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Muonium Gravity Seminar Wichita-6-17 Antimatter Gravity MICE-U.S. Plans withDaniel Muons M. Kaplan US Spokesperson, MICE Collaboration Daniel M. Kaplan Physics Seminar WichitaMuTAC State Review Univ. June Fermilab16, 2017 16–17 March, 2006 Outline • Dramatis Personae • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Required R&D • Conclusions Our story’s a bit complicated, so please bear with me! ...and stop me if you have a question! D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 2/41 Matter & Energy • After many decades of experimentation with subatomic particles, we now know whatDramatis everything is made of... Personae Baryons & antibaryons : p== uud & p uud ΛΛ==uds & uds ... Mesons : K00== ds & K ds B00== db & B db B+ == ub & B− ub ... ∓ ∓ ∓ Leptons : e , µ , τ , ν’s D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 3/41 Matter & Energy • After many decades of experimentation with subatomic particles, we now know whatDramatis everything is made of... Personae “Imperfect mirror” Baryons & antibaryons : Antip== uud & p uud ΛΛ==uds & uds ... Mesons : Anti K00== ds & K ds B00== db & B db Anti B+ == ub & B− ub ... Antimatter Leptons : e∓, µ∓, τ∓, ν’s • And, don’t forget: antimatter and matter annihilate on contact D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 3/41 Outline • Dramatis Personae ➡ • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Muonium Gravity Experiment • Required R&D • Conclusions D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 4/41 Our story begins with... D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 5/41 Antimatter! [photo credits: Nobelprize.org] • Introduced by Dirac in 1928 Dirac equation (QM + relativity) - Paul A. M. Dirac described positrons in addition to electrons positron discovered by Anderson in 1932 - Carl Anderson - antiproton discovered by Chamberlain & Segrè in 1955 - now well established that o all charged particles (and many types of neutrals) Owen Chamberlain have antiparticles, of opposite electric charge o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter Emilio Segrè D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 6/41 Antimatter! o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter – a puzzle! D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 7/41 Baryon Asymmetry o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter – a puzzle! • Already in 1956, M. Goldhaber noted the “baryon [M. Goldhaber, “Speculations on Cosmogeny,” asymmetry of the universe” (BAU) Science 124 (1956) 218] - universe seems to contain lots of mass in the form of baryons – protons and neutrons – but almost no antimatter! How could this be consistent with the BB? - now generally believed BAU arose through CP violation (discovered in 1964) - but, pre-1964, more plausible to postulate gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter – “antigravity”! D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 7/41 Am. J. Phys. 26 (1958) 358 . [...] [...] [...] • Note: Eqivalence Principle is fundamental to General Relativity ‣ if it doesn’t apply to antimatter, at the very least, our understanding of GR must be modified D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 8/41 Baryon Asymmetry o Big Bang produced exactly equal amounts of matter and antimatter – a puzzle! • Already in 1956, M. Goldhaber noted the baryon [M. Goldhaber, “Speculations on Cosmogeny,” asymmetry of the universe (BAU) Science 124 (1956) 218] - universe seems to contain lots of mass in the form of baryons – protons and neutrons – but almost no antimatter! How could this be consistent with the BB? - now generally believed BAU arose through CP violation (discovered in 1964) - but, pre-1964, more plausible to postulate gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter – “antigravity”! D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 9/41 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Cronin, Val Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 Baryon AsymmetryThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ now generally believed BAU arose through CP Theviolation Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch (discovered in 1964) The Nobel JamesPrize Watson inCronin Physics 1980 • But – where’s the needed CP violation? - CPV discovery [Cronin, Fitch, et al., PRL 13 (1964) 138]: ~10–3 asymmetry in decays of K0 vs K̄0 meson allows distinguishing matter from antimatter James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch ‣ [photo credits: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for in an absolute sense (“annihilating an alien”) Nobelprize.org] the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation - but too weak by orders of magnitude to 8 To cite this page account for observed ~1-in-10 BAU MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> ‣ more CP violation to be discovered?? Val Logsdon Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" • hot particle-physics topic (LHCb/Belle/LBNE...) 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM – but, so far, no experimental evidence for it Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation To cite this page D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar MLA style: "The10 Nobel/41 Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM CPV and Alien Annihilation • Imagine you’re an alien from another galaxy approaching Earth in a spaceship. • Is it safe to land or will you be annihilated on contact??? • Just radio Earth and ask: ‣ “In the decay of the long-lived neutral kaon, is the more common lepton matter or antimatter?” ‣ If you agree with their answer, it’s safe to land! D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 11/41 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Cronin, Val Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 Baryon AsymmetryThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ now generally believed BAU arose through CP Theviolation Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch (discovered in 1964) The Nobel JamesPrize Watson inCronin Physics 1980 • But – where’s the needed CP violation? - CPV discovery [Cronin, Fitch, et al., PRL 13 (1964) 138]: ~10–3 asymmetry in decays of K0 vs K̄0 meson ‣ allows distinguishing matter from antimatter James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch [photo credits: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for in an absolute sense (“annihilating an alien”) Nobelprize.org] the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" - but too weak by orders of magnitude to Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 8 account for observed ~1-in-10 BAU! To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> ‣ more CP violation to be discovered?? Val Logsdon Fitch The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" hot question: LHCb/Belle II/T2K/NOvA/DUNE… 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM – but, so far, no experimental evidence for it Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation LHCb To cite this page D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar MLA style: "The12 Nobel/41 Prize in Physics 1980". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 22 Aug 2013. <http://www.nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/> 1 of 2 8/22/13 8:11 PM But there’s more... D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 13/41 Outline • Dramatis Personae • A Bit of History - antimatter, the baryon asymmetry of the universe, and all that... ➡ • The Ideas, The Issues, The Opportunities • Muonium Gravity Experiment • Required R&D • Conclusions D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 14/41 Four Cosmological Puzzles 1. Baryon asymmetry (at least) • as we’ve seen, believed to be due to CPV, but insufficient CPV seen experimentallyDark to support thisMatter? 2. Expansion of universe appears to be accelerating Evidence •forbelieved Dark to Matter be due to comes “dark energy from,” comprisinghttp://www.astro.umd.edu/~ssm/mond/fit_compare.html 70% of total – but no motion at largedirect scales:observational not evidence enough as gravityto its nature or existence from visible matter. http://astroweb.case.edu/ssm/mond/ 3. Galactic rotation curves and clusters fit_compare.html • suggest existence of large amounts of “dark matter” (5 x normal matter) – but dark matter particles yet to be found 4. Flatness and HorizonNASA problems • Universe has same temperature in all directions Alternative– but isphotons to modifyjust arriving fromgravity: opposite directions are from regions that have not yet had time to communicate or equilibrate→“inflation” Modified NewtonianMight there Dynamicsbe a simple r(MOND).explanation??? D. M. Kaplan, IIT An#ma&er Gravity Seminar 15/41 2 2 F = GMm/r = mµ(a/a0)a ~ (ma if a>>a0),(ma /a0 if a<<a0) Gravitational vacuum polarization could give MOND. Requires gravitational dipoles Thomas Phillips 16 of 59 Antigravity? • What if matter and antimatter repel gravitationally? - leads to universe with separated matter and antimatter regions, and makes gravitational dipoles possible BAU is local, not global [A.
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