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Ardo Hansson: Working Together for the Good of the EU and Estonia
Ardo Hansson: Working together for the good of the EU and Estonia Opening speech by Mr Ardo Hansson, Governor of the Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank), to the Ragnar Nurkse Lecture for the 95th Anniversary of Eesti Pank, Tallinn, 4 November 2014. * * * Professor Balcerowicz, President of the Riigikogu, Chair of the Supervisory Board of Eesti Pank, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you for being here today to mark the 95th anniversary of Eesti Pank and to honour Ragnar Nurkse, the world's best-known economist from Estonia to date. Eesti Pank was founded when the Republic of Estonia was only a year old and Ragnar Nurkse was a model eleven-year-old pupil at the Tallinn Cathedral School. In the words of Juhan Kukk, the Minister of Finance of the time, founding Eesti Pank as the issuer of the national currency and tying the currency to gold showed the same great “bravery and belief in national and economic independence” as engaging in the War of Independence did. Ragnar Nurkse started his studies in the University of Tartu, but he soon moved to continue them in the School of Economics of the University of Edinburgh and later in Vienna. He was recognised in his home country for his work, as is shown by the worried letter that Jüri Jaakson, Governor of Eesti Pank at the time, sent him in spring 1938. Nurkse was working in Geneva at the time for the League of Nations, the forerunner of the United Nations. The letter says: “The rise in the cost of living in the past three years has been larger than has been seen in many other countries that compete with us in foreign markets. -
List of Prime Ministers of Estonia
SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Konstantin Päts 24-02 1918 26-11 1918 Rural League 2 Konstantin Päts 26-11 1918 08-05 1919 Rural League 3 Otto August Strandman 08-05 1919 18-11 1919 Estonian Labour Party 4 Jaan Tõnisson 18-11 1919 28-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 5 Ado Birk 28-07 1920 30-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 6 Jaan Tõnisson 30-07 1920 26-10 1920 Estonian People's Party 7 Ants Piip 26-10 1920 25-01 1921 Estonian Labour Party 8 Konstantin Päts 25-01 1921 21-11 1922 Farmers' Assemblies 9 Juhan Kukk 21-11 1922 02-08 1923 Estonian Labour Party 10 Konstantin Päts 02-08 1923 26-03 1924 Farmers' Assemblies 11 Friedrich Karl Akel 26-03 1924 16-12 1924 Christian People's Party 12 Jüri Jaakson 16-12 1924 15-12 1925 Estonian People's Party 13 Jaan Teemant 15-12 1925 23-07 1926 Farmers' Assemblies 14 Jaan Teemant 23-07 1926 04-03 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 15 Jaan Teemant 04-03 1927 09-12 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 16 Jaan Tõnisson 09-12 1927 04-121928 Estonian People's Party 17 August Rei 04-121928 09-07 1929 Estonian Socialist Workers' Party 18 Otto August Strandman 09-07 1929 12-02 1931 Estonian Labour Party 19 Konstantin Päts 12-02 1931 19-02 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 20 Jaan Teemant 19-02 1932 19-07 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 21 Karl August Einbund 19-07 1932 01-11 1932 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 22 Konstantin Päts 01-11 1932 18-05 1933 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 23 Jaan Tõnisson 18-05 1933 21-10 1933 National Centre Party 24 Konstantin Päts 21-10 1933 24-01 1934 Non-party 25 Konstantin Päts 24-01 1934 -
Draws the Crowds
Volume 102, No. 3, June 2010 The National Philatelic Society Draws the crowds In this issue Regulars Letters Meeting Reports: Thatcham, Isle of Man, Churchill, President’s Display New Members Book Reviews New Issues Stamp Fairs Diary plus all the other National news Features More Philippines Prisoner Mail The Archaeologist Abroad Ocean Penny Post and the JPS Slovakia The Falklands Publication Checklist Don’t Forget our AGM and Chelmsford Meeting....see page 66. Stamp Lover The Journal of the National Philatelic Society © 2009 National Philatelic Society & Individual Authors/Contributors What’s Inside ISSN 0038-9277 Vol. 102 No. 3 June 2010 The National Philatelic Society One of the largest general philatelic societies, it was founded as the Junior Philatelic Society by Fred Melville in 1899. UK Membership £27 a year (or £23 if living 60 miles or more from London). President’s Message Overseas Membership £19. ................................................................. For further details including our £15 Chris Oliver 63 introductory offer and application contact the Secretary at the General address given Editor’s column - first impressions of London 2010.......... 65 below or visit the Society website www.ukphilately.org.uk/nps General, including Membership Letters ................................................................................. 65 and “Shop Window” National Philatelic Society, c/o The British Postal Museum & Archive, Freeling House, National PS News Phoenix Place, London WC1X 0DL ................................................................ 66 [email protected] Tel: 020 7239 2571 Peter Mellor. Library: National Philatelic Society Library As above address. Email: Meetings Report: Thatcham, Isle of Man, Churchill and the [email protected] President’s displays Circulating Packets: NPS Unit CP, as above Tel: 0792 514 9048 (Thursdays only 10am – 3pm) by the Editor, photos by Chris Oliver..................................68 (Callers re Packets by prior arrangement only) Auctions and Literature Sales Features Michael R. -
EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID Vabadusrist II/3 Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseum EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID
EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID Vabadusrist II/3 Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseum EESTI OMARIIKLUSE PÕHIDOKUMENDID EELKONSTITUTSIOONILISED AKTID JA PÕHISEADUSED LÜHIKOMMENTAARIDEGA EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA RIIGIÕIGUSE SIHTKAPITAL SISSEJUHATUS Iga riik rajaneb rahva püüdlusi toestavatel sündmustel ja otsustel. Viimased, vormistatuna õigusaktideks, saavad riigi vundamen diks ning ühte koondatult omakorda põhiseaduseks ehk konsti tutsiooniks. Põhiseadus on riigi telg, selgroog, millel põhineb kogu riigikorraldus ja ühiskondlik elu. Riikluse kujunemine on protsess – pikaajalise ja pingelise Koostanud ja kommenteerinud Rait Maruste kultuurilise, sotsiaalse, majandusliku ja poliitilise arengu ning Keeletoimetanud Killu Mei geopoliitiliste võimaluste tulem. Rahva saamine riigirahvaks on Kujundanud Endla Toots ainukordne. Maailmas on tuhandeid rahvaid, sh neid, kes Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapital on eestlastest kümneid kordi suurema rahvaarvuga, kuid kel 1 Tallinn 2020 puudub oma riik . ISBN 9789949735419 Oma riigi saamislugu on rahva kultuuri, eneseteadvuse ja © Rait Maruste ja Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapital identiteedi lahutamatu osa. Me peame seda teadma ja tundma ning selle eest hoolt kandma. Kui seda ei tee me ise, siis teevad Kõik õigused on kaitstud. Ilma autoriõiguse omanike seda meie eest teised ning siis juba enda arusaamiste kohaselt. eelneva kirjaliku loata pole lubatud ühtki selle teose osa paljundada ei elektroonilisel, mehaanilisel ega muul viisil. Trükikoda Greif 1 2020. aasta seisuga on ÜROl 193 liikmesriiki. 7 Eesti omariikluse kujunemise kultuuriline, sotsiaalne ja tekstide valik on autoripoolne ja esitatud Eesti Teaduste poliitiline käekäik on praeguseks päris hästi uuritud ja doku Akadeemia riigiõiguse sihtkapitali teadmisel. menteeritud, peamiselt on seda teinud ajaloolased ja sotsiaal Justiitsministeeriumi poolt loodud ja Teaduste Akadeemia teadlased. Omariikluse kujunemise uurimise mõne näitena võib egiidi all toimiv riigiõiguse sihtkapital peab üheks oma tuua 1937. -
Crols, Dirk (2006) from Tsarist Empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU: Two Eras in the Construction of Baltic State Sovereignty
Crols, Dirk (2006) From Tsarist empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU: two eras in the construction of Baltic state sovereignty. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2453/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] FROM TSARIST EMPIRE TO LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND FROM USSR TO EU: TWO ERAS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BALTIC STATE SOVEREIGNTY Thesis submitted by Dirk Crols to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Date of submission: 23 July 2006 Department of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow Supervisor: Dr. David Smith, Senior Lecturer, Department of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow. 1 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how the three Baltic countries constructed their internal and external sovereign statehood in the interwar period and the post Cold War era. Twice in one century, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were namely confronted with strongly divided multiethnic societies, requiring a bold and wide-ranging ethnic policy. In 1918 all three Baltic countries promised their minorities cultural autonomy. -
ESTONIAN MOTHERS and DAUGHTERS in TWO DIFFERENT CONTEXTS, ESTONIA and CANADA Kadri-Ann Laar a Thesis Submitted
ETHNIC IDENTFI11: ESTONIAN MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS IN TWO DIFFERENT CONTEXTS, ESTONIA AND CANADA Kadri-Ann Laar A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Education University of Toronto 0 Copyright by ICadri-Ann Laar 1996 Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellingdon Street 395. Wm Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ot&waON KIAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Cmda de reproduce, loan, distnibute or sell reproduire, pr&er, disbn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts &om it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Ethnic Identity: Estonian mothess and daughte~tsin two different contexts, Estonia and Canada Kadti-Ann Laar Doctor of Philosophy, 1996 Graduate DepartPlent of Education, University of Toronto In the past decade ethnic identity has been recognized as an important but neglected aspect of ego identity, especially for members of a minority group. According to Phinney (1990) ethnic identity refers to an individual's sense of self as a member of an ethnic group and the attitudes and behaviours associated with that sense. -
Tallinna Teadlaste Maja 2013
TALLINNA TEADLASTE MAJA 48. tegevusaasta Juuni 2013 Maailmas tähistatakse 1950. aastast Rahvusvahelise Demokraatliku Naiste Föderatsiooni otsusega igal aastal 1.juunil LASTEKAITSEPÄEVA, lootuses, et see aitab teravdada tähelepanu vajadusele parandada laste tervishoidu, haridust, elutingimusi ning loob nendele rohkem hellust, hoolivust, armastust... * * * 1. Teisipäeval, 4. juunil kell 7 hommikul on meil suurepärane võimalus osa saada Eesti lipu päeva tähistamisest Toompeal lipuheiskamise pidulikul kombetalitusel. Olete oodatud! 2. Kolmapäeval, 5. juunil kell 17.15 meenutame „Strixis” (Rävala pst 10 kohvikus) meie Maja endist liiget, tunnustatud ja tuntud looduskaitsetegelast Jaan Eilartit (24.06.1933 – 18.05.2006); hindame tema panust eesti teaduses ja kultuuris, laiemalt kogu Euroopa kultuuris. Tulge koos sõpradega! Kõik meenutuskillud väga oodatud! Baarist saab osta suupoolist enne meenutusõhtu algust. * * * Esmaspäevast, 10. juunist on kohvik „Strix” avatud ainult kella viieni pärastlõunal. * * * 3. Esmaspäeval, 10. juunil kell 17 peame Teadlaste Maja nõukogu ja revisjonikomisjoni koosoleku nõukogu esimehe Sulev Mäeltsemehe juures . Kohtume kell 16.55 fuajees Akadeemia tee 3). Päevakorra kavas: maikuus tehtu hindamine, mõned üldistused Maja esimese poolaasta tööst, septembrikuu töökava kavandamine, uute liikmete vastuvõtmine, kohalalgatatud küsimused. See ongi kutse! 4. Laupäeval, 15. juunil oleme oodatud Koeru valda seminarile „Puhmu küla ja tuntud isikud” ; korraldajaid on ka meie koostööpartner Konstantin Pätsi Muuseum, seetõttu -
Valmis Gradu, Maaliskuu 2010
Saila Leukumaa Kansa yhtenäiseksi ja kansallistunne korkealle Virolaisjohtajien historiapuheet ja niiden vaikutuspyrkimykset Pätsin aikakauden Virossa Yleisen historian Pro gradu -tutkielma Historian ja etnologian laitos Jyväskylän yliopisto Maaliskuu 2010 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Tekijä – Author Leukumaa Saila Työn nimi – Title Kansa yhtenäiseksi ja kansallistunne korkealle. Virolaisjohtajien historiapuheet ja niiden vaikutuspyrkimykset Pätsin aikakauden Virossa. Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Yleinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Maaliskuu 2010 132 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Maaliskuussa 1934 Konstantin Päts ja Johan Laidoner kaappasivat Virossa vallan ja pe- lastivat omien sanojensa mukaan Viron Vapaussoturien liiton (vapsit) diktatuurilta, jo ka olisi voinut johtaa lopulta itsenäisyyden menetykseen. Päts hallitsi Viroa valtion itsenäi- syyden menetykseen kesäkuuhun 1940 asti apunaan sotaväen ylipäällikkö Laidoner ja si- sä- ja pääministerinä toiminut Karl Einbund (vuodesta 1935 Kaarel Eenpalu). Pätsin aikakauden Viro haki paikkaansa itsenäisenä valtiona. Valtio oli nuori, ja sisäpoli- tiikka oli ollut epävarmaa ja ailahtelevaa. Päts, Laidoner ja Eenpalu totesivat kansan ja- kautuneen oman edun tavoitteluun kannustaneen 1920-luvun ääriparlamentaarisen tasa- vallan ja vapsien äärioikeistolaisen propagandan seurauksena 1930-luvun alun aikana . Virolaisjohtajien mukaan virolaisten kansallinen -
The University of Chicago Smuggler States: Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Contraband Trade Across the Soviet Frontier, 1919-1924
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SMUGGLER STATES: POLAND, LATVIA, ESTONIA, AND CONTRABAND TRADE ACROSS THE SOVIET FRONTIER, 1919-1924 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ANDREY ALEXANDER SHLYAKHTER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2020 Илюше Abstract Smuggler States: Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Contraband Trade Across the Soviet Frontier, 1919-1924 What happens to an imperial economy after empire? How do economics, security, power, and ideology interact at the new state frontiers? Does trade always break down ideological barriers? The eastern borders of Poland, Latvia, and Estonia comprised much of the interwar Soviet state’s western frontier – the focus of Moscow’s revolutionary aspirations and security concerns. These young nations paid for their independence with the loss of the Imperial Russian market. Łódź, the “Polish Manchester,” had fashioned its textiles for Russian and Ukrainian consumers; Riga had been the Empire’s busiest commercial port; Tallinn had been one of the busiest – and Russians drank nine-tenths of the potato vodka distilled on Estonian estates. Eager to reclaim their traditional market, but stymied by the Soviet state monopoly on foreign trade and impatient with the slow grind of trade talks, these countries’ businessmen turned to the porous Soviet frontier. The dissertation reveals how, despite considerable misgivings, their governments actively abetted this traffic. The Polish and Baltic struggles to balance the heady profits of the “border trade” against a host of security concerns shaped everyday lives and government decisions on both sides of the Soviet frontier. -
Estonia Today
80 YEARS OF JUNE DEPORTATIONS 1. 80 YEARS OF JUNE DEPORTATIONS In June 1941, within one week about 95 000 people from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Bessarabia (Moldova) were deported to the Soviet Union. This mass operation was carried out simultaneously in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – between 14 and 17 June 1941. The operation saw the arrest of all people who were still at liberty and considered a thorn in the side of the occupying forces, mainly members of the political, military and economic elite who had been instrumental in building the independence of their states. They were taken to prison camps where most of them were executed or perished within a year. Their family members, including elderly people and children, were arrested alongside them, and they were subsequently separated and deported to the “distant regions” of the Soviet Union with extremely harsh living conditions. To cover their tracks, the authorities also sent a certain number of criminals to the camps. Prologue • As a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in June 1940. • Preparations for the launch of communist terror in civil society were made already before the occupation. As elsewhere, its purpose was to suppress any possible resistance of the society from the very beginning and to instil fear in people to rule out any organised resistance movement in the future. • The decision to carry out this mass operation was made at the suggestion of Soviet State Security chiefs Lavrentiy Beria and Vsevolod Merkolov in Moscow on 16 May 1941. -
MARIA GROENEVELD of the State and the Role Society Relationship Policy Making Process in the Foreign
DISSERTATIONES RERUM MARIA GROENEVELD POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 7 The role of the state and society relationship in the foreign policy making process in the foreign of the state and society relationship The role MARIA GROENEVELD The role of the state and society relationship in the foreign policy making process Tartu 2012 ISSN 1736–4205 ISBN 978–9949–32–174–2 DISSERTATIONES RERUM POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 7 DISSERTATIONES RERUM POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 7 MARIA GROENEVELD The role of the state and society relationship in the foreign policy making process Institute of Government and Politics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu, Estonia Dissertation was accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Political Science) on 1 November 2012 by the Council of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu. Supervisors: Prof. Andres Kasekamp, University of Tartu, Estonia Dr. Alexander Astrov, Central European University, Hungary Opponent: Prof. Hiski Haukkala, University of Tampere, Finland Commencement: 3 December 2012 Publication of this thesis is granted by the Institute of Government and Politics, University of Tartu and by the Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences created under the auspices of the European Union Social Fund. ISSN 1736–4205 ISBN 978–9949–32–174–2 (print) ISBN 978–9949–32–175–9 (pdf) Copyright: Maria Groeneveld, 2012 University of Tartu Press www.tyk.ee Order No 559 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1. STATE AND SOCIETY RELATIONSHIP IN CONSTRUCTIVISM ............................................................................... 16 1.1. Rationalist approaches of International Relations ............................. 16 1.2. Constructivist approach of International Relations .......................... -
Minutes of 1939 Estonian-Soviet Negotiations
MINUTES OF 1939 ESTONIAN-SOVIET NEGOTIATIONS Below is a translated transcript of the full negotiations leading up to the Soviet occupation of Estonia. Since they are so long, a few key comments have been excerpted. Negotiation Excerpts: Molotov: (into the telephone) Comrade Stalin, come here. Mr. Selter and the other Estonian gentlemen are here with me. He and his associates argue against our new proposal. They call it occupation and other dreadful names. Come and help me to persuade them of the necessity of our proposal. __________________ Stalin: The measures we provided in this pact are absolutely necessary. To these measures belong also the garrisons of our troops in Estonia totaling 25,000. Do not force us to look for other possibilities ‘for the security of the Soviet Union’. Do not be afraid of these garrisons. We assure you again as we did before, that the Soviet Union does not want in any way to harm either the Estonian sovereignty, government, economic system, or the internal life of Estonia, or her foreign policy. __________________ Stalin: The agreement has been achieved. I can tell you that the Estonian government acted well and wisely in the interests of the Estonian people by concluding the agreement with the Soviet Union. It could have happened to you what happened to Poland. Poland was a great country. Yet, where is Poland now? Where is Moscicki, Rydz-Smigly, Beck? Yes, I am telling you frankly—you acted well and in the interests of your people, Selter: This is also the opinion of my government, my colleagues and myself.