KONTRIBUSI MR. ALEXANDER ANDRIES MARAMIS BAGI NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Nency Aprilia Heydemans1 Fienny Maria Langi2 I

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KONTRIBUSI MR. ALEXANDER ANDRIES MARAMIS BAGI NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Nency Aprilia Heydemans1 Fienny Maria Langi2 I Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) ISSN 2528-1852, eISSN 2721-0537 VOL 5, No. 1, 01 Juli 2020 KONTRIBUSI MR. ALEXANDER ANDRIES MARAMIS BAGI NEGARA KESATUAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Nency Aprilia Heydemans1 Fienny Maria Langi2 Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Manado 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] Abstract The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) has distinctive cross-ethnic, religious and cultural characteristics that govern sovereignty of people's lives. The founders of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia represented the whole of the Indonesian people governing common life based on Pancasila as the philosophical and ideological basis of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia is a large country that has a history and historical figures. One historical figure is Mr. Alexander Andries Maramis (Mr. A. A. Maramis) who contributed to the independence of Indonesia and helped to form the basis of the State. The purpose of this study is (1) to know the life history and contribution of Mr. A. A. Maramis for the Republic of Indonesia. (2) Changes that occur after the contribution of Mr. A. A. Maramis for the Republic of Indonesia. This research uses the historical method with a descriptive approach through data analysis techniques, interviews, documentation and literature study. This paper is about to reveal that Mr. A. A. Maramis has an identity as a native of Minahasa (North Sulawesi) fighting for the independence of the Indonesian Nation both nationally and internationally. This is seen in nationalist identities and attitudes as markers of his struggle and for later generations. This article concludes that the next generation needs to build a collective memory of Mr. A. A. Maramis as a national hero who contributes to the value of humanity and nationalism. Keywords : A. A. Maramis, Contribution, NKRI, Nationalism, Identity. PENDAHULUAN karakteristik khas yaitu heterogenitas (suku, Indonesia adalah negara yang budaya dan agama) di tengah perjuangan. memiliki banyak pulau, beraneka suku, Mempertahankan NKRI berarti agama, budaya, bahasa dengan sederetan mempertahankan Pancasila sebagai dasar sejarah yang panjang dan tokoh sejarahnya. negara di tengah kondisi sosial, politik, dan Titaley (1991:208) menjelaskan Bangsa ekonomi nasional. Indonesia lahir pada tanggal 17 Agustus Sejarah Indonesia tidak lepas 1945 merupakan fenomena baru. Bangsa dengan hadirnya tokoh pendiri bangsa Indonesia sebelumnya belum pernah ada. Indonesia menjelang kemerdekaan. Yang ada adalah kerajaan-kerajaan suku di Terdapat satu ketua, satu wakil ketua dan 66 wilayah Nusantara. Negara Kesatuan anggota dalam Badan Penyelidik Usaha- Republik Indonesia (NKRI) bukan lanjutan usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia dari salah satu suku yang ada seperti (BPUPKI). Kemudian mengerucut menjadi Majapahit atau Sriwijaya. Fenomena baru sembilan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia hadir dengan adanya Indonesia (PPKI) yaitu tokoh Soekarno, 47 Moh. Hatta, Alexander Andries Maramis Ilmu Hukum Universitas Leiden, Belanda (Mr. A. A. Maramis), Moh. Yamin, dengan gelar Meester in de rechten (Mr). Abikusno Tjokrosuyoso, Abdul Kahar Selama menjadi mahasiswa di Muzakir, Agus Salim, Achmad Soebardjo, Belanda, Mr. A. A. Maramis pernah Wahid Hasjim (Bahar, 1998:lvii-lviii, 407). menjabat sebagai sekretaris pengurus Tokoh Mr. A. A. Maramis beridentitas organisasi Perhimpunan Indonesia (PI). orang Minahasa berperan mewakili kaum Organisasi ini mendirikan majalah Hindia Kristen di bagian Indonesia Timur, Putra yang kemudian mengganti nama berkiprah dikancah nasional dan menjadi majalah Indonesia Merdeka. internasional. Sebagai seorang Organisasi ini bertujuan untuk menghimpun revolusioner, Mr. A. A. Maramis memiliki seluruh mahasiswa untuk bekerja sama jiwa nasionalis, dan moderasi beragama. dengan rakyat terutama gerakan politik Pada zaman pemerintahan Hindia menentang kolonialisme. Adapaun sikap Belanda, pendidikan dikhususkan untuk fundamental dari organisasi mahasiswa anak laki-laki bangsawan pribumi dan yakni menyatakan bangsa bernama keturunan Belanda yang menikah dengan Indonesia, terdapat sebuah negeri bernama orang pribumi atau disebut orang indo. Indonesia dan rakyat menuntut Tidak semua orang mengecap pendidikan kemerdekaan (Kartodirdjo, 2005: xii). formal. Dampak positif dari pendidikan Mr. A. A. Maramis terpengaruh formal yaitu manusia dapat hidup dengan pemikiran J. E. Stovkis seorang berkualitas dengan memiliki paradigma Belanda yang Indonesianis anti visioner untuk mencapai cita-cita luhur. Di imperialisme dengan aliran sosial sisi lain terjadi pengotakan pendidikan demokrat. Sebelum pulang ke tanah air, berdasarkan golongan (orang Belanda, tahun 1924 Mr. A. A. maramis dan kawan- orang indo, orang pribumi dan Tionghoa) kawannya menulis buku berjudul dan jenis kelamin (laki-laki dan perempuan) Gedenkboek yang intinya: melawan dan menjadi objek diskriminasi (Walanda, tidak mau berkompromi dengan penjajah. 1983:9-13). Rakyat harus bersatu melampaui pelbagai Peristiwa ini ditulis oleh Wolajan perbedaan yang nantinya akan menjadi (2018:7-8) menurut kesaksian Lody Rudy kekuatan dan Belanda dapat dibubarkan Pandean bahwa Mr. A. A. Maramis yang (Poeze, 2008:155-177). lahir di Paniki Bawah Distrik Minahasa Setibanya di tanah air, Mr. A. A. (Sekarang sudah masuk daerah Manado) Maramis mendapat tawaran dari pemerintah merupakan salah satu anak yang beruntung, Hindia Belanda untuk bekerja sebagai lahir dari keluarga terpandang dengan pegawai negeri pemerintahan Hindia mengecap pendidikan formal sekolah Belanda. Akan tetapi tawaran pekerjaan itu Belanda di Manado yakni Europeesche ditolaknya. Ini disebabkan adanya rasa Lagere School (ELS) sampai tahun 1911. nasionalisme, cinta tanah air dan berjuang Melanjutkan pendidikan formal di Batavia bersama rakyat untuk lepas dari penjajah tahun 1918, bernama Hogere Burger School dalam usaha pembentukan kedaulatan (HBS). Selain itu, pemerintah Hindia negara melalui Undang-undang Dasar Belanda memberikan beasiswa selama 1945. Awalnya Mr. A. A. Maramis bekerja enam tahun melanjutkan studi di Fakultas sebagai pengacara bagi rakyat yang kurang mampu yang datang meminta bantuan 48 Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) ISSN 2528-1852, eISSN 2721-0537 VOL 5, No. 1, 01 Juli 2020 hukum tanpa meminta bayaran. Keikhlasan telah mengabdikan diri bagi pemerintah untuk membela rakyat dilakukan tanpa Republik Indonesia tanpa pamrih dengan memandang bulu. Di Palembang 1928, Mr. membangun jejaring bersama elemen A. A. Maramis menangani suatu perkara rakyat, pemerintah dan para pemuda hukum sekaligus bertemu dengan seorang terpelajar untuk melakukan aksi bersama janda bernama Elizabeth M. D. Veldhoed membela tanah air sebagai satu kedaulatan yang akhirnya menjadi istrinya. RI. Sebagai konsekuensi, Mr. A. A. Pernikahannya tidak memiliki keturunan Maramis melakukan aksi di kancah (Pandean, 1985:6). internasional dan nasional untuk NKRI. Menurut Pandean, “Sikap Oleh karena itu, generasi bangsa perlu nasionalisme untuk NKRI sudah dilakukan dibekali memori kolektif tentang kontribusi oleh para pendiri bangsa, termasuk Mr. A. Mr. A. A. Maramis dalam kiprahnya di A. Maramis dengan menjadi pemimpin dunia pemerintahan RI. Agar supaya nilai- delegasi Indonesia di New Delhi. Mr. A. A. nilai luhur budaya bangsa terus dilestarikan. Maramis berhasil memperjuangkan Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, pengakuan kedaulatan RI dalam dunia perumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini internasional,” (Wolayan, 2018:7-8). Mr. diidentifikasikan melalui pertanyaan yaitu A. A Maramis juga pernah menjabat 1. Bagaimana riwayat hidup dan kontribusi sebagai anggota BPUPKI, anggota PPKI, Mr. A. A. Maramis bagi NKRI? 2. menjadi Menteri Keuangan RI pertama, Bagaimanakah perubahan yang terjadi menteri luar negeri dan Kadubes diberbagai setelah adanya kontribusi Mr. A. A. daerah dalam pemerintahan RI (Pandean, Maramis bagi NKRI? 2014:4). Dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, generasi muda KERANGKA TEORITIK mulai lupa menjaga nilai-nilai luhur bangsa. 1. Perspektif Negara Kesatuan Diharapkan sikap nasionalisme generasi Republik Indonesia muda dapat membangun memori kolektif Cohan dan Peterson menyatakan Mr. A. A. Maramis dan menjadi agent of bahwa suatu negara dipimpin oleh change ikut berpatisipatif aktif dalam pemerintah pusat yang memegang membangun bangsa melalui nilai kekuasaan dan kewenangan tertinggi dalam kemanusiaan berdasarkan jiwa Pancasila. negara dengan menerapkan tugas secara Generasi bangsa saat ini berada pada titik efektif dibatasi oleh undang-undang. kurang menghargai sejarah bangsa. Pemerintah pusat secara organisasional Nasionalisme merupakan suatu membentuk seluruh unit pemerintahan tindakan untuk mengembalikan politik berdasarkan peraturan perundang- identitas yang berlaku pada masyarakat undangan yang berlaku (Wasistiono, melalui simbol perlawanan pada 2004:9). Ada dua bentuk negara yaitu kolonialisme dan sikap solidaritas yang Pertama, Negara Kesatuan bersistem tinggi untuk cintai tanah air (Alfaqi, sentralisasi artinya seluruh urusan dalam 2015:111-112). Salah satu nilai dasar negara termasuk urusan daerah diatur oleh nasionalisme adalah rela berkorban untuk pemerintah pusat. Kedua, Negara kesatuan kepentingan bersama. Mr. A. A. Maramis bersistem desentralisasi artinya daerah 49 diberikan kewenangan mengatur rumah Dalam bukunya, “Peradaban Barat, tangganya sendiri atau disebut otonomi dari Revolusi Perancis Hingga Zaman daerah (Amrusyi, 1987:56). Di Indonesia, Globalisasi,” Perry
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