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Mycological Society of America Mycological Society of America Haploporus odorus: A Sacred Fungus in Traditional Native American Culture of the Northern Plains Author(s): Robert A. Blanchette Source: Mycologia, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1997), pp. 233-240 Published by: Mycological Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3761076 Accessed: 24/10/2008 14:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mysa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Mycological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Mycologia. http://www.jstor.org Mycologia, 89(2), 1997, pp. 233-240. C 1997 by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Haploporus odorus: A sacred fungus in traditional Native American culture of the northern plains Robert A. Blanchette' Contemporary investigations using interviews with Department of Plant Pathology, University of tribal elders to obtain new information has also been Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 limited due to the loss of knowledge about tradition- al uses of mushrooms and other fungi, lack of specific Native American names for fungi, and apprehension Abstract: The Indigenous Peoples of the northern in discussing fungi because of possible taboos or su- American plains used Haploporus odorus to ornament pernatural attributes associated with them. sacred robes, human scalp necklaces and other cul- Important sources of information that have not tural properties. The fungus was also a component been studied adequately are museum collections that of medicine bundles and used for protection against contain sporophores of fungi. These collections ac- illness. Numerous collections, some dating to the ear- cessioned in many different museums represent a ly 1800s, from the Blackfoot, Blood, Cree and other wealth of ethnographic information. The recent dis- northern plains tribes indicate this fungus was used covery of carved Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill:Fr.) Bond. widely as a component of sacred objects and as a sym- & Sing. sporophores in the American Museum of bol of spiritual power. The exceedingly fragrant an- Natural History and in other museum collections are ise-like scent of H. odorus sporophores appears to be examples of how historic collections can provide cru- the reason this was selected and revered. Col- fungus cial data on past cultural uses of forest fungi (Blan- lection notes and historic ad- photographs provide chette et al., 1992). Fomitopsis officinalis, a fungus ditional evidence for the of this importance fungus well known for its medicinal properties, was used for in traditional Native American culture. The signifi- carving spirit figures by shaman of the Pacific north- cance of this has remained obscure due to fungus west in the 19th Century. These objects were consid- misidentification of the as carved cottonwood fungus ered to have supernatural powers and were used in loss of information on traditional Native Amer- roots, rituals for curing the sick. After the death of the sha- ican culture over the last and lack of century previous man, these important objects were placed at the head ethnomycological investigation. of the grave to guard the site and protect the sha- Words: of North Ameri- Key Indigenous Peoples man's spirit. Collectors of ethnographic materials ob- ca, Plains Indians, Bas- ethnobotany, ethnomycology, tained shaman paraphenalia from graves during the idiomycota, Aphyllophorales, traditional medicine late 1800's and accessioned these materials in muse- um collections. To date, 15 carved sporophores of F. officinalis have been found in collections from seven INTRODUCTION different Natural History Museums in the United States and Canada (Blanchette et al., 1992; Blanchet- Information about how were used the In- fungi by te unpublished data). Other museum collections digenous Peoples of North America is extremely lim- have revealed different fungi used by other Native ited. Investigators have compiled information on the American groups. The results presented here provide use of fungi as traditional food and medicine (Ar- new ethnological information on the fungus, Haplo- nason et al., 1981; Beardsley, 1941; Burk, 1983; Kuhn- porus odorus (Sommerf.:Fr.) Sing., used for sacred lein and Turner, 1991; Turner, 1978; Turner et al., purposes by the Native Peoples of the North Ameri- 1983, 1990), but these studies are relatively few con- can plains. A preliminary report, made before the sidering the abundance of different types of fungi fungi on these Indian cultural properties were ex- that were available to Indigenous Peoples (Kuhnlein amined, suggested incorrectly they were small Fomi- and Turner, 1991). The lack of familiarity of early topsis officinalis basidiocarps (Blanchette, 1992). ethnologists with fungi and the primary focus of their studies on higher plants are likely reasons that infor- mation about fungi is lacking in most older works. MATERIALSEXAMINED Accepted for publication November 13, 1996. Museum collections of cultural properties from the Email: [email protected] North American Plains Indian contain a considerable 233 234 MYCOLOG)IA number of basidiocarps (TABLEI). Many individual NATIVE AMERICANCULTURE sporophores were also present that were used for Cultural with in- household or general utility such as polypores used properties Haploporus basidiocarps clude medicine bundles, sacred robes and other re- for tinder or dyes (data not presented). Most basidi- materials 1-6, Medicine bun- ocarps examined were white and had a similar mac- ligious (FIGs. 11-13). dles are contained in associated roscopic appearance (FIGS. 1-6, 13). The fruiting bod- objects wrappings with rituals and considered to have ies were often carved into smooth, ellipsoidal shapes special powers Articles with or and frequently had branded lines burned on the sur- (Wissler, 1912). "spirit powers" be in this face in various patterns (FIG.3). Cultural properties, "magically protective" may kept way (Man- delbaum, 1979). Sacred robes are also symbols of such as sacred robes and scalp necklaces had 1 to 26 and were in traditional basidiocarps attached to the object by leather thongs spiritual powers important Native American culture and often considered med- or string (TABLE I). Basidiocarps in medicine bundles icine bundles themselves (Raczka, 1992). The fre- along with hollow bones, sweet grass and other objects quent use of H. odorus on sacred robes were wrapped within hide or cloth. Collection notes basidiocarps and in shaman or other medicine bundles demon- accessioned with a few objects indicated the fungus strates the reverence and uses the Plains In- was obtained from willow trees and had a strong aro- spiritual dians attributed to this Some documentation ma. Initial macroscopic observations suggested the fungus. exists to the thesis that the had fungus was Trametessuaveolens L.:Fr. or Haploporus support fungus pro- tective Collection notes for necklace AF-360 odorus.These two fungi have characteristics that close- powers. from the Glenbow Museum indicate the ly match the size of basidiocarps in the museum col- (FI(t. 1), of was "worn older to lections. They also occur on decaying Salix spp. and string basidiocarps by persons ward off illness", and collection notes for V-A-176 produce a fragrant anise-like odor. Although it was not in the Canadian Museum of possible to remove samples of sporophore tissue from (currently Civilization) state the was "burnt to a all of these rare museum objects and religious mate- fungus produce perfumed smoke in case of sickness". A medicinal use is also rials, sections from pore layers were obtained from Hellson who obtained ethnobo- four different collections and examined microscopi- reported by (1974) tanical information from Blackfoot tribal elders. His cally. In addition, sporophores of H. odorus from Al- informant told of a that was "taken berta, Canada and herbarium samples of Trametes "Polyporus" sp. from the mountains from the Ko- suaveolenswere examined for comparison. (stolen occasionally oteney Indians) or detached from willows. Then it was scraped with a knife and attached to weasel robes FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY when it could be used in emergency first-aid treat- ment. It was on wounds and boiled with Psor- A unique morphological characteristic of H. odorus styptic alea esculenta to treat The infusion of the is the asperulate, dextrinoid basidiospores. Sections coughs. to and treat examined from the four museum samples revealed fungus was taken stop diarrhea dysen- it is to determine
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