DOCSLIB.ORG

The Spatial–Temporal Changes of the Coupling Relationship Among Agricultural Labor Force, Agricultural Economy, and Farmland in Chongqing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Spatial–Temporal Changes of the Coupling Relationship Among Agricultural Labor Force, Agricultural Economy, and Farmland in Chongqing sustainability Article The Spatial–Temporal Changes of the Coupling Relationship among Agricultural Labor Force, Agricultural Economy, and Farmland in Chongqing Lin Zhu 1,*, Mingying Yang 2, Wenzhuo Li 1, Heping Liao 2 and Han Huang 2 1 College of State Governance, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; [email protected] 2 School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; [email protected] (M.Y.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (H.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-(15)-17-887-6878 Abstract: Agricultural labor force, agricultural economy, and farmland use are momentous com- ponents of sustainable development in rural areas, as well as essential causes of drastic changes in the urban–rural transformation. This paper studies the spatial–temporal characteristics of the labor–farmland–economy coupling structure from 2000 to 2018 in rural areas of Chongqing using spatial analysis technology. The study has four main results. First and foremost, not only has the average annual rate of the agricultural labor force in Chongqing reduced by 3.73%, but the reduction rates in Jiangbei District, Dadukou District, Nan’an District, Shapingba District, and Yubei District have exceeded 15%. Then, the average annual rate of the agricultural economy has increased by Citation: Zhu, L.; Yang, M.; Li, W.; 9.32%, but it has been in a downward trend in Dadukou District, Jiangbei District, and Shapingba Liao, H.; Huang, H. The Districts. Furthermore, the average annual decline rate of farmland area is 0.34% with larger re- Spatial–Temporal Changes of the duction occurring in the nine of the central urban districts, Chengkou County and Wushan County. Coupling Relationship among Ultimately, there have been 33 districts and counties with the temporal–spatial characteristics of Agricultural Labor Force, labor–farmland–economy coupling above primary coordination, which includes 16 districts and Agricultural Economy, and Farmland counties reaching a high coordination. This provides theoretical and methodical supports for the in Chongqing. Sustainability 2021, 13, coordinated development of human and land industries in different regions. 8780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su 13168780 Keywords: agricultural labor force; agricultural economy; farmland change; urbanization; rural revi- talization Academic Editors: Changhe Lu and Wenjiao Shi Received: 5 June 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 27 July 2021 Published: 5 August 2021 Agriculture serves as a prerequisite for the survival and advancement of humankind and plays a unique role in the economic society. It is quite valuable for rural areas in Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral agricultural production and ecological conservation; issues related to farmers, agriculture, with regard to jurisdictional claims in and rural areas are fundamental to the national economy and people’s livelihoods, and published maps and institutional affil- agricultural and rural modernization forms the foundation for a modern country [1]. iations. During the period of rapid industrialization and urbanization, labor, land, capital, and other factors of production continue to gather in cities [2]; the income disparity between the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector has widened, and the income structure of farmers is undergoing significant changes [3]. All aspects of gap between urban areas and rural areas in China have been widened, and the income ratio between the two areas has Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. expanded from 2.57 in 1978 to 2.72 in 2016. The “rural diseases”—older and weaker people This article is an open access article forming most of the population, a poor economy, vacant and waste land, and environmental distributed under the terms and pollution—have become increasingly serious, resulting in the rapid recession of agriculture conditions of the Creative Commons and rural areas [4]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Population, land, and industry are three main factors of the urban–rural system, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ as well as important indicators that reflect the urban–rural transformation and develop- 4.0/). ment [5]. With the continuous reduction in agricultural benefits and the rapid increase Sustainability 2021, 13, 8780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168780 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 8780 2 of 17 in wages and income in the non-agricultural industry [6], the large-scale outflow of ru- ral young and middle-aged populations lead to a “hollowing” in rural areas, with only “old and weak” residents been left behind. This, in turn, causes the dilemmas of empty homesteads, abandoned farmland, slow agricultural development, and low benefits, as well as significant changes to rural land use [7]. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the imbalance between population and land in urbanization has gradually been expanded [8], and the proportion of the added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side-line production, and fishery in the national GDP has decreased [9]. Therefore, more attention should be paid to rural revitalization in the process of rapid urbanization [10]. The coupling coordination of agricultural labor force, agricultural economy, and land is the key to the sustainable development of rural areas. The revitalization of population, industry, and land forms the basis for activating the rural vitality and enhancing development capability [11]. The transfer of agricultural surplus labor will improve agricultural efficiency [12]; economic policy reform, science, and technology progress will enhance agricultural pro- duction efficiency and benefits, thus, reducing employment opportunities for agricultural labor [13]. The migration of the agricultural labor force to non-agricultural sectors is helpful to land transfers [14], increasing farmers’ income, and, thus, promoting the development of the agricultural economy [15]. It has been shown that when the transfer of agricultural labor exceeds a critical value, it promotes the transfer of agricultural land and scale manage- ment [16]; however, with the increase in labor transfer, agricultural production is affected negatively. The excessive outflow of agricultural labor force will accelerate the aging of the old and reduce land revenue [17], thus, resulting in the decrease in farmland use intensity [7] and the acceleration of farmland abandonment [18]. To sum up the previous studies, an adaptive level of labor transfer is an effective means to promote a sustainable economy. Labor force is a crucial factor restricting the development of rural industries. On the one hand, the excessive outflow and decrease in labor force have a more negative influence on the sustainable development with population aging, farmland abandonment, and village hollowing. [19]. Due to the scarcity of a young and middle-aged labor force, as well as the decline of human capital, the effect of cultivated land on the population agglom- eration in mountainous areas has weakened [20]; the labor cost of industrial development continues to rise, which squeezes the benefits of agricultural industry and seriously does not motivate the development of secondary and tertiary industries [21]. On the other hand, the introduction of high-quality talents in rural areas is insufficient. Under the background of rural revitalization, industrial development is gradually moving toward a large-scale intensification and modernization. Furthermore, management talents of rural skilled labor force are scarcer. The transferred agricultural labor force is mostly composed of the higher education population, but the weak labor force stays in rural areas [22], showing a serious imbalance between the outflow of labor and introduction of labor. It is difficult to maintain the labor security of agricultural modernization, resulting in difficulties in improving the output efficiency of agricultural land, which has not fully activated the role of rural labor in the intensive use of land for industrial development. It is not conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production [23], and farmers and policy makers must deal with the current labor challenge [24]. The 38 counties of the Chongqing Municipality are grouped into the following cat- egories: central city, new districts of the main city, Northeast Chongqing, and Southeast Chongqing, which consist of 9, 12, 11, and 6 counties, respectively. These groupings are determined based on the geographical location and the economic and cultural conditions of the counties and in combination with the construction plan of Chongqing’s main urban areas in 2020 (Figure1). Sustainability 2021, 13, 8780 3 of 17 Sustainability 2021, 13, x 3 of 16 FigureFigure 1. 1.Administrative Administrative division division map map of of the the study study site. site. 2.2. RelationshipRelationship amongamong AgriculturalAgricultural Labor,Labor, Agricultural Agricultural Economy, Economy, and and Farmland Farmland 2.1.2.1. InteractionInteraction betweenbetween AgriculturalAgricultural LaborLabor Transfer Transfer and and Farmland Farmland Use Use AA reasonable reasonable transfer transfer of of agricultural agricultural labor labor force force will will be conducivebe conducive to the to intensivethe intensive use ofuse farmland, of farmland, while while an unreasonablean unreasonable transfer transfer will will lead lead to to the the inefficient inefficient use use of of farmland farmland
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e & p o l i c y 1 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 1 3 2 – 1 1 3 8 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envsci The environmental changes and mitigation actions in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China a, b,1 Quanfa Zhang *, Zhiping Lou a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China b Bureau of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, PR China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is by far the world’s largest hydroelectric scheme. Due to its Published on line 17 August 2011 unprecedented magnitude, the TGD has been controversial ever since it was proposed in the early 20th century and building commenced in 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • Loan Agreement
    CONFORMED COPY LOAN NUMBER 4794-CHA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Loan Agreement (Chongqing Small Cities Infrastructure Improvement Project) between PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized and INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Dated September 10, 2005 Public Disclosure Authorized 2 LOAN NUMBER 4794-CHA LOAN AGREEMENT AGREEMENT, dated September 10, 2005, between PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (the Borrower) and INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (the Bank). WHEREAS (A) the Borrower, having satisfied itself as to the feasibility and priority of the project described in Schedule 2 to this Agreement (the Project), has requested the Bank to assist in the financing of the Project; (B) the Project will be carried out by Chongqing (as defined in Section 1.02) with the Borrower’s assistance and, as part of such assistance, the Borrower will make the proceeds of the loan provided for in Article II of this Agreement (the Loan) available to Chongqing, as set forth in this Agreement; and WHEREAS the Bank has agreed, on the basis, inter alia, of the foregoing, to extend the Loan to the Borrower upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and in the Project Agreement of even date herewith between the Bank and Chongqing (the Project Agreement); NOW THEREFORE the parties hereto hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I General Conditions; Definitions Section 1.01. The “General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans” of the Bank, dated May 30, 1995 (as amended through May 1, 2004) with the following modification (the General Conditions), constitute an integral part of this Agreement, namely, that Section 6.03(c) of the General Conditions is amended by replacing the words “corrupt or fraudulent” with the words “corrupt, fraudulent, collusive or coercive”.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatiotemporal Evolution Analysis of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Risks in Chongqing, China, Based on the Ito3de Model and GIS
    Spatiotemporal evolution analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution risks in Chongqing, China, based on the ITO3dE model and GIS Kang-wen ZHU Southwest University Zhi-min YANG Southwest University Lei HUANG Southwest University Yu-cheng CHEN ( [email protected] ) Southwest University Sheng ZHANG Chongqing Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Hai-ling XIONG Southwest University Sheng WU Southwest University Bo LEI Chongqing Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Research Article Keywords: Agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS), ITO3dE model, Transition matrix, Kernel density, GIS Posted Date: December 9th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-115722/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Scientic Reports on February 25th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84075-2. 1 Spatiotemporal evolution analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution risks in 2 Chongqing, China, based on the ITO3dE model and GIS 3 Kang-wen ZHUa, Zhi-min YANGa, Lei HUANGa, Yu-cheng CHENa*, Sheng ZHANGb*, Hai-ling 4 XIONGc, Sheng WUc, Bo LEIb 5 aCollege of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 400716, China 6 bChongqing Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China 7 cCollege of computer & information science, Southwest University, 400716, China 8 Abstract 9 To determine the risk state distribution, risk level, and risk evolution situation of agricultural non-point source 10 pollution (AGNPS), we built an ‘Input-Translate-Output’ three-dimensional evaluation (ITO3dE) model that 11 involved 12 factors under the support of GIS and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of AGNPS 12 risks from 2005 to 2015 in Chongqing by using GIS space matrix, kernel density analysis, and Getis-Ord Gi* analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 INTERIM REPORT * Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd
    BANK OF CHONGQING CO., LTD.* 重慶銀行股份有限公司* （A joint stock company incorporated in the People's Republic of China with limited liability） （Stock Code: 1963） （Stock Code of Preference Shares: 4616） 2018 INTERIM REPORT * Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd. is not an authorized institution within the meaning of the Banking Ordinance (Chapter 155 of Laws of Hong Kong), not subject to the supervision of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, and not authorized to carry on banking and/or deposit-taking business in Hong Kong. CONTENTS 1. Corporate Information 2 2. Financial Highlights 3 3. Management Discussions and Analysis 6 3.1 Environment and Outlook 6 3.2 Financial Review 8 3.3 Business Overview 40 3.4 Employees and Human Resources 51 Management 3.5 Risk Management 52 3.6 Capital Management 58 4. Change in Share Capital and Shareholders 61 5. Directors, Supervisors and Senior Management 65 6. Significant Events 67 7. Report on Review of Interim Financial Information 69 8. Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial 70 Information and Notes Thereto 9. Unaudited Supplementary Financial Information 155 10. Organizational Chart 158 11. List of Branch Outlets 159 12. Definitions 167 Corporate Information Legal Name and Abbreviation in Chinese Date and Registration Authority of 重慶銀行股份有限公司 (Abbreviation: 重慶銀行) Initial Incorporation September 2, 1996 Name in English Administration for Industry and Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd. Commerce of Chongqing, the PRC Legal Representative Unified Social Credit Code of Business License LIN Jun 91500000202869177Y Authorized Representatives Financial License Registration Number RAN Hailing B0206H250000001 WONG Wah Sing Auditors Secretary to the Board International: PENG Yanxi PricewaterhouseCoopers Address: 22/F, Prince’s Building, Central, Joint Company Secretaries Hong Kong WONG Wah Sing HO Wing Tsz Wendy Domestic: PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP Registered Address and Postal Code Address: 11/F, PricewaterhouseCoopers Center, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Chongqing Urban–Rural Infrastructure Development Demonstration II Project — Resettlement External Monitoring Report (No
    Resettlement External Monitoring Report #7 June–December 2018 January 2019 People’s Republic of China: Chongqing Urban–Rural Infrastructure Development Demonstration II Project — Resettlement External Monitoring Report (No. 7) Prepared by the Halcrow (Chongqing) Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd. for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank. This resettlement external monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB-Financed Chongqing Urban–Rural Infrastructure Development Demonstration Project II Resettlement External Monitoring Report (No. 7) (Jun 2018---Dec 2018) Halcrow (Chongqing) Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd. Jan 2019 I Contents Contents ................................................................................................................................................. II 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Brief Introduction of the Project ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Health Insurance Reform on the Number of Cataract Surgeries in Chongqing, China Xiaofan Chen1†, Chunlin Chen1†, Yao Zhang2, Rongdi Yuan1 and Jian YE1*
    Chen et al. BMC Health Services Research 2011, 11:67 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/67 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access The effect of health insurance reform on the number of cataract surgeries in Chongqing, China Xiaofan Chen1†, Chunlin Chen1†, Yao Zhang2, Rongdi Yuan1 and Jian YE1* Abstract Background: Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in China, and poverty is a major barrier to having cataract surgery. In 2003, the Chinese government began a series of new national health insurance reforms, including the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) and the Urban Resident Basic Health Insurance scheme (URBMI). These two programs, combined with the previously existing Urban Employee Basic Health Insurance (UEBMI) program, aimed to make it easier for individuals to receive medical treatment. This study reports cataract surgery numbers in rural and urban populations and the proportion of these who had health insurance in Chongqing, China from 2003 to 2008. Methods: The medical records of a consecutive case series, including 14,700 eyes of 13,262 patients who underwent age-related cataract surgery in eight hospitals in Chongqing from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2008, were analysed retrospectively via multi-stage cluster sampling. Results: In the past six years, the total number of cataract surgeries had increased each year as had the number of patients with insurance. Both the number of surgeries and the number of insured patients were much higher in the urban group than in the rural group. The rate of increase in the rural group however was much higher than in the urban group, especially in 2007 and 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Information
    Supplemental information Table S1 Sample information for the 36 Bactrocera minax populations and 8 Bactrocera tsuneonis populations used in this study Species Collection site Code Latitude Longitude Accession number B. minax Shimen County, Changde SM 29.6536°N 111.0646°E MK121987 - City, Hunan Province MK122016 Hongjiang County, HJ 27.2104°N 109.7884°E MK122052 - Huaihua City, Hunan MK122111 Province 27.2208°N 109.7694°E MK122112 - MK122144 Jingzhou Miao and Dong JZ 26.6774°N 109.7341°E MK122145 - Autonomous County， MK122174 Huaihua City, Hunan Province Mayang Miao MY 27.8036°N 109.8247°E MK122175 - Autonomous County, MK122204 Huaihua City, Hunan Province Luodian county, Qiannan LD 25.3426°N 106.6638°E MK124218 - Buyi and Miao MK124245 Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province Dongkou County, DK 27.0806°N 110.7209°E MK122205 - Shaoyang City, Hunan MK122234 Province Shaodong County, SD 27.2478°N 111.8964°E MK122235 - Shaoyang City, Hunan MK122264 Province 27.2056°N 111.8245°E MK122265 - MK122284 Xinning County, XN 26.4652°N 110.7256°E MK122022 - Shaoyang City,Hunan MK122051 Province 26.5387°N 110.7586°E MK122285 - MK122298 Baojing County, Xiangxi BJ 28.6154°N 109.4081°E MK122299 - Tujia and Miao MK122328 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province 28.2802°N 109.4581°E MK122329 - MK122358 Guzhang County, GZ 28.6171°N 109.9508°E MK122359 - Xiangxi Tujia and Miao MK122388 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province Luxi County, Xiangxi LX 28.2341°N 110.0571°E MK122389 - Tujia and Miao MK122407 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province Yongshun County, YS 29.0023°N
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Across the Geo-political Landscape Chinese Women Intellectuals’ Political Networks in the Wartime Era 1937-1949 Guo, Xiangwei Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Across the Geo-political Landscape: Chinese Women Intellectuals’ Political
    [Show full text]
  • Printmgr File
    DIRECTORS, SUPERVISORS AND PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE GLOBAL OFFERING DIRECTORS Name Address Nationality Executive Directors Sun Nengyi No. 2-301 Block 6 Chinese Gulousi Village Nanan District Chongqing City China He Yong 6-2 Unit 3 Chinese No. 1 Yuanbao Village Shuangqiao District Chongqing City China Liao Shaohua No. 12 to No. 130 Chinese Jingjian Village Huaxi Town Banan District Chongqing City China Chen Xianzheng 9-4 Unit 1 Chinese No. 8 Gulouwu Village Nanan District Chongqing City China Non-executive Directors Huang Yong 4-5 Block 25 Chinese No. 1111 Jinkai Road Yubei District Chongqing City China Yu Gang 23-1 Chinese No. 26 Danlong Road Nanan District Chongqing City China 61 DIRECTORS, SUPERVISORS AND PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE GLOBAL OFFERING Name Address Nationality Yang Jingpu 3-2 Block 1 Chinese No. 46-1 Yanyu Castle Nanan District Chongqing City China Wu Jian Unit 1 Chinese No. 9 Daijia Village Yuzhong District Chongqing City China Independent non-executive Directors Lo Wah Wai Duplex C, 19th and 20th Floor Chinese Tower 1, The Astrid 180 Argyle Street Ha Tan Wei Kowloon Hong Kong Ren Xiaochang No. 1 on Level 4 Chinese Unit 1 Block 25 Zhujiang Garden Jiulongpo District Chongqing City China Kong Weiliang 16-4 Chinese No. 2-128 Beixia Road Beibei District Chongqing City China 62 DIRECTORS, SUPERVISORS AND PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE GLOBAL OFFERING Name Address Nationality SUPERVISORS Duan Rongsheng 15-3 Chinese No. 155 Zhongshansan Road Yuzhong District Chongqing City China Ye Zusheng 7-2 Chinese No. 385 Xinhua Road Shizhong District Chongqing City Sichuan Province China Wang Rongxue 1-2 Chinese No.
    [Show full text]
  • CHINA 1.0 CHINA 2.0 CHINA 3.0 Edited by Mark Leonard Afterword by François Godement and Jonas Parello-Plesner ABOUT ECFR ABOUT ECFR’S CHINA PROGRAMME
    CHINA 1.0 CHINA 2.0 CHINA 3.0 edited by Mark Leonard Afterword by François Godement and Jonas Parello-Plesner ABOUT ECFR ABOUT ECFR’S CHINA PROGRAMME The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is ECFR’s China programme aims to develop a smarter the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in October European strategy towards China. It provides 2007, its objective is to conduct research and promote information about China and raises awareness about informed debate across Europe on the development the increasing power imbalance between China and of coherent, effective and values-based European Europe and the lack of prioritisation, consistency and foreign policy. co-ordination in EU China policy. ECFR has developed a strategy with three distinctive The report A Power Audit of EU-China relations elements that define its activities: (April 2009) has become a reference on the issue of European China policy. Since then, ECFR has also •A pan-European Council. ECFR has brought together published several policy briefs such as A Global China a distinguished Council of over one hundred and Policy (June 2010), The Scramble for Europe (April 2011) seventy Members – politicians, decision makers, and China and Germany: Why the emerging special thinkers and business people from the EU’s member relationship matters for Europe (May 2012) and the states and candidate countries – which meets once essay China at the Crossroads (April 2012). a year as a full body. Through geographical and thematic task forces, members provide ECFR staff Together with Asia Centre, ECFR also publishes China with advice and feedback on policy ideas and help Analysis, a quarterly review of Chinese sources that with ECFR’s activities within their own countries.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 101493‐CN INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF EQUIVALENT TO US$200 MILLION TO Public Disclosure Authorized PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CHONGQING‐DADUKOU DISTRICT FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FINANCING December 13, 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Macroeconomics & Fiscal Management Global Practice Governance Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. China‐Government Fiscal Year January 1 – December 31 Currency Equivalents (Exchange rate effective as of December 2015) Currency Unit = RMB RMB1.00 = US$0.16 US$1.00 = RMB6.40 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CAS Country Assistance Strategy CCP Chinese Communist Party CFAA Country Financial Accountability Assessment CMFB Chongqing Municipality Finance Bureau CNAO China National Audit Office DOF Department of Finance DPF Development Policy Financing DRC Development and Reform Commission DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis FAI Fixed Asset Investment FYP Five Year Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GRS Grievance Redress Service HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICOR Incremental Capital‐Output Ratio IDA International
    [Show full text]
  • Using Every Part of a Place to Develop Tourism
    CHINA DAILY | HONG KONG EDITION Tuesday, January 5, 2021 | 17 LIFE Left: Artists turn some former facilities of the steel plant into contemporary art pieces. Middle: A locomotive inside the museum is a popular subject for social media posts for nostalgic visitors. Right: A steam engine bought from the United Kingdom in 1906 was a crucial witness of the glorious history of the steel plant. PHOTOS BY WANG KAIHAO / CHINA DAILY A legacy forged in steel An industrial site that played a crucial role in the country’s wartime history and subsequent development offers insights into the past, present and future, Wang Kaihao reports in Chongqing. teel can represent more than na’s provisional capital during the changes, such items’ legacies last a nation’s industry. It can war. and encourage people to continu­ also symbolize and even With great pain, China deliberate­ ously create new things. embody its unswerving spir­ ly destroyed the remaining con­ Another relocation came in 2011, Sit and shared determination. structions in the Wuhan plant when Chongqing Iron and Steel was A visit to the former steel plant by before the city fell. moved out of downtown to better the Yangtze River in Chongqing The 1,200­kilometer journey protect the environment. municipality offers more than view­ along the Yangtze River was an “It’s even more costly to refurnish ings of old steampunk elements. adventure in the face of continuous the old factory to match the criteria For many Chinese, it’s like a pil­ Japanese bombings and the shoals of the exhibitions than building a grimage to pay homage to their pre­ of the Three Gorges.
    [Show full text]