewarsofMaximianus.It ern Africa in297/298whichisattributedbyHofmann VIII 16551);theunitsentanimportantdraftinnorth NDOr. Aegeta XIII Gemina andwhenthetransformationintoafrontier 189 which coveredbasicallythemidDanubian st to the Black Sea and Sea Black the to 5. Classis 187 Martenses -3 XLII 42. . stationes XLI 38;XXXII52;XXXIII58; XXXIV 28. 190 . /Košava-Cetače were identified as naval 192 191 rd NDOr. century traditional river fleets: river traditional century classis FlaviaMoesica h fet em szbe innumber sizable seems fleet The . with eastern units from with eastern . Curisca appears indicated in indicated appears , once withcompetencefrom , was formed probably of thewest , wasformedprobably (cf. XXXVII 32),orfrom displays two river fleets concen fleets river two displays ) upstream Oescus NDOcc Kurvingrad, / I Martia classis Histrica . VII5=40; does notshowanysign
, garrisonedatBethoro, Classis Ratiarensis Classis Ratiaria classis FlaviaPan comitatensian Bononia NDOcc ND. (XLII 43) (XLII classis Flavia classis Aegeta inanenvi Dacia Ripen classis Fla classis was based ND Aegeta The loca auxilium . V . Ratiaria classis shows /Vidin, , until 188 Vimi -
to . It .
- th ------,
system, a truestrongholdamidsthostilepopula menacing situation. and recoveredfromachaotic tively reinforced impera be to had They 106. after structures tary mili all, few,at with if years 170 ca. for district ian civil former transformationintoa preponderantly as aresultoftheir almost defenseless territories sources by historical cle described mid-3 in Danube the of south Balkan provinces once the Gothic invasions struck some decisivefactorsmustbetakenintoaccount. by covered the East,asectoronce Trajan’s Dacia, to River Vit and West the to River Porecka tween 3 surprisingly, theplaceisnotrecordedin an importantnavalbase,was also center, civil and military key a show search centers each tolegionary 196 195 194 193 victory II’ Claudius decisive the and activity tary 3 Augustae installations: south Danubian tion administra Gallienic the during taken ef were forts military and economic significant with trated area. with great impact on the future configuration of the a preferable strategicmeasure terland remained on theriverlineandin hin and itsredeployment apparatus of thearmyandadministrative drawal the with of theDanube, strength north military considerable isolating and jeopardizing of instead that was solution The it. of north solutions drastic 3 the of sixties the in river the ever,south of of thesituation thefastdegradation How abandonment. administrative and military a motivate to circumstances and weakness of signs Gothic the apparently no forays downsouthanddisplayed diverted it invasions; Carpic century mid-3 withstand to enough solid been had tions, rd rd oi ad dqae eoey esrs perpe measures recovery adequate and Solid The 2 The areabecameof strategic importancefor the In assessingtheforgingofasecondhalf SeerecentlyBenea 2012,205-208. Eutrop. Jovanović1996,264. vanBerchem1952,95,note3;Bounegru,Zahariade vastatum Illyricum finitima occuparent Goth ilibere progressi, Macedonas Achaeosque et Asiae Moesia 1996, 25. century new river frontier on the Danube be frontier ontheDanube centurynewriver etr. rm hs iwon, aleu’ mili Gallienus’ viewpoint, this From century. 196 Some conclusions Lgsi itretos ok lc a some at place took interventions Logistic . nd […]’; Aur. Brev , -3 Valeriana rd . IX15.1:‘[…] century TrajanicDacia’s defensive Vict. […]’;HA, […]’. , Sucidava De Caes 193 vastato omniIllyricoet v. Aurel . As some recent re recent some As . rd . 33.3:‘[…] Oescus II century. deba The Aquae rd n h 6s f the of 60s the in century required . 195 39. 7:‘[…] 194 found these found , although, Thraciam Notitia Novae II cum . rd ------,
143 - - - - . 198 (fig. 12) be Mihail Zahariade Mihail . . , 415-55 4 . Notitia Dignitatum looked completely different from different completely looked , although the final revision of the (ca. 316-ca. 330), as part of the Notita Dignitatum 199 Tudor 1978 Tudor at the time of Dacia Ripensis cia: Tudor 1973, 149-61; Chrysos 1973, 52-64; Zawadski Tudor cia: 1973, 65-8; The Constantinian reoccupation of southern Trajan’s Da Trajan’s The Constantinian reoccupation of southern Gudea 2009, 85-103 The Constantinian military reorganization in 198 199 cupied by ground was nonetheless forces, under diplomatic control and influence the Empire’s Dacia Ripensis entire the reset Empire, the in reforms generalized picture of the defensive system of the army legions, the two cohorts and the two province. Except of the Aurelianic/Tetrarchic period. The reorganiza tion implied of new types of infantry the creation and cavalry regiments, on spot reshuffling of older auxiliary regiments, redeployment of new ones brought from other fronts, more specific missions and tasks on the frontier and beyond assigned to specialized small units. Later interventions the Constantinian scheme into are also difficult to be tracked down Dacian section in longs adamantly to the Constantinian epoch. existence of north Danubian territories of former (re)oc not if which, zone buffer a as Dacia Trajan’s , ------Dacia Ripensis Drobeta , . As a new a As . century troop rd Dierna (269), were of ex and eastern half of in parallel with the Ruscu 1998, 235-44; 197 was formed of the west – The Danube fleet in The Danube – Naissus Dacia Mediterranea Fig. 11 Fig. 11 . Significant constructive interven constructive Significant . Moesia Inferior and were apparently maintained, as well Dacia Ripensis Sucidava donment of Dacia of which we mention only some: Ili escu 1970, 597-600; 1971, 425-42; 1972, 149-60; Bodor 1973, 41-51; Vulpe 1973, 29-40; 2004, 55; 156. Watson 2000, 265-85; There is a considerable literature on the subject of aban Aurelian is in fact the official author of the aban One important point must be made here. The Aurelianic army south of the Danube is The scheme would not have been possible without the 197 the defense structures of more troops. initial All these successive interventions in the military strength, but left no significant epigraphic with wars the During assessments. further for trace of voiding the to contributed Licinius I, Constantine cian regiments by the regime Tetrarchic on differ ent fronts (see above). The late 3 movements literarily depleted the river frontier of strongly shadowed massive use of Da by later and as a military and policing control on some distance north of the river. tions at the installations along the river are detect the installations tions at able with great difficulty for the Aurelianic period at bridge-heads Three (271-275). province, ern territories of Moesia Superior donment of Trajan’s Dacia Trajan’s donment of new juridical-administrative the creation of districts: Dacia Ripensis against the Goths at ceptional importance. 144 The DaciaRipensisSectioninNotitia Dignitatum (XLII) Fig. 12 – The Canonicianus Misc.,378). Dacia Ripensis
sectionofthe Notitia Dignitatum (Oxoniensis Notitia Dignitatum 145
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