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Jpy.12920 Publication Date 2020 Document Version Final Published Version Published in Journal of Phycology License CC by Link to Publication UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Contrasting nutritional strategies in two closely related marine mixotrophic chrysophytes Wilken, S.; Choi, C.J.; Worden, A.Z. DOI 10.1111/jpy.12920 Publication date 2020 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of phycology License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Wilken, S., Choi, C. J., & Worden, A. Z. (2020). Contrasting nutritional strategies in two closely related marine mixotrophic chrysophytes. Journal of phycology, 56(1), 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12920 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). 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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12920 CONTRASTING MIXOTROPHIC LIFESTYLES REVEAL DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL NICHES IN TWO CLOSELY RELATED MARINE PROTISTS1 Susanne Wilken2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands Chang Jae Choi, and Alexandra Z. Worden2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Dusternbrooker€ Weg 20, Kiel 24105, Germany Many marine microbial eukaryotes combine Key index words: chrysophytes; microbial food web; photosynthetic with phagotrophic nutrition, but mixotrophy; phagotrophy; phytoplankton incomplete understanding of such mixotrophic Abbreviations: AOX, mitochondrial alternative oxi- protists, their functional diversity, and underlying dase; ASW, artificial seawater; CIII, mitochondrial physiological mechanisms limits the assessment and respiratory complex III; ETR, electron transport modeling of their roles in present and future ocean rate; FALS, forward-angle light scatter; FISH, fluo- ecosystems. We developed an experimental system rescence in situ hybridization; FRRf, Fast repetition to study responses of mixotrophic protists to rate fluorometry; GFP, green fluorescent protein; availability of living prey and light, and used it to NPQ, non-photochemical quenching; PTOX, plastid characterize contrasting physiological strategies in terminal oxidase; VAZ, violaxanthin cycle pigments two stramenopiles in the genus Ochromonas.We show that oceanic isolate CCMP1393 is an obligate mixotroph, requiring both light and prey as Unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes of diverse complementary resources. Interdependence of evolutionary origin have long been recognized as photosynthesis and heterotrophy in CCMP1393 globally important primary producers in the ocean comprises a significant role of mitochondrial (Field et al. 1998). As phytoplankton, these pig- respiration in photosynthetic electron transport. In mented protists are clearly distinguished from contrast, coastal isolate CCMP2951 is a facultative purely heterotrophic protists, which are considered mixotroph that can substitute photosynthesis by the major predators in marine microbial food webs, phagotrophy and hence grow purely recycling nutrients, and linking bacterial production heterotrophically in darkness. In contrast to to higher trophic levels (Pomeroy 1974, Azam et al. CCMP1393, CCMP2951 also exhibits a marked 1983). However, this strict dichotomy does not accu- photoprotection response that integrates non- rately reflect natural communities, which harbor photochemical quenching and mitochondrial many mixotrophic protists that combine the ability respiration as electron sink for photosynthetically to photosynthesize with phagotrophic consumption produced reducing equivalents. Facultative of microbial cells (Bird and Kalff 1986, Estep et al. mixotrophs similar to CCMP2951 might be well 1986, Flynn et al. 2013). Mixotrophs can be impor- adapted to variable environments, while obligate tant consumers of prokaryotic and eukaryotic mixotrophs similar to CCMP1393 appear capable of microbes (Havskum and Hansen 1997, Sanders resource efficient growth in oligotrophic ocean et al. 2000, Unrein et al. 2007, Hartmann et al. environments. Thus, the responses of these 2012, Orsi et al. 2018), but their concurrent contri- phylogenetically close protists to the availability of butions to carbon fixation via photosynthesis com- different resources reveals niche differentiation that plicate integration of their ecosystem roles into influences impacts in food webs and leads to biogeochemical models (Mitra et al. 2014, Worden opposing carbon cycle roles. et al. 2015). When both processes are integrated within the same cell, photosynthetic energy acquisi- 1 Received 14 February 2019. Accepted 13 August 2019. First Pub- tion can compensate respirational losses of ingested lished Online 16 September 2019. Published Online 1 November 2019, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). carbon (Stoecker and Michaels 1991) leading to 2Authors for correspondence: [email protected]; azworden@geo- higher carbon transfer efficiencies from prey to mar.de predator, which is predicted to result in more Editorial Responsibility: T. Mock (Associate Editor) 52 CONTRASTING MIXOTROPHIC LIFESTYLES 53 productive food chains (Ward and Follows 2016). specific group within the stramenopiles, the chryso- Concurrently, higher trophic transfer efficiencies phytes, have been identified as mixotrophic bacteri- result in lesser release of remineralized nutrients by vores in oligotrophic ocean regions (Hartmann mixotrophic compared to heterotrophic predators et al. 2013). The few studies that have evaluated (Rothhaupt 1997). However, the net impact of pha- chrysophyte abundances, either by enumeration of gotrophic mixotrophs on carbon cycling may vary plastid-containing chrysophytes using FISH (Jardil- widely between species or environmental conditions, lier et al. 2010) or by semi-quantitative dot-blot creating considerable uncertainty in how these hybridization (Lepere et al. 2009, Kirkham et al. organisms should be included in ecosystem models. 2013), identified them as a numerically important The accuracy of theory-based predictions that component of pico- and nanophytoplankton com- involve mixotrophy, such as trait-based approaches munities in the tropical North-East Atlantic, the (Andersen et al. 2015) or detailed physiological hyper-oligotrophic South Pacific gyre, the Arctic models (Flynn and Mitra 2009), is currently limited and Indian oceans. Chrysophyte sequences retrieved by the weak empirical basis for model assumptions from environmental assays are typically dominated and parameterization. by environmental clades (Lepere et al. 2009, del The combined capacity for photosynthesis and Campo and Massana 2011), and the roles of individ- phagocytosis in many extant eukaryotes is not sur- ual clades in the marine microbial food web remain prising. Phagocytosis is an ancient trait that has unknown. Chrysophytes include species with numer- been involved in acquiring photosynthetic cells as ous nutritional strategies from autotrophic to vari- endosymbionts, giving rise to the first eukaryotic ous mixotrophic and purely heterotrophic lifestyles, photosynthetic organelle, the plastid, and then with loss of photosynthetic capabilities having spreading into evolutionarily distant lineages of occurred multiple times independently (Boenigk eukaryotes through additional endosymbiosis events et al. 2005, Grossmann et al. 2016). However, physi- (Lane and Archibald 2008, Keeling et al. 2013, ological information for this group is largely based Worden et al. 2015). In some photosynthetic on cultured isolates from freshwater (Caron et al. eukaryotes, the capacity for phagocytosis has been 1990, Rothhaupt 1996), brackish, and coastal envi- lost, such as diatoms, which belong to the stra- ronments (Andersson et al. 1989, Floder€ et al. menopiles. However, the presence of mixotrophs 2006). It is unclear how far information from across distant branches of the eukaryotic tree (such coastal isolates or other evolutionarily distant groups as multiple independent lineages within the alveo- such as dinoflagellates can be extrapolated to ocea- lates, prymnesiophytes, and stramenopiles), with nic chrysophytes. The sole study of an oceanic chrys- different evolutionary histories, cellular morpholo- ophyte, Ochromonas CCMP1393, uses transcriptome gies, and metabolic potentials,
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