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Pag 1-6 Voorwerk:Pag 1-6 Voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 1 Pag 1-6 Voorwerk:Pag 1-6 Voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 2 pag 1-6 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 1 pag 1-6 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DUTCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY Editors: J.M. Kelder, J.P. Stronk, and M.D. de Weerd Executive Editorial Board: J.G. de Boer, A. Bruijns, D. Burgersdijk, R.F. Docter, O.P. Nieuwenhuyse, W. van de Put, V.V. Stissi, R.L. Telling, W. Waal, and F.C. Woudhuizen Advisory Editorial Board: O.E. Borgers, J.F. Borghouts, H.A.G. Brijder, H.H. Curvers, Sv. Hansen, and F.M.J. Waanders Papers for TALANTA as well as larger manuscripts for the Series or the Publications should be sent to: J.G. de Boer, Secretary of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, c/o Oetewalerstraat 109, NL-1093 ME Amsterdam, The Netherlands; www.talanta.nl Back issues: single issues from current and previous numbers are available from the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society at the current single issue price: TALANTA numbers 1 (1969)-14/15 (1982/1983), sold out numbers 28/29 (1996/1997), available numbers 16/17 (1984/1985), available numbers 30/31 (1998/1999), available numbers 18/19 (1986/1987), available numbers 32/33 (2000/2001), available numbers 20/21 (1988/1989), sold out numbers 34/35 (2002/2003), available numbers 22/23 (1990/1991), available numbers 36/37 (2004/2005), available numbers 24/25 (1992/1993), sold out numbers 38/39 (2006/2007), available numbers 26/27 (1994/1995), available numbers 40/41 (2008/2009), available Monographs published by and available from the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society: J. Kluiver, 2003: The Tyrrhenian Group of Black-Figure Vases. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, New Series, Volume 1, edited by R.F. Docter, J.P. Stronk, and M.D. de Weerd. Amsterdam/Ghent, € 80,- W. Achterberg, J. Best, K. Enzler, L. Rietveld, and F. Woudhuizen, 2004: The Phaistos Disc: A Luwian Letter to Nestor. Publications of the Henri Frankfort Foundation, Volume 13, edit- ed by M.D. de Weerd. Amsterdam, € 30,- pag 1-6 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DUTCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY VOLUMES XL-XLI (2008-2009) Editors: J.M. Kelder, J.P. Stronk, and M.D. de Weerd 2010 pag 1-6 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 4 Pre press: Beatrice de Fraiture Print: Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede © 2010 individual articles: the authors © TALANTA Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photo-print, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher ISBN: 978-90-72067-15-9 ISSN: 0165-2486 NUR: 683 pag 5 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 31-05-2010 20:52 Pagina 1 CONTENTS Papadopoulos, Angelos (Cyprus), The distribution of the Late Helladic IIIA-B ivory helmeted heads 7 Kertai, David (Germany), The history of the Middle-Assyrian kingdom 25 Pappa, Eleftheria (United Kingdom), Reflections on the earliest Phoenician presence in North-West Africa 53 Höckmann,Olaf (Germany), Griechischer Seeverkehr mit dem archai- schen Naukratis in Ägypten 73 Senden, Arjan (The Netherlands), Zenobia in nummis 137 SUPPLEMENTUM EPIGRAPHICUM MEDITERRANEUM 31-34 Ligt,Luuk de (The Netherlands), An ‘eteocretan’ inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples 151 Blažek, Václav (Czech Republic), On the North Picenean Language 173 Woudhuizen, Fred C. (The Netherlands), Phrygian & Greek.With an 181 Appendix by Waanders, Frits (The Netherlands), Some notes on Phrygian & Greek 213 Stronk, Jan P. (The Netherlands), P. Oxy 2330: A new collation 219 REVIEWS G.W.Bowersock, Mosaics As History: The Near East from Late Antiquity to Islam (Diklah Zohar) 223 Ilya S. Yakoubovich, Sociolinguistics of the Luwian language (Lia Rietveld and Fred C. Woudhuizen) 227 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 237 TRANSLITERATIONS 239 5 pag 1-6 voorwerk:pag 1-6 voorwerk 17-05-2010 12:13 Pagina 6 pag 7-24 Papadopoulos:inloop document Talanta 17-05-2010 12:34 Pagina 7 TALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 7-24 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LATE HELLADIC IIIA-B IVORY HELMETED HEADS* Angelos Papadopoulos Introduction Ivory artifacts, produced by the specialized palatial workshops during the Late Helladic IIIA-B (14th-13th century BC) were found in great numbers and in a variety of areas within the Aegean region. A small group of them consists of representations of the head and neck of male individuals that wear the boar’s tusk helmet. This type of helmet was a popular iconographic motif in the Aegean iconographic repertoire of the Late Bronze Age. The majority of them was discovered in Crete and the mainland, but two pieces were found in Sardinia and Cyprus (Fig. 1), making the discussion of the distribution of these objects a very interesting subject concerning interconnections, exchange of ideas and the symbolism of these specific imagery. In the scholarship, several studies have dealt with these objects in various publications, but up to this date the only one that focused solely on these objects is the research published by Krzyszkowska in 1991. In this article, the author dealt primarily with the Enkomi warrior head, but also provided a convenient and comprehensive cata- logue of all the other heads. In addition, Krzyszkowska dealt with the con- struction techniques, the nature of the raw material, the dating and finally com- mented on the processes that could have happened in order for the Enkomi head to get to Tomb 16, where it was discovered. Since that time a new ivory helmeted head was published recently by Andreadaki-Vlazaki. Although the head is part of an already known group that * I would like to thank Dr. Jorrit Kelder, editor of Talanta and friend, for his kind invitation to contribute to this volume and also for his continuous advice and patience. My warmest thanks should be expressed to Prof. Fritz Blakolmer, Dr.Constance von Rüden and Efthymios Shaftakolas for proofreading and commenting on the first draft of the paper. Prof. Fritz Blakolmer brought to my attention the Sardinia helmet a few years ago and since that time we had extensive discussions concerning Mycenae and the Eastern Mediterranean.The National Archaeological Museum at Athens, the Herakleion Archaeological Museum, the British Museum and Prof. Nikolaos Stampolidis allowed me to use the photographs and the drawings for which I am grateful. I remain solely responsible for all the views expressed here. 7 pag 7-24 Papadopoulos:inloop document Talanta 17-05-2010 12:34 Pagina 8 Fig. 1. Distribution of the findspots of the discussed artefacts. With circles are marked the ivory heads. The square marks the island of Delos where the warrior plaque was discovered (Source: author). Fig. 2. Ivory head from Mycenae, Argolid. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Inv. no. 2468 (Source: author). 8 pag 7-24 Papadopoulos:inloop document Talanta 17-05-2010 12:34 Pagina 9 was originally mentioned in 1997, it is the first time that a photograph of one of the heads was published and it was only the second face that was shown en face rather than in profile (Andreadaki-Vlazaki 1997, 1008-1010; 2008, 109). As a result, and based on the previous publications, the current study deals with the iconographic elements of the objects focusing on the military elements and the greater picture that these heads can provide up to this date. Another objective is to show that these representations were meant to portray and highlight the helmets themselves and that, as they were most likely inlays attached on wooden objects, they were luxurious items used initially by elites; therefore the chosen iconogra- phy was not a random one, but the martial character of the inlays and, as an exten- sion of the wooden item, could have been an ideological koinos topos between the members of the elite(s) who were very aware of what they had in their possession. In other words, it will be attempted to comment on the possibility of the existence of a certain exchange mechanism used by the elites in the Aegean and beyond, in order to acquire objects of common artistic and symbolic value. The material The ivory heads under discussion have been presented in several catalogues and publications1, so the following list is only a brief encounter of the most impor- tant information concerning context, iconographical elements, and chronology2. Aegean-the mainland: 1. Mycenae (Fig. 2) The best preserved example of a helmeted head comes from Chamber Tomb 27 at Mycenae. It is made of hippopotamus ivory and it shows the profile of a war- rior looking to the right and wearing a boar’s tusk helmet (Xenaki-Sakellariou 1985, 93: 98 E 2468 pl. 22). The helmet consists of five zones of tusks and a long cheek-piece that reaches the chin; then eight zones of tusks form the cheek piece. The back of the head is protected with an extra three zones of tusks. The helmet ends in a knob on top. The face of the warrior is carefully designed and even the pupil of the eye is clear. This piece was found together in the same tomb with a variety of ivory objects including figure-of-eight shields and two other warrior heads. The two holes at the back were made in order to attach the head to a wooden surface. Most like- ly it was a piece of furniture, as was the case for all the ivory artefacts listed here. Sakellariou suggests a more general LH II-IIIB date, while Krzyszkowska com- ments that LH IIIA is plausible (Xenaki-Sakellariou 1985, 353; Krzyszkowska 1991, 119).
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