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The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis?

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The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis? The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis? Proceedings of a workshop on vulture research and conservation in southern Africa 2004 Editors A. Monadjem, M.D. Anderson, S.E. Piper & A.F. Boshoff i The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis? Proceedings of a workshop on vulture research and conservation in southern Africa McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa 4-7 April 2004 Editors A. Monadjem Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland M.D. Anderson Department of Tourism, Environment & Conservation, Private Bag X5018, Kimberley 8300, South Africa S.E. Piper School of Biological & Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Private Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa A.F. Boshoff Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa ii Suggested Citation The Proceedings: Monadjem, A., Anderson, M.D., Piper, S.E. & Boshoff, A.F. (Eds). 2004. Vultures in The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis?. Proceedings of a workshop on vulture research and conservation in southern Africa. Birds of Prey Working Group, Johannesburg. An article within the Proceedings: Colahan, B.D. 2004. The status and conservation of vultures in the Free State Province of South Africa. In: Monadjem, A., Anderson, M.D., Piper, S.E. & Boshoff, A.F. (Eds). Vultures in The Vultures of Southern Africa – Quo Vadis?. Proceedings of a workshop on vulture research and conservation in southern Africa. Birds of Prey Working Group, Johannesburg. Published by: Birds of Prey Working Group Endangered Wildlife Trust Johannesburg South Africa December 2004 iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................2 Section A: Status of vulture species in southern Africa Cape Griffon Gyps coprotheres ..........................................................................................5 Rüppell’s Griffon Gyps Rueppellii .....................................................................................12 African White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus ....................................................................15 Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos ..........................................................................28 White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis ...................................................................34 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus ............................................................................40 Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis...........................................................................46 Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus .................................................................................51 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus ..........................................................................59 Section B: Status of vultures in different regions Status of vultures in the Western Cape .............................................................................64 Research, monitoring and conservation of vultures in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa..............................................................................................................................67 The Eastern Cape’s vultures ............................................................................................78 The status and conservation of vultures in the Free State Province of South Africa..............81 Status and conservation of vultures in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa....................................87 The status of vultures in Gauteng, South Africa .................................................................96 Vultures in the Northwest Province of South Africa .......................................................... 100 The status and conservation of vultures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa............... 106 The status of the Kransberg and Manutsa Cape Vulture colonies Gyps coprotheres in 2003: causes of mortality, reasons for concern, research needs and recommendations .............. 109 Blouberg Vulture Project, Limpopo Province.................................................................... 119 The status and conservation of vultures in the Kruger National Park ................................. 125 Status of vultures in Quthing District, southern Lesotho.................................................... 129 Conservation status of vultures in Swaziland................................................................... 132 The status of vultures in Mozambique............................................................................. 137 Conservation status of vultures in Botswana ................................................................... 139 Status of vultures in Namibia.......................................................................................... 144 Status of vultures in the Waterberg region of Namibia...................................................... 148 The status of vultures in Zimbabwe................................................................................. 154 Section C: Key threats to vultures in southern Africa Historical changes in stocking rates: possible effects on scavenging birds ......................... 156 Changing land-use patterns in southern Africa with emphasis on bush encroachment and tree removal in savanna ....................................................................................................... 166 Changing farming practices in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa.......................... 177 Report on vulture interactions with powerlines in southern Africa: 1996 to 2003 ................. 182 Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs – risk to vultures .................................................. 202 Current conservation priorities for the Asian Gyps vulture crisis ........................................ 208 Traditional use of vultures: some perspectives................................................................. 214 Vulture restaurants ........................................................................................................ 220 Section D: Review of progress since 1997 Seven years hence – what have we been up to? A summary and review of progress made since the 1997 workshop............................................................................................... 229 1 INTRODUCTION In October 1997 a seminal workshop was held in Kimberley entitled “Vultures in the 21st Century”. The aims of that workshop were to address two key questions: 1) Are vulture conservation activities appropriately planned, coordinated and executed? 2) Have the data collected on vultures been properly collated, analyzed, interpreted and published? As such, the workshop was viewed as providing a benchmark against which future efforts could be compared. A further outcome of that workshop was the drafting of a list of priority research and conservation activities. Seven years have passed since that workshop. The big question now is what has been achieved since then? How many of the priority actions have been implemented? Has the conservation status of any species improved during this time? Are there any new initiatives on the go? Basically, how successful have we been in studying and conserving vultures in the past seven years? To address these questions, a “follow-up” workshop was held in Kimberley in April 2004. These proceedings are the outcome of that workshop and have been divided into four sections. Section A deals with the current conservation status of vultures in southern Africa. Eight of the nine species occurring in this region are presented here. Unfortunately a species account for the Hooded Vulture could not be compiled. However, a bibliography of all the known material published on this species since 1997 has been presented instead. Species names follow Mundy et al. (1992), except that the African White- backed Vulture is retained in the genus Gyps; and Gyps coprotheres is referred to as either the Cape Vulture or Cape Griffon (depending on the preference of the individual author). Section B presents reports from eighteen regions, summarizing research and conservation activities undertaken in the past seven years. Regions are not necessarily political entities, for example several accounts deal with single vulture colonies (such as Blouberg and Kransberg) or conservation areas (e.g. Kruger National Park). Section C presents the key threats to vultures and vulture conservation in southern Africa. Included here are papers dealing with electrocution, poisons, changes in andl use, traditional medicine and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; as well as a paper on vulture restaurants (which ideally should have been placed in a conservation section). Finally, Section D is dedicated to reviewing the progress made since 1997. In some ways, this is the most important contribution of these proceedings. Have we met the objectives laid out in the 1997 workshop? If not, how far have we come? What still remains to be done? This critical assessment is vital for the setting of research and conservation priorities in the future. However, at the end of the day, our effectiveness in conserving southern African vultures can only be gauged by reference to how vulture populations are responding. With few exceptions, the papers presented in these proceedings have not been peer-reviewed, and the views and opinions expressed are those of the 2 authors. Furthermore, editorial
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