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Ferminews November 4, 1988 Vol FermiNews November 4, 1988 Vol. XI, No. 19 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Lederman is a "Nobel Guy"!! "When the phone rang "It is also a great day for at 5 :45 this morning," the field of elementary- Leon Lederman told a particle physics and for press conference on Oc- Fermilab, because this tober 19, 1988, "I turned award recognizes exactly to my wife [Ellen] and the type of work that we're joked, 'It's probably the doing here today. I think Nobel Prize committee.'" this is just the first of a It was. large number of Nobels Dr. Leon M. Leder- that will be won at Fer- man, Fermilab's Director, milab. Be patient! has been named one of "In the case of this par- three 1988 Nobel Laur- ticular discovery, finding eates in Physics for the the second neutrino was Columbia University Neu- the first step in organizing trino Group's discovery, the fundamental particles in 1962, of the muon neutrino at the Brookhaven Na- into a picture which we sometimes call the Standard tional Laboratory AGS accelerator. Lederman Model. The other important thing is that the shares the $390,000 award with his two co-leaders neutrinos themselves became a tool that has been on that experiment, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Stein- used for subsequent research. Hot and cold running berger. All three will receive their awards on neutrinos became a standard in big laboratories for December 10, 1988, in Stockholm, Sweden. learning about the fundamental structure of matter. Lederman's first reaction to the call from Stock- Continued on page 3 holm was laughter; he then began calling family members with the news. The day's festivities began in earnest when a small group of well-wishers, in- Director to Retire cluding Accelerator Division Head Helen Edwards and Alvin Tollestrup, Co-spokeman for CDF, arrived on July 1, 1989 at the Lederman home at 7:00 a.m. with champagne. Leon M. Lederman, Fermilab's Director since Once at work, the Director fielded phone calls in June 1, 1979, has notified the Universities Research his office from the press and colleagues while a cele- Association, Inc., Board of Trustees that he will bratory crowd of Fermilab staffers filled all the retire effective July 1, 1989, upon completion of his available space on the east side of Wilson Hall's sec- second five-year term. Lederman has accepted a po- ond floor. At about 10:00 a.m., Lederman faced the sition as Frank B. Sulzberger Professor of Physics at press in 1 West. the University of Chicago, where he will return to "Of all the recognitions one can get," he began, teaching and research, with an emphasis on creating "there's something very spooky about the Nobel science-education programs that will address this Prize. It has its own special aura, because people country's declining aptitude in the sciences. like Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi and so many At the press conference on the morning Leder- others who we venerate so much and who are our man was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, he told intellectual heritage are all part of this group [of reporters, "I was offered another five-year hitch here Nobel Laureates]. Clearly it's a sobering experience. Continued on page 3 2 A Standing Ovation for the Director An overflow crowd of Fermilab staff and users in In 1960, Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwarttz, and the Ramsey Auditorium greeted Leon Lederman, Jack Steinberger calculated that the AGS might pro- 1988 Nobel Laureate in Physics, with a sustained vide high-energy neutrinos in the quantity needed to standing ovation at 4:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Oc- carry out a search for the second neutrino, and to ob- tober 19. serve the rates of weak interactions at high energies. Wearing a large brass medallion inscribed "Nobel In a 1963 article in Scientific American, Lederman Guy," a token of esteem from his colleagues, and writes that, "The [experiment] proposal was received looking up from the stage, Lederman said, "The big- enthusiastically by the Brookhaven staff, and in col- gest thrill of alJ is standing in front of you and seeing laboration our two groups began setting up the experi- how we all share in this truly tremendous event. ment with the support of the Atomic Energy Commis- "The rewards of a life in physics are ample. It's sion [precursor to today's Department of Energy]. true that back then, when we recorded our data with Associated with Schwartz, Steinberger, and me in the quill pens and used slide rules, it was easier [to do experiment were Gordon T. Danby [then] of the physics] than it is now, but I don't think the fun of Brookhaven accelerator department, two [then] doing physics has changed." Columbia University graduate assistants, Konstantin Lederman then launched into an anecdotal recol- Goulianos and Nariman Mistry, and Jean-Marc Gail- lection of the Neutrino Group's exploration for the lard, [then] a visitor from the French high-energy second neutrino (see the upcoming September/ physics laboratory at Saclay. October issue of Fermi/ab Report for the full text). "The search for the second neutrino was based on "Getting a reward like this is really a lot of fun," the ... reasoning [that] the AGS produces large num- he concluded. "It made my whole day. I recommend bers of high-energy pions. The neutrinos arising from it. But the nice thing is that recognition of [high- pion decay would be born with muons; therefore, energy physics] is implicit in this [award]; the field of they would be of the muon type, if there really were high-energy physics is appreciated globally, and the two types. The neutrinos would collide with neutrons U. S. is still in the game of high-energy physics. I (and protons), with two possible consequences. If hope it will bring a lot of attention to the TEVA- neutrinos were of only one type, they should react TRON and to our Collider program." with neutrons to produce equal numbers of electrons and negative muons. If there were two kinds of neu- trinos, the kind generated in our experiment should be The Experiment unable to produce electrons and we should observe That Won the Prize only muons." This supposition was borne out by the team's detector, a 10-ton spark chamber and 45 feet In an ingenious experiment at the Brookhaven Na- of armor plate (trivial in size by comparison with tional Laboratory AGS (alternating gradient synch- rotron) accelerator, the seven-member Columbia Uni- some of the apparatus used in today's experiments) versity Neutrino Group discovered that there is not designed to exploit the energies delivered by Brook- one kind of neutrino, but two, the second kind being haven's 30-billion-volt AGS. emitted in the decay of the pion. (In the last 10 years, "Without an understanding of neutrinos," Leder- man told FermiNews, "there would be no understand- particle-physics researchers have come to believe that there is also a third kind of neutrino awaiting dis- ing of the patterns of elementary particles and no un- covery.) Ever since the Neutrino Group's pioneering derstanding of the way stars and galaxies evolve. It work, neutrinos have been used as a kind of pen- may be that neutrinos (depending on whether or not they carry a tiny mass) account for 90% of the mass etrating X-ray in the search for quarks, the inner of the Universe, also called Dark Matter." structure of the nuclei. Today, particle physicists be- lieve that the three kinds of neutrinos, together with (Material for this article came from Chuck Brown six quarks and three charged particles called leptons, [Physics Dept.], Chris Hill [Theory Dept.}, and constitute the basic system of elementary particles Drasko Jovanovic [Research Div.]) that make up the Universe. 3 Butler, White Appointed Computing Dept. Associate Heads The Computing Department has been growing in concentrating on Communications, Systems, and size and responsibilities. Moreover, the complexity Operations. of issues and opportunities have increased as well. In the Online and Data Acquisition area, Vicky These changes are evident in the Laboratory's ongo- White will concentrate on Software and User Group ing computer operations. In this environment, the Liaison. Peter Cooper continues as Associate Head, need for more and better communications and plan- concentrating on Hardware and Vendor Liaison. ning has gone up dramatically. In response to these We hope that these changes will lead to increased developments, Joel Butler and Vicky White have been department responsiveness, planning, and flexibility. appointed as additional Associate Heads in the Com- After all, it is our support of you, our users, which puting Department. measures our success. - Jeffrey A. Appel Joel Butler will concentrate on Central Computing Applications. Jack Pfister continues as Associate Head, A Superconducting Supercolliding Supernatural Scary Story Presented for your consideration: a drawing of a speed of light! It was coming towards the bubble jack-o-lantem. Appropriate to the season and to the chamber it missed it smashed in to the wall! The dark holiday just passed, lovingly colored (trust us) protons, atoms, nucleus, electron and quarks collided! and delivered to one Leon Lederman the week before A kind of beam flowed out and hit a pumpkin seed. Halloween by a certain mysterious Philip S. Doctor. Chapter 2. The seed somehow got planted and grew a Attached to this grinning figment of a small child's pumpkin that looked like no other. A boy found it imagination is a story of nuclear horticulture, a story and made it in to a jack-o-lantem.
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