DOCSLIB.ORG

This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e & p o l i c y 1 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 1 3 2 – 1 1 3 8 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envsci The environmental changes and mitigation actions in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China a, b,1 Quanfa Zhang *, Zhiping Lou a Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China b Bureau of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, PR China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is by far the world’s largest hydroelectric scheme. Due to its Published on line 17 August 2011 unprecedented magnitude, the TGD has been controversial ever since it was proposed in the early 20th century and building commenced in 1993. Recent problems, including geological Keywords: disasters (e.g., landslides) in the uplands and algal blooms in the aquatic environment since Three Gorges Dam the reservoir’s partial filling to 156 m in 2006, suggest that the environmental challenge has Biodiversity conservation never been greater than now. The environmental deterioration might be further intensified Water environment when the reservoir reaches its final water level of 175 m. Solving the environmental Uplands challenges will be essential for the sustainable development of the Three Gorges Reservoir Drawdown zone region (TGRR), and environmental sustainability in the TGRR is a high priority for the nation considering its critical location in the Yangtze Basin, which contributes 40% of China’s GDP. This article reviews primary environmental assessments for biodiversity conservation, the water environment, water level fluctuation zone, and the uplands after the partial filling in the reservoir region. It also discusses the success of mitigation efforts to date. Although there are successes in mitigation particularly in conservation of endangered plants and fishes, it seems likely that environmental conditions in the TGRR could only get worse in the short term. Building a partnership among the TGD stakeholders, including local residents, gov- ernments, and international communities is necessary to meet the mounting environmental challenge in the TGRR and beyond. # 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. a variety of small-scale experiments and technical tests for a 1. Introduction big dam in the Yangtze River. The Gezhouba Dam, built 38 km downstream of the current Three Gorges Dam (TGD) site Sun Yat-Sen first proposed that a series of large dams be built between 1970 and 1988, essentially concluded the final tests in the Yangtze River in his 1919 article ‘‘The International before commencing building the TGD. Development of China’’, and it remained an aspiration for The TGD, begun to be built in 1993 and completed in 2009, is China over the 20th century. Since the 1930s, a number of by far the world’s largest hydroelectric scheme. It is designed feasibility studies were undertaken for constructing a large to help control floods and improve navigation on the Yangtze dam in the upper reach of the Yangtze River even after the River, and perhaps more importantly increases China’s energy China’s revolutionary governmental transition in 1949. From supply for its rapid economic development. The dam is a 1958 to 1984, China built the Lushui Dam in Chibi City, about concrete gravity type with a height of 185 m and total water 3 110 km south of Wuhan City of Hubei Province, and conducted storage capacity of 39.3 billion m . Its flood control capacity is * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 27 87510702; fax: +86 27 87510251. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Zhang), [email protected] (Z. Lou). 1 Tel.: +86 10 68597503; fax: +86 10 68597518. 1462-9011/$ – see front matter # 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.008 Author's personal copy e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e & p o l i c y 1 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 1 3 2 – 1 1 3 8 1133 Fig. 1 – The Location of the Three Gorges Dam, the Gezhouba Dam and the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR), China. (A) DEM and roads and (B) land use and land cover and locations for biodiversity conservation networks. 3 22.1 billion m , increasing the flood control ability from the ever since its implementation. A comprehensive environmen- present 10-year to a 100-year frequency flood. It has installed a tal impact assessment was conducted in the 1980s (RCEETG, total generating capacity of 22,400 MW (100 billion kWh), 1987), and many of the predicted environmental problems equivalent to consumption of more than 60 million tonnes have been realized recently by the partial filling of the of raw coal annually, dramatically increasing energy supply reservoir in the past 5 years (RCEETG, 1987; Shen and Xie, for China’s economic development. Meanwhile, the dam 2004; Wu et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2006a,b; Xu et al., 2006; Zhang increases water depth by more than 100 m, effectively et al., 2006). Systematic monitoring since 1997 have also improving the navigability in the 600 km section of the provided the evidence of environmental changes in the TGRR Yangtze River between Yichang and Chongqing (Fig. 1A). and downstream of the Yangtze Basin (http://www.tgenvir- The TGD will form a reservoir with a total water surface on.org/). 2 area of 1080 km in the Yangtze River between Chongqing and Solving the environmental challenges surrounding the Yichang. The region surrounding the reservoir, with a total TGD will be essential for the sustainable development of the 2 area of approximately 58,000 km , has now become known as TGRR and remains a high priority for the country as well. the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) (Fig. 1). Due to its However, any efforts will have to rely on the determination of unprecedented magnitude, the TGD has been controversial the environmental changes in the region that are due to the Author's personal copy 1134 e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e & p o l i c y 1 4 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 1 3 2 – 1 1 3 8 construction of the TGD. The challenge has never been greater more than 85% of the species’ genetic diversity has been than now, indicated by the geological disasters (e.g., land- preserved (Li et al., 2003). With the successful development of slides) in the uplands and algal blooms in the aquatic their propagation capacity including the sexual and asexual environment that have occurred since the reservoir filled to reproduction of individual plants (Lin, 1989; Xu et al., 1998), 156 m in 2006 (Hu and Cai, 2006; Liu et al., 2006a,b; Ye et al., they have been reintroduced to their natural habitat with the 2007; Fu et al., 2010), and the situation may be intensified when objective of restoring the original communities that occurred the reservoir reaches the final water level of 175 m in the next before inundation in the TGRR (Chen et al., 1994). few years. The Yangtze River is also one of the richest areas in This article categorically summarizes the current status of freshwater fish species diversity with 361 species, of which 177 the region based on environmental and ecological research, are endemic. Up to 40 fish species have been affected due to particularly those studies published in Chinese scientific interruption of their migratory paths and the loss of spawning literature. It presents the changes in biodiversity and grounds by the construction of the Gezhouba Dam (38 km associated conservation efforts, and it reassesses the envi- downstream from the TGD) (Dudgeon, 2000; Fu et al., 2003). ronmental implications in the water environment, the water- Sharp declines in the populations of three endemic ancient level-fluctuation-zone, and the uplands after partial reservoir fish species namely the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), filling. In particular, mitigation strategies and conservation river sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus), and Chinese paddlefish efforts are discussed. The ultimate objective is to help (Psephurus gladius) has been observed (Fu et al., 2003). Aquatic formulate strategies for the TGD management and environ- mammals, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena mental sustainability in the TGRR. phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) and the Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), which has nee recently categorized as ‘‘functionally extinct’’, are also seriously threatened (Wang 2. Biodiversity conservation et al., 2006; Turvey et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2008). The TGD has further affected the survival of mammals due to the increased One of the most immediate consequences of the dam building use of the river by shipping vessels, leading to physical injuries is the loss and fragmentation of habitats due to both the due to collision, and noise disturbance, as well as the changes inundation and the subsequent resettlement of the human in hydrological regime (Fu et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2004).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018 INTERIM REPORT * Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd
    BANK OF CHONGQING CO., LTD.* 重慶銀行股份有限公司* （A joint stock company incorporated in the People's Republic of China with limited liability） （Stock Code: 1963） （Stock Code of Preference Shares: 4616） 2018 INTERIM REPORT * Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd. is not an authorized institution within the meaning of the Banking Ordinance (Chapter 155 of Laws of Hong Kong), not subject to the supervision of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, and not authorized to carry on banking and/or deposit-taking business in Hong Kong. CONTENTS 1. Corporate Information 2 2. Financial Highlights 3 3. Management Discussions and Analysis 6 3.1 Environment and Outlook 6 3.2 Financial Review 8 3.3 Business Overview 40 3.4 Employees and Human Resources 51 Management 3.5 Risk Management 52 3.6 Capital Management 58 4. Change in Share Capital and Shareholders 61 5. Directors, Supervisors and Senior Management 65 6. Significant Events 67 7. Report on Review of Interim Financial Information 69 8. Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial 70 Information and Notes Thereto 9. Unaudited Supplementary Financial Information 155 10. Organizational Chart 158 11. List of Branch Outlets 159 12. Definitions 167 Corporate Information Legal Name and Abbreviation in Chinese Date and Registration Authority of 重慶銀行股份有限公司 (Abbreviation: 重慶銀行) Initial Incorporation September 2, 1996 Name in English Administration for Industry and Bank of Chongqing Co., Ltd. Commerce of Chongqing, the PRC Legal Representative Unified Social Credit Code of Business License LIN Jun 91500000202869177Y Authorized Representatives Financial License Registration Number RAN Hailing B0206H250000001 WONG Wah Sing Auditors Secretary to the Board International: PENG Yanxi PricewaterhouseCoopers Address: 22/F, Prince’s Building, Central, Joint Company Secretaries Hong Kong WONG Wah Sing HO Wing Tsz Wendy Domestic: PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP Registered Address and Postal Code Address: 11/F, PricewaterhouseCoopers Center, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Dr. Wang Qiming's Presentation on Three Gorges Dam
    Three Gorges Dam: Development and Conflicts Summary of Dr. Wang Qiming’s presentation on Three Gorges Dam On Wednesday June 12 2012 Dr. Wang Qiming, Science Counsellor from the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China spoke to the CCFS-O on the topic of the Three Gorges Dam: Development and Conflicts. His Power Point slides are posted on the CCFS-O web site for those who wish more details. The Three Gorges dam, completed in 2009, is well known both as an engineering marvel and for the controversies that surrounded its construction. It holds a number of world records including: largest dam, largest hydroelectric generation facility, and largest displacement of population for the construction of a dam. Dr. Wang began by setting the historic and geographic context for water management in China. China is and has been an agricultural nation for thousands of years. As far back as 256 BC China built the Dujiangyan dams and irrigation systems to irrigate over 5,300 square kilometers of farmland near Chengdu. That system is still on operation today. In 609 AD China completed the Grand Canal, between Hangzhou in the south and Beijing in the north. This ambitious north south venture linked six river systems in order to move shipping between the south and the north of China. Both the need and the potential for these water management systems arise from China’s geography and climate. In geographic terms China is composed of 3 tiers: a low eastern plateau, a middle plateau and the high plateau of Tibet and Qinghai.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Gorges Dam in Hubei, China: a Cost and Benefit Analysis
    Economic Analysis of Public Policy Professor Yoshitsugu Kanemoto Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo Final Report Three Gorges Dam in Hubei, China: A Cost and Benefit Analysis Felipe Francisco De Souza Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo Baozhi Gu, Kenji Kurotobi Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo Yuri Kim Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo August 2013 Executive Summary Situated on a canyon known as the Three Gorges in Hubei, China, Yangtze River’s Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The project was initiated by the Chinese government in 1994, with the support of different international cooperation agencies, for three main reasons. First of all, it would generate hydroelectricity to meet China’s rapidly increasing demand. Second, the Three Gorges Dam would protect millions of people living along the river from potential floods. And finally, it would transform a 600- kilometre stretch of the fast-flowing river into a smooth navigable waterway for vessels and provide business opportunities to western landlocked provinces. The Chinese government regards this project as a historic engineering, social and economic success, with the design of sophisticated large turbines, and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, the dam has been a controversial topic, the reason why a cost and benefit analysis was developed to understand all possible variables related to this gigantic project and its complicated development process. For the evaluation of major benefit components, special care was taken to understand flood control (and dam’s capacity to control 100 years events); electricity generation (and the reduction of CO2 emissions); and the enhanced shipping capacity (allowing the transit of large quantities of cargos).
    [Show full text]
  • China's Rising Hydropower Demand Challenges Water Sector
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN China’s rising hydropower demand challenges water sector Junguo Liu1, Dandan Zhao1, P.W. Gerbens-Leenes2 & Dabo Guan3 Received: 18 September 2014 Demand for hydropower is increasing, yet the water footprints (WFs) of reservoirs and hydropower, Accepted: 20 May 2015 and their contributions to water scarcity, are poorly understood. Here, we calculate reservoir WFs Published: 09 July 2015 (freshwater that evaporates from reservoirs) and hydropower WFs (the WF of hydroelectricity) in China based on data from 875 representative reservoirs (209 with power plants). In 2010, the reservoir WF totaled 27.9 × 109 m3 (Gm3), or 22% of China’s total water consumption. Ignoring the reservoir WF seriously underestimates human water appropriation. The reservoir WF associated with industrial, domestic and agricultural WFs caused water scarcity in 6 of the 10 major Chinese river basins from 2 to 12 months annually. The hydropower WF was 6.6 Gm3 yr−1 or 3.6 m3 of water to produce a GJ (109 J) of electricity. Hydropower is a water intensive energy carrier. As a response to global climate change, the Chinese government has promoted a further increase in hydropower energy by 70% by 2020 compared to 2012. This energy policy imposes pressure on available freshwater resources and increases water scarcity. The water-energy nexus requires strategic and coordinated implementations of hydropower development among geographical regions, as well as trade-off analysis between rising energy demand and water use sustainability. Energy and water resources are an important nexus recognized in academic and policy debates1–3. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) state that the availability of an adequate water supply is an increasingly important crite- rion for assessing the physical, economic and environmental viability of energy projects4.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Guides to the State of the Field Song Research Tools
    I. Guides to the State of the Field Page 1 of 125 Song Research Tools home | about | faq I. Guides to the State of the Field The late Etienne Balazs began formulating plans for an international, collaborative study of the Sung period as early as 1949 and formally initiated the "Sung Project" in 1954. The Project was responsible for some of the most valuable reference tools in this guide. Its history is related in: Ref (W) DS751.S86 1978x Yves Hervouet, "Introduction," (W) DS751.S86 1978x A Sung Bibliography Loc: Z3102 .S77 Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1978, pp. vii-xiv. I.A. SOCIETIES, NEWSLETTERS, AND JOURNALS Societies Japan: Sōdaishi kenkyūkai 宋代史研究会 (Society for Song Studies): http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/songdai/songdaishi-yanjiuhui.htm This site contains announcements for and reports on the annual meetings of the society, links to related sites, a bibliography of Japanese scholarship on Song studies (1982-2002) and a directory of Japanese scholars working in the field. Sōdaishi danwakai 宋代史談話會 (Society for the Study of Song History in Japan) http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~songsong/songdai/danwakai.html Established in 1997 as a forum and reading group for young scholars of Song history active in Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe region. Includes meeting information, list of readings, and an announcement board. Sōdai shibun kenkyūkai 宋代詩文研究會 (Society for the Study of Song Literature) http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/ http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/danwakai.htm Includes announcements and a mailing list. Registration is required to get access to the full site.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Overview of the Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir, China—Geologic Hazards and Environmental Impacts
    Geographical Overview of the Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir, China—Geologic Hazards and Environmental Impacts Open-File Report 2008–1241 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Geographical Overview of the Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir, China— Geologic Hazards and Environmental Impacts By Lynn M. Highland Open-File Report 2008–1241 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Highland, L.M., 2008, Geographical overview of the Three Gorges dam and reservoir, China—Geologic hazards and environmental impacts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1241, 79 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1241/ iii Contents Slide 1...............................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Navigation Control of Huangshi Bridge
    Advances in Engineering Research, volume 166 3rd International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering (AMCCE 2018) Safety Navigation Control of Huangshi Bridge Tongtong Lu1,a,*, Zeyuan Shao1,b, Huachao Peng1 and Wanzheng Ai2,c, Honggang Zhang2 1Marine College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, P. R. China 2Marine College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, P. R. China a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected] *corresponding author Keywords: Bridge area; Ships; Security; Navigation; Control. Abstract: Based on the analysis of the hydrological conditions, navigable conditions and navigable accidents of Huangshi Bridge, this paper puts forward the safety navigable control measures of Huangshi Bridge . 1. Introduction Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge is a super large bridge on National Highway 318, located in Huangshi City, Hubei Province, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The length of the bridge is 2580.08 meters, the length of the main bridge is 1060 meters and the width of the bridge is 20m.Yellowstone bank approach bridge 840.7 meters long, consisting of continuous box girder bridge and bridge deck continuous T-beam bridge; Xishui shore approach bridge is 679.21 meters long and consists of a continuous T-beam bridge on the deck. The main pier adopts 28m diameter double-wall steel cofferdam and 16 Φ 3-meter bored cast-in-place pile foundation, which has high anti-ship impact capability. Navigable clearance 200x24 meters, can accommodate 5000 tons of single ships or 32000 tons of large fleet up and down navigation. However, since the construction of the bridge, there have been many accidents, and have been cited as teaching materials with improper distribution of bridge holes.[1].
    [Show full text]
  • Chongqing Handbook All Essential Information You Need to Know About Chongqing
    Chongqing Handbook All essential information you need to know about Chongqing Presented by Chongqing Expat Club www.cqexpat.com Copyright 2008. All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE - ABOUT CHONGQING Page 3 CHAPTER TWO – THE CITY HUBS Page 3 CHAPTER THREE – CITY TRANSPORT Page 4 CHAPTER FOUR – ATTRACTIONS Page 6 CHAPTER FIVE – NIGHTLIFE & ENTERTAINMENT Page 16 CHAPTER SIX – ACCOMMODATION Page 18 CHAPTER SEVEN – INTERNATIONAL FOOD Page 21 CHAPTER EIGHT– SHOPPING Page 24 CHAPTER NINE - EDUCATION Page 27 CHAPTER TEN – HEALTH CARE Page 29 CHAPTER ELEVEN – EMBASSIES & CONSULATES Page 31 CHAPTER TWELVE – USEFUL CONTACTS Page 32 CHAPTER THIRTEEN – USEFUL WORDS and PHRASES Page 32 CHAPTER ONE - ABOUT CHONGQING Chongqing is the economic hub of southwest China and the fourth Municipality in China (after Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin). Chongqing is situated in the east of southwest China, about 2,500km up the Yangtze River from Shanghai. Under its jurisdiction there are 40 districts, cities and counties. It covers an area of 82,000 square kilometres with a total population of 31 million. An estimated 6 million people live in urban Chongqing city. Downtown Chongqing lies at the point where the Yangtze River and the Jialing River merge. Known as the Mountain City, the whole city is built against a backdrop of hills and rivers, characterized by zig-zagging roads and overlapping houses. It is also known as one of the four Furnace Cities for its hot summers and the Foggy City for its misty winters. CHAPTER TWO – THE CITY HUBS Chongqing has five major business and shopping precincts - the oldest and most important being Jiefangbei situated within what remains of the Old Walled City.
    [Show full text]
  • A Yangtze Three Gorges Adventure ,,,,, .', ,'
    CL-15 N OT FOR PUBI' WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENTIcATION] INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS LIFE & HU,,MAN RESPONS!,B!L!,TY: A YANGTZE THREE GORGES ADVENTURE ,,,,, .', ,',,, Part III "Damn Dam!" Shanghai, China Summer 1994 Mr. Peter Bird Martin Executive Director Institute of Current World Affairs 4 West Wheelock Street Hanover, NH 03755 U.S.A. Dear Peter, "How could it be possible that the Chinese government has still decided to build the dam at all with the great impact on the environment, cultural relics and migration?" Tony asked me when we stood on. the deck enjoying the beautiful scenery of the Xiling Gorge in the early morning of our last day ofthe cruise. "Is it a silly question?" Tony wanted to have my opinion. "No, not at all," I told Tony. "This is also the question that has puzzled me for several years." When I was a graduate student at Princeton, I intended to write a term paper on the feasibility of the Three Gorges Dam. But later I found it was extremely difficult to get information concerning the dam project because any data related to Cheng Li is a an ICWA fellow studying the political economy of the coast of China. Since 1925 the Institute of Current World Affairs (the Crane-Rogers Foundation) has provided long-term fellowships to enable outstanding young adults to live outside the United Sates and write about international areas and issues. Endowed by the late Charles R. Crane, the Institute is also supported by conu'ibutions from like-minded individuals and foundations. CL-15 2 A scene of the Xiling Gorge.
    [Show full text]
  • RP863 V2 Chongqing Urban and Rural
    RP863 v2 Public Disclosure Authorized Chongqing Urban and Rural Integrated Pilot Project Resettlement Policy Framework Public Disclosure Authorized Chongqing World Bank Project Management Office Chongqing Technology and Business University Dec. 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 18 1 Project Introduction In August 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) formally approved the 84 million USD Chongqing Integrated Urban and Rural Development project (Phase 1) and enlisted it into the Three-year Rolling Plan (2009~2011) of the World Bank Project to facilitate the process and the key tasks of the Chongqing integrated urban and rural development and reform. On the basis of this, the Project management Office (PMO) of the World Bank-funded Chongqing Integrated Urban and Rural Development and Reform Pilot Project under the Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission have reviewed and screened 16 pilot projects based on the principles of “ urgency”,” “ representativeness”, “ effectiveness” and “ public welfare”. The estimated total investment of these projects is 1.31758 billion CNY and 84 million USD will be applied from the World Bank loan. These projects include: • Urban infrastructure construction, including 4 road subprojects and 3 water supply subprojects; • New countryside construction pilot village, including 4 subprojects regarding village road, comprehensive service, safe drinking water, ecological environment, new energy development, rural water resource infrastructure etc; • The capacity building for improving the employing capacity of the migrant workers, including 3 subprojects concerning the employment training centers for the rural surplus labor force; • The grassroots sanitation service system, including 2 subprojects with regard to constructing urban community service center, urban community service station, rural town (township) sanitation station and village sanitation offices etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Kingdoms Unveiling the Story: List of Works
    Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Japan-China Cultural Exchange Agreement List of Works Organizers: Tokyo National Museum, Art Exhibitions China, NHK, NHK Promotions Inc., The Asahi Shimbun With the Support of: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ADMINISTRATION, July 9 – September 16, 2019 Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Japan With the Sponsorship of: Heiseikan, Tokyo National Museum Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd., Notes Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co.,Ltd., MITSUI & CO., LTD. ・Exhibition numbers correspond to the catalogue entry numbers. However, the order of the artworks in the exhibition may not necessarily be the same. With the cooperation of: ・Designation is indicated by a symbol ☆ for Chinese First Grade Cultural Relic. IIDA CITY KAWAMOTO KIHACHIRO PUPPET MUSEUM, ・Works are on view throughout the exhibition period. KOEI TECMO GAMES CO., LTD., ・ Exhibition lineup may change as circumstances require. Missing numbers refer to works that have been pulled from the JAPAN AIRLINES, exhibition. HIKARI Production LTD. No. Designation Title Excavation year / Location or Artist, etc. Period and date of production Ownership Prologue: Legends of the Three Kingdoms Period 1 Guan Yu Ming dynasty, 15th–16th century Xinxiang Museum Zhuge Liang Emerges From the 2 Ming dynasty, 15th century Shanghai Museum Mountains to Serve 3 Narrative Figure Painting By Qiu Ying Ming dynasty, 16th century Shanghai Museum 4 Former Ode on the Red Cliffs By Zhang Ruitu Ming dynasty, dated 1626 Tianjin Museum Illustrated
    [Show full text]
  • PCR: People's Republic of China: Yichang–Wanzhou Railway Project
    Completion Report Project Number: 35339 Loan Number: 2051 August 2012 People’s Republic of China: Yichang–Wanzhou Railway Project CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) At Appraisal At Project Completion (18 November 2003) (22 December 2010) CNY1.00 = $0.1208 $0.1501 $1.00 = CNY8.2770 CNY6.6630 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return EMP – environmental management plan FIRR – financial internal rate of return FSDI – Fourth Survey and Design Institute of China Railway FCTIC – Foreign Capital and Technical Import Center MOR – Ministry of Railways PRC – People’s Republic of China SEPP – soil erosion protection plan TA – technical assistance WACC – weighted average cost of capital YWR – Yichang–Wanzhou Railway YWRCH – Yichang–Wanzhou Railway Construction Headquarters WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mu – a Chinese unit of measurement (1 mu = 666.67 m2) NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars, unless otherwise stated. Vice-President S. Groff, Operations 2 Director General R. Wihtol, East Asia Department (EARD) Director H. Sharif, People’s Republic of China Resident Mission, EARD Team leader F. Wang, Senior Project Officer (Financial Management), EARD Team members W. Zhu, Senior Project Officer (Resettlement), EARD Z. Niu, Senior Project Officer (Environment), EARD Y. Gao, Project Analyst, EARD In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]