Year 9 History Revision Booklet

Home , German spring offensive, Trench warfare

Contents 1. Short Answer Questions to answer and revise 2. Active Revision Strategies 3. Dates and chronology 4. Describing the effect of an historical event 5. Explaining why historical events happened 6. The Point-Evidence-Explain structure to use in your answers 7. Linking Causes 8. Using Sources 9. Revision Checklist.

1 Revision Task 1: Find out the answers for these questions and learn them for the exam The Industrial Revolution . What date is given as the start of the Industrial Revolution? . What could an inventor obtain from the government to stop someone copying their idea? . Name three of Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s successful projects. . The first railway line built in Britain in 1830 ran between which two cities? . Laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved conditions for what type of workers? . The population of Britain was said to be 8 million in 1801 – what had it increased to by 1901? Protest Movements . Which protesters were famous for breaking machinery? . What contribution did Olaudah Equiano make to the abolition of slavery? . What nickname was given to the unreformed political system in the early 19th Century? . What was the name of the protest that took place at St Peter’s Fields, Manchester in 1819? . How many points of the People’s Charter were there? . What slogan did the Suffragettes adopt when their propaganda campaign had little effect on attitudes in British society? World War One . Gavrilo Princep, assassin of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was a member of which nationalist organisation? 2 Revision Task 1 (Continued): Find out the answers for these questions and learn them for the exam

. What was the name of the military alliance between Britain, France and Russia in World War One? . What is artillery? . Who was commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Forces during the Battle of the Somme? . Why did the USA enter World War One in 1917? . What name is used to describe the end of the war on 11/11/18? The Inter-War Years . The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay reparations for the war of how much? . What organisation was set up to keep international peace? . In which year did the Wall St. Crash take place? . Who invaded Abyssinia in 1934? . What British policy meant giving in to Hitler’s demands in order to avoid a war.? . Which country did Hitler invade in 1939, leading to Britain’s declaration of war? World War Two . Who was the British Prime Minister during the war? . What was the name of Germany’s style of warfare in 1939-40? . Approximately how many British people died during The Blitz? . What was the Soviet ‘Scorched Earth’ policy? . Where did Japan launch a surprise attack on America in 1941? . How many service personnel in total were involved in the D-Day Landings? 3 Revision Task 1: Active Revision Strategies

World War I began in 1914. 1. Start by highlighting or There were three main causes: Empires, Alliances and the Arms Race. The war was underlining the REALLY fought all over the world, yet the trenches were important information you in France. need to know.

The trigger cause was the assassination of These are often dates, Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip on names, key terms, reasons or th June 28 1914. He was a Serbian who didn’t effects. want to be ruled over by Austria-Hungary…

2. Create a mind-map. Start with the BIG themes. Then add details. Don’t forget key dates, names, terminology and statistics! E.g. Belgians, Artillery, Alfred Von Schlieffen, the BEF (75,000 troops), invaded on 2 August 1914, Russia took only 10 days to mobilise…

Enemy Resistance German Mistakes Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? Distance New Technology

Why did the attack on the Why did the attack on the Somme fail? 3. Create revision Somme Fail? Theme 2: Bad Planning cards or a checklist Theme 1: Technology Haig told the soldiers to… One third of British shells… As above, use a BIG The British attacked the strongest The barbed wire could not be… part… theme for each The Germans could set up their Haig was told he did not have revision card. Then machine guns in… enough artillery to… add details.

4. Get over people to test you… Write out some questions and answers on a sheet for them.

4 Revision Task 2: Practice putting events into chronological (time) order

5 Revision Task 3: Identifying & Describing the EFFECT of an event

Effect Judgement about ‘Whens, Wheres Name of the on who the effect of the & Statistics’ to Event/Feature or event (Circle 1-2 support your what? Words) judgement

Helpful Damaging Peaceful Violent Beneficial Negative Mild Extreme

Undermining Strengthening

Helpful Damaging Peaceful Violent Beneficial Negative Mild Extreme

WWI Propaganda Undermining Strengthening

Life in the Trenches Helpful Damaging Peaceful Violent Beneficial Negative Mild Extreme

Undermining Strengthening

Helpful Damaging Peaceful Violent Beneficial Negative Mild Extreme

Undermining Strengthening 6 Revision Task 4: Identifying the CAUSES of events Causation 2-3 BIG Reasons (or Little points (‘Whens, The Event Wheres & Statistics’) to Question ‘Big Points’) support your BIG points

Why were 1. working conditions in factories 2. so terrible?

Why did 1. men hurry to join the British Army 2. in 1914?

Why attack 1. did the attack on the Somme fail on July 2. 1st 1916?

Why was 1. the Treaty of Versailles so harsh on 2. Germany?

Why did 1. Japan attack Pearl Harbour in 2. 1941? 7 Revision Task 5: What is a Point-Evidence-Explain Paragraph?

Bristol Grammar School (BGS) is an excellent school. For example, over 70% of pupils achieved A*s or above last year, and under 1% achieved below a Grade C. The school was set up in 1532, and builds on a long tradition of academic excellence, sporting prowess and a high level of pastoral care. The Heads of Houses and Heads of Year work very carefully together to ensure that pupils are cared for, and different departments offer a wealth of opportunities. As examples of this, the History Department takes Year 9 pupils to the Black Country Living Museum every year, House Concerts and Plays are a regular occurrence, and there are a variety of after school clubs and an Activities programme. A final example is that in the last survey completed in 2013, over 90% of students said that they enjoyed their lessons. Consequently, the evidence shows that BGS is an excellent school.

BGS is a good school, because it offers loads of Drama and Sporting stuff. Loads of kids are happy there. I really like going out with my mates after school. Teachers are OK and homework is alright I guess. 8 Revision Task 5: (Continued) Practicing a Point-Evidence-Explain-Link Paragraph

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

9 Revision Task 6: Practising using sources in an exam

What impression does

Source A give about conditions for slaves during the Middle

Passage?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Things I should remember to do when answering this question in the exam:

10 Revision Task 6 (Cont.): Practising using sources in an exam

What can you learn from Source B about working conditions in the 1830s?

In the new industrial towns in the North, such as Manchester and Liverpool, men, women and children were employed in their thousands. Their shifts were often twelve hours long, with little or no break time, and for six days of the week. Often they worked in textile factories, such as those owned by Richard Arkwright. Children had to do jobs like being a ‘scavenger’, where they would have to pick up cotton scraps beneath the huge weaving machines. Losing a finger or even a hand was not uncommon. Women and children were preferred because they could be paid very low wages. In the meantime, factory owners and other traders were getting richer. They were given the vote in 1832. However, the working classes were not given the vote, so they had no democratic way of trying to change their conditions themselves.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Things I should remember to do when answering this question in the exam:

11 Why did World War I break out?

Cause of WWI: Empires and Colonial Rivalry The keyword Imperialism means the desire to conquer colonies. This brought the powers into conflict - Germany wanted an empire because, in 1800, France and Britain already had big empires. Imperialism was driven by Nationalism: the belief that your country is better than others. This made nations aggressive and increased the desire for empires in order to gain status and prestige, increase trade and gain valuable natural resources. In the 1870s, Italy and Germany became united countries for the first time; they too wanted overseas empires – so competition between European powers grew more intense. There was a scramble for territory, especially in Africa. Therefore, colonial rivalry led to an intensification of the arms race. Battleships and soldiers were needed to invade and conquer the African countries/ The competition for colonies caused several disputes: for example, in 1906 and 1911, Germany and France quarrelled about Morocco. They came very close to war. Colonial rivalry therefore led indirectly to the formation and strengthening of alliances. For example, Italy turned to Germany and Austria when she lost Tunis to France in 1881.

Cause of WWI: Militarism & The Arms Race The keyword militarism is the attempt to build up a strong army and navy - this gave nations the means and will to make war. Germany was very keen to become an ‘imperial power’ and so Kaiser Wilhelm passed two naval laws in 1898 and 1900 in order to increase the number of warships. In 1900, Britain’s navy was still by far the largest in the world. It had to be, to protect the huge British empire (that ruled about a quarter of the world). But Britain was beginning to realise that it did not have enough resources to protect its empire: they were especially worried about the growing size of the German navy. The British were determined that their navy should remain the largest. Soon a race to build new battleships developed between Germany and Britain. In 1906, Britain launched HMS Dreadnought, (meaning, literally ‘fear nothing’) a new type of battleship which was fast, manoeuvrable and equipped with massive amounts of heavy guns. Soon Germany began to build ‘Dreadnoughts’ as well, and the race became faster. Each country had the resources for war.

Cause of WWI: The Alliance System The idea for alliances came from Bismarck, who unified Germany. After unification in 1871, Bismarck didn’t want more wars – he wanted to keep Germany safe, so he formed a network of alliances (forming friendships with Austria in 1879 and Italy in 1882) to deter enemies from attacking Germany and prevent it becoming surrounded. Therefore, by 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy had formed the Triple Alliance. This alarmed France, who feared more attacks from a united and strong Germany, so built up its forces on its borders and looked for friends. In 1893, France formed an alliance with Russia, who had its borders with both Germany and Austria. In the past, France’s main rival had been Britain, but because Britain was so worried about growing German power, they reached an agreement and formed a friendship. Finally, Britain and Russia reached a similar agreement and the Triple Entente was finally formed in 1907. Europe was divided into two armed camps, to help each other if there was a war. But suspicion between the two alliances grew. The Germans were so certain that they were being surrounded by Russia and France, ready for attack, that in 1905 German army generals drew up the ‘Schlieffen Plan’. They planned to attack and defeat France quickly, by going through neutral Belgium, avoiding France’s defences. They would then turn and fight the Russians who, the Germans believed,12 would take time getting their army ready to fight. German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause Reparations Bitterly resented! World War I had not Ridiculously high! The German economy been all Germany’s fault! All European was already ruined and its people were nations had been building up their armed starving – this would make things worse! forces (‘militarism’) and looking to expand The government began printing money in their empires (‘imperialism’) in the early response, which led to ‘hyperinflation’. 20th century. Germany hadn’t provided the The new German government would now ‘spark’ – the assassination of Archduke be threatened by revolution (e.g. Spartacist Ferdinand! Germans were outraged by this. Uprising), as people became desperately poor and hungry and began looking for strong leaders for solutions. Disarmament Loss of territory Not fair! You’ve left us vulnerable! Germans should live in Germany! Many Germany was left practically defenceless – important industrial areas were lost, such if France wanted to invade (and many as the Saar. Germany had been split in two Germans assumed they would) there was by the loss of the Polish Corridor. Germany nothing Germany could do to protect lost all her colonies, but Britain and France herself . No other nation (accept the other were allowed to keep theirs. Despite defeated ones) were forced to do this, President Wilson’s calls for ‘self- despite Woodrow Wilson’s determination’, 12% of German people encouragement (Wilson was US President). were now ruled by foreign governments. League of Nations How the Treaty was Made Insulting! Germany was not invited to be a It’s a diktat! Germany had not been member of this organisation until she had allowed to represent herself at the Paris ‘proven herself to be a peace-loving Peace Conference – the terms had been nation’. But how was this possible if she forced upon her without any choice or had been excluded from the peace-keeping comment. It was therefore known as a organisation? What would happen if ‘Diktat’ in Germany, meaning ‘dictated Germany was attacked? Who would defend peace’. The ‘Big Three’ had finalised most them, if they weren’t part of it? of the terms in secret meetings without consulting any of the other nations 13 Impact of railways on Impact of propaganda on Britain men in 1914

The period between 1750 and 1900 World War I propaganda had to be effective at saw new ways of moving people and the beginning of the war, in order to encourage goods more quickly. Changes in British men to join up. This is because unlike methods of transport were dramatic. Germany, Britain didn’t use conscription at the start of the war (this only happened in 1916, Railway building was unbelievably when Britain desperately needed more soldiers fast. In 1832, 166 miles of railway after casualties suffered in big battles such as the track were pen. By 1850, there were Somme). 6,559 miles of railway track in use. Railways helped businesses to move Posters and other types of propaganda also had to be effective because Lord Kitchener, the raw materials and goods much more Secretary of State for war, saw that the war would quickly than canals ever could. What be a long one, requiring many men. Kitchener as more, unlike canals, railways believed that the regular army must not be provided good transport for people. wasted in immediate battle, but instead used to The journey time from Newcastle to help train a new army with 70 divisions—the size London in 1844 was 30 hours by of the French and German to fight a war lasting road, and only 12 hours by rail. many years.

You needed lots of iron to build a Much of British propaganda played on the idea of railway and to build the steam duty, including the famous: 'Your country needs engines that pulled the trains. So the you' poster with the eyes which followed you railways gave a huge boost to the wherever your stood. Many knew they could die – iron industry. With the Liverpool to so they had to have a motive that was worth Manchester railway, built in the dying for. The government used the idea of Patriotism – a ‘Great’ Britain – to give men that 1820s, the owners of mines in the motive. Black Country were given a direct link with Liverpool, a port town, to Recruitment in the first few weeks of war was export coal all over the world. The high, but the real 'recruiting boom' began in the railway was often more reliable than last week of August, when news of the British a canal (which had to closed due to retreat following the Battle of Mons reached frost, drought, wind and tide), yet Britain. Recruiting peaked in the first week of the cheaper way of moving goods September. By the end of September, over provided by railways often put canal 750,000 men had enlisted; by January 1915, a million. By the end of the war, 2.67 million men owners out of business. 14 had volunteered to join up. Why did World War I end?

Technological advances

The tank was first used at the Battle of Flers in 1916. It was then used with less success at the Battle of the Somme. Although the tank was highly unreliable, it did a great deal to end the horrors of trench warfare and brought back some mobility to the Western Front. The idea of the tank came from a development of farming vehicles that could cross difficult land with ease by using caterpillar tracks. The first 'tank' to have a caterpillar track was a vehicle designed by Wilson and Tritton called "Little Willie". This tank was then developed into “Big Willie”. Tanks terrified the enemy the first few times they saw them. By 1918 Britain and France had produced 6,506 tanks between them. Germany had produced just 20. Tanks were effective when they were deployed properly and it took some time for the army to learn how to do this. The first really successful use of tanks came in the Battle of Cambrai in 1917. They made an unprecedented breakthrough over the German trenches. When they were working properly, they could cross trenches or craters of 9 feet (2.7 m) and drive right through barbed wire. However, World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace (4mph) at best. Tanks as an offensive weapons system would not come about until WW2.

The British Blockade

German U-boats (submarines) attacked Allied merchant ships to try to starve Britain out of the war. By June 1917, Britain had lost 500 000 tonnes of shipping to the U-boats. Yet the British eventually stopped the Germans through the use of horned mines (large, round, metal containers packed with explosives that blew up submarines). Block ships were sent to block off U-Boat bases and prevent them leaving. The British also developed the convoy system. A group of merchant ships sailing together, protected by fast warships capable of sinking U-Boats. Not only did the British survive the U-boat threat, but they were also able to cut Germany off from outside supplies. British naval ships spent the war patrolling the North Sea, stopping and keeping hold of thousands of merchant ships thought to be harbouring cargo bound for enemy shores. 250,000 Germans died of starvation in 1917. This weakened the German war effort. The average daily diet of 1,000 calories was insufficient even for small children. Illnesses such as scurvy and tuberculosis from lack of food were common by 1917. 15 Why did World War I end?

German Mistakes

The Russian Revolution by a political party called the ‘Bolsheviks’, and then Russia’s surrender to the Germans in 1917 (before the War was over) meant that the Germans became tied up in negotiations in the East. These lengthy arguments disrupted planning for the German spring offensive that was to begin on 21 March 1918. Over one million men were left in the east to ensure that the Russians did what the Germans told them. These forces were badly needed on the Western Front. The Bolshevik appeal for an end to the war in Russia was also welcomed in other countries who were tired of war. It caused a wave of strikes (where workers refuse to work until certain demands, like higher pay are met). Strikes meant that vital supplies (such as ammunition or army boots) were not being manufactured and sent to the soldiers. Despite these problems, the German Army made huge advances in the first few days of the Spring Offensive, advancing up to 60 kilometres (38 miles). But the campaign became bogged down. The French counter-attacked in July, the British in August, and it was now clear that the Triple Alliance could not possibly win the war. Germany had lost the initiative, Austria-Hungary was on the verge of collapse and there was a shortage of manpower.

The Arrival of the Americans As the European powers waged war in 1914, America stayed out of it. But the sinking of the British passenger ship, the Lusitania, by a German submarine in 1915, resulted in the deaths of 128 Americans, and made the U.S. people want revenge against the “Huns.” When it was revealed that Germany had approached Mexico about an alliance against the United States, they decided to go to war to support Britain on April 6, 1917. The U.S. military only had about 370,000 men. That number swelled to 4.8 million by the end of WWI. The first U.S. troops kept up the spirits of the Allies at first, but by time the Germans launched their last desperate offensive, in the spring of 1918, more than 300,000 American troops had landed in France. By the war’s end in November, the number of Yanks had swelled to 1.4 million. Led by Major General John Pershing, the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) supported many battles in France in Spring 1918. They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, at a time that the Germans were unable to replace their losses. The Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive by launching an attack on a German bulge in the lines near Verdun, France. U.S. and French troops captured more than 25,000 prisoners: Germany’s back was all but broken. 16 Revision Checklist No. Things to revise

1 Answers to Factual Knowledge Questions 2 Dates/order of the important events 3 The effects of big turning points in the period 1750-1945, such as the invention of the railways, the start or the end of WWI. 4 The causes of the major events, such as the Industrial Revolution, women winning the vote, the disastrous first day of the Somme or the Allied victory in WWII. 5 How to write a PEE paragraph 6 How to link causes together (PEE with an L) 7 How to use sources

Are YOU as prepared as General Eisenhower? 17 First iron bridge built The Water Frame is invented

The Peterloo Massacre

A ‘Christmas truce’

USA drop the Atomic Bomb 18 1781 1769 First iron bridge built The Water Frame is invented

1819 The Peterloo Massacre

A ‘Christmas truce’

1945

USA drop the Atomic Bomb 19