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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information

INDEX

Abbas, 338 Akhenaten, 24, 28 Abbasids, 322, 339, 340 Akhetaten, 28 Abd al-Malik, 319, 333, 336 Akitu Festival, 87, 91 Abraham, 73 Akkad, 17, 92, 184 Abu Bakr, 329, 330 Akkadian, 37, 38, 88, 100 Abu Simbel, 25 Akkadian dynasty, 18 Achaean League, 153, 176, 204, 208 Aksumites. See Ethiopian Achilles, 144 Alalia, 180 Actium, 221 Alamanni, 241 Actium, Battle of, 225, 226, 228, 260 Alans, 317 Adad, 68 Alaric, 317 Adad-guppi, 88, 90 Alba, 185 Adad-nirari II, 38 Alcibiades, 139, 140 adani, 60 Aleppo, 23 Adini, 64 Aleria, 192 Adrianople, Battle of, 317 Alexander IV, 150, 152 Adriatic, 204 Alexander the Great, 128, 142–148, 157–168 Aegean, 11, 12, 23, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36, 104, 107, cult of, 156 108, 110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128, an example for Islam, 300 135, 152, 155, 173, 178, 180 an example for Rome, 174–176, 209–210, 219, Aemilius Paullus, 207 295, 299–300, 324 Aeschylus, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133 legacy, 85, 150–151, 158, 204 Agamemnon, 132 Alexanders Isle, 276 Eumenides, the, 132 Alexandria, 151, 159, 160, 162, 168, 324, 330 Persians, The, 130 Alexandropolis, 159 Prometheus Bound, 132 Ali ibn Abi Talib, 332, 339 Seven against Thebes, 132 Al Mina, 112 Afghanistan, 93, 144, 159, 167, 294 Alps, 202 Africa, 24, 69, 150, 203, 328 Amarna Letters, 28, 29, 68 ager publicus, 214, 215 Amenhotep IV, 28 Agricola, 259 America, 196 Agrippa, Marcus, 225 amici, 194 Ahab, 39, 62, 63, 75 amicitia, 187 Ahijah, 74 Ammianus Marcellinus, 310 Ahl al-Kitab, 335 Ammonites, 64 Ahriman, 97 Amon, 24, 30, 68 Ahura-Mazda, 96, 97, 98, 99, 116, 124, 193, 295, Amon-Re, 24, 25, 68 308 Amorites, 18 Ai Khanoum, 159, 162 Amos, 76, 90 Aitolian League, 153, 205 Amun, 144 Aitolians, 153 Amurru, 35

357

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information

358 INDEX

An, 16 Artaxerxes I, 101, 136 Anatolia, 11, 23, 26, 31, 43, 59, 62, 93, 101, 103, Artaxerxes II, 141 104, 112, 119, 173, 214, 278, 324 Arvad, 67, 68 Anaximander, 114 areteˆ , 142 Anshan, 92, 93 Ashoka, 167 Antigonid dynasty, 153 Ashur, 37, 38, 45, 48, 52, 60, 77, 193, 295 Antigonus, 150, 151, 152, 153, 167 Ashurbanipal II, 33, 41, 42, 45, 49, 52, 93, 117, Antigonus Gonatus, 153 140, 160, 242 Antioch, 159, 160, 168, 277, 310, 314, 324, 330 Ashurnasirpal II, 38, 39, 56, 75 Antiochus I, 164 Asia, 93, 152, 153, 207, 295, 298, 302, 338 Antiochus III, 156, 192 Asia Minor, 178, 209, 217, 273, 277 Antiochus IV, 170, 171, 207, 208 Assur, 27 antoninianus, 274 Assur-Uballit, 27 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 276. See also Assyrian Renaissance, 50, 52 Elagabalus Assyrian Royal Annals, 34, 42, 52, 56, 60, 64, 66 Antoninus Pius, 228, 263, 288 Astarte, 180 Antony, Mark, 225, 228, 260 Astyages, 93 Anu, 38, 68 ataraxia, 163 apatheia, 163 Aten, 28 Aphrodite, 156 Athenaeus, 156 Apollo, 288 Athenian Empire, 134, 139, 141, 174 Aquileia, 268 Attalid kingdom, 159, 166 Arab, 64, 66, 77, 83, 292, 305, 311, 314, 316, 317, Attalus, 208, 216 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 338 Augustulus, Romulus, 317 Arabia, 12, 66, 91, 97, 295, 310, 311, 316, 324, Augustus, 199, 221, 222–232, 239, 242–243, 260, 326, 327, 328, 330 264, 283 Arabic, 61, 314, 316, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, legacy, 246, 254, 257, 268, 281–282, 283, 290 330, 333, 334, 337, 338 Res Gestae, 221, 222, 226, 229 Arachosia, 97 Aurelian, 300 Aram, 74 Aurelius, Marcus, 228, 268, 269, 274, 281 Aramaean, 30, 37, 64, 66, 81, 89, 100 aureus, 287 Aramaic, 37, 38, 47, 66, 99, 100, 101, 328 Avars, 305, 323, 324 Aramu, 56 Axial Age, the, 115 Ara Pacis, 229, 231 Ararat. See Urartu Babylon, 18, 26, 27, 30, 40, 41, 43, 53, 64, 81, 82, Arbela, 37 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, Arcadius, 301 99, 101, 107, 116, 119, 122, 140, 146, 149, Archidamian War. See Peloponnesian War 150, 168, 176, 246, 262, 263, 281, 282 Ardashır,¯ 307, 308 Bactria, 97, 144, 159, 166 Ardea, 186 Baghdad, 339, 340 Ardini, 60 Balawat, 59 Areopagus, 129 Balkans, 143, 153, 283 Argishti I, 60, 61 Baluchistan, 167 Aria, 97 Barbaricum, 239 Arianism, 298, 304, 316, 317 Barbatus, 192 Aristides, Publius Aelius, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, Barberini Togatus, 210 252, 257, 263, 265, 296 Bar Kokhba, 261 To Rome, 245 basileia, 153, 157 Aristotle, 127, 134, 142, 158 basileus, 152, 153, 158 Ark of the Covenant, 73 Basrah, 332 Arles, 297 Bath, 235 Armenia, 56, 97, 268, 295, 310, 311, 313, 314 Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, 53 Armenian, 292, 297, 298, 309, 313, 314, 317, 323, Behistun inscription, 96, 98, 99, 116 324 Bel. See Marduk Arminius, 242 Belisarius, 304 Arrhidaeus. See Philip III Bel-sharra-usur, 83 Arsacid dynasty, 166, 219, 268, 272, 294, 307 Belshazzar. See Bel-sharra-usur Parthian Empire, 219 Ben-Hadad II, 62, 63, 64, 65 arta, 97, 98, 256 Berig, 241

INDEX 359

Berlin, 84 Cassius Dio, 268 Bihar, 167 cataphracti, 310 Bisitun. See Behistun inscription Catiline Conspiracy, 218 Bithynia, 250 Cato the Elder, 210 Black Sea, 112, 250 Celts, 153 Bosphorus, 304 Cerialis, Petilius, 265 Boudicca, 258 Chaeronea, Battle of, 143 Britain, 229, 258, 259, 262, 270, 274, 303 Chalcedon, Council of, 298, 312, 314 British Empire, 85, 160, 187, 300 Chaldea, 41, 51, 89 Briton, 244, 245, 253, 264 Chalouf Stele, 99 Bronze Age, 10–12, 13, 14–15, 19, 23, 24, 31, 37, Chandragupta, 167, 168 64, 67, 69, 73, 104, 109, 117, 118 Charlemagne, 85, 146, 340 Late Bronze Age, 18, 23, 26, 28 China, 115, 144, 298, 311, 338 Brutus, Lucius Junius, 186 chi-rho, 289 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 220, 225 Chogha Zanbil, 27 bubonic plague, 306 Chorasmia, 97 Buddha, 115, 144 Chorus of Persian Elders, 131 Bulgar, 305 Christianity, 268, 277, 278, 279–280, 282, 283, burganuni, 60 289, 290, 292, 296–297, 298, 304, 311–316, Butz, Earl, 213 317 Byblos, 67, 68 Christianization, 256, 296 Byzantine Empire, 147, 150, 295, 302, 304–306, Chrysippus, 164 320, 340 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 320 conflict with Islam, 330–331, 338 Cicero, 218 conflict with Sasanids, 322–328 Cilicia, 64, 69 influence on Umayyads, 332–333, 335, 336, Cimmerians, 62 337 Cincinnatus, 212 orthodoxy vs. heterodoxy, 311–318 Cisauna, 191 revenue, 311 Citium, 163 Byzantium, 293, 302, 309, 310, 314, 323, 324 city-state, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23, 34, 93 major characteristics, 13 Caere, 187 mother cities, 69–70 Caesar, Gaius Julius, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, social hierarchies, 12 230, 240, 255, 283 civitates liberae, 271 Gallic Wars, 218 Claudius, 240, 241, 258, 260 Caledonian Confederation, 259 Cleanthes, 164 Caleh, 38 Cleon, 138 Calgacus, 244, 245, 259, 261 Cleopatra VII, 225, 273 Caligula, 228, 257, 260 climate, 12 caliph. See khalifah climate changes, 36 Caliph al-Walid, 336 the densest population was, 12 Callicles, 140 mountains and deserts represent, 12 Callicrates, 130 Cloaca Maxima, 181 Cambyses, 93, 94, 95 Colchester, 258 Campanian, 202 Collatinus, 186 Canaan, 23, 73 Colophon, 114 Canaanites, 67, 71, 73. See also Phoenician Colosseum, 236 Cannae, Battle of, 202 gladiator, 236, 237, 238, 248 Capitoline Hill, 182 venationes, 237 Cappadocia, 97, 268 comitatenses, 286 Capua, 195, 196 Commagene, 164 Caracalla, 269, 270, 274 Commodus, 228, 269 Carchemish, 64 concilium, 248, 255 Carians, 97 Conflict of the Orders, 188 Carrhae, Battle of, 219 Confucius, 115 Carthage, 33, 70, 135, 146, 176, 177, 180, 183, Constantine I, the Great, 288–293, 296–300, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 215, 216, 301–302, 311, 312, 313, 316 324 Edict of Toleration, 289, 297 Carthaginians, 180, 181, 202 Constantinople, 302, 303, 304, 312, 324

360 INDEX

Constantius, 308, 312 Diodotus, 138 Constitutional Settlement, 199, 226, 227, 228 Diogenes, Aurelius, 276 conventus, 247 Dionysiac cult, 164 Coptic, 298 Divided Kingdoms, 74, 76 Corinth, 141, 177, 206, 208 Dodds, E. R., 156 corrector totius orientis, 272 Dome of the Rock, 319, 320, 321, 332, 334, 335, Corsica, 177, 180, 192, 202, 317 336 Corupedion, Battle of, 152 Dominate, the, 268, 283, 293 Cosmas, 302 dominus noster, 283 cosmopolites, 162, 165 Domitian, 228, 262, 264 cosmos, 164 donativum, 292 Crassus, Licinius, 218, 219 Drangiana, 97 Creon, 134 Drauga, 97, 98, 116, 124 Crete, 69 Drusus, 240 Croesus, 93, 107, 115 Dura Europos, 282 Ctesiphon, 166, 308, 324, 339 Dvin, Council of, 314 Cyaxares, 81 Cybele, 164, 278 Eanna, 17 Cyclopes, 108 Ebla, 23 Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 206 Ebro River, 202 Cyprian, 283 Ecbatana, 99, 132 Cyprus, 31, 41, 69, 136, 332 economics, 13 Cyrene, 168 economic surplus, 14 Cyrus I, the Great, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 116, Status-Distributive, 156–157 119 Edessa, 326 Egipar, 86 Dacia, 229 Egypt, 11, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 41, 53, Dagan, 17, 38 68, 71, 73, 74, 83, 93, 96, 97, 99, 101, 107, Damascus, 23, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 75, 330, 332, 108, 113, 116, 144, 145, 150, 152, 153, 161, 333, 336, 337 162, 166, 172, 207, 219, 225, 233, 247, 273, Cathedral of St. John, 337 276, 312, 324, 340 Great Mosque, 332, 336, 337 Early Dynastic Period, 19 Danube, 119, 176, 268, 269, 294 First Intermediate Period, 22 Darius I, 80, 96, 97, 99, 101, 116, 119, 120, Lower Egypt, 19 176 Middle Kingdom, 22 Darius II, 102 New Kingdom, 23, 24, 25 Darius III, 143, 144, 146, 151 Old Kingdom, 19, 20, 22 Dark Age, 11, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 42, 43, 64, Pyramid Age, 19 67, 68, 69, 73, 108, 109, 117, 142, 173 Upper Egypt, 19 resistance to Sea Peoples, 30 Egyptian, 64, 67, 68, 73, 82, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, David, 68, 72, 73, 74 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 144, 155, 161, Decius, 276, 282, 283 164, 166, 253, 256, 278, 298 Decian persecution, 282 Elagabalus, 276 decurion, 229, 237, 248 Elam, 27, 41, 62, 81, 93, 97, 100 deditio in ﬁdem, 187, 194 Eleazar, 261 Delian League, 135, 136, 138 Elephantine, 101 Delos, 135 Elijah, 75 Delphi, 124, 153 Elite Collaborator, 75, 83, 93, 94 Demetrius, 152, 153, 156, 161 Elite Co-option Model, 49, 193, 208, 229, 235, Demosthenes, 142 245, 247, 249, 255, 333 Philippics, 143 Elite Replacement Model, 48, 49, 82, 88, 93, 99, denarius, 274 155, 193, 229, 245, 307, 334 deportation, 61 England, 235, 247 dhimmis, 335 Enki, 17 Diadochoi, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 Enlil, 16, 17, 38 Diocletian, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 292, 293, entu-priestess, 86 300, 301, 305, 308 Enuma Elish, 52, 88 Great Persecution, the, 288, 289 Ephesus, 162, 168, 233 Diodorus, 149, 151 Ephesus, Council of, 298

INDEX 361

Epic of Gilgamesh, 14, 52 Gaul, 218, 219, 225, 230, 240, 242, 256, 265, 270, Epicureanism, 163 271, 274, 303, 317 Epicurus, 163 Gauls, 153, 190. See also Celts Epirus, 204 Gedrosian desert, 146 Equestrian, 209, 214 Gellner, Ernest, 48, 49 Eretria, 120, 122 Genghis Khan, 85, 146 Eretrians, 120 Gepids, 305 erga, 137 German, 236, 240, 292, 303, 305, 316 Eridu, 17 Germany, 84, 229, 240, 241, 317 Esarhaddon, 41, 45, 71 Getic. See Gothic Essenes, 172, 260 Ghassanids, 305, 314, 316, 327, 330 Eteocles, 133, 134 Gibbon, Edward, 232, 233 Ethiopia, 294, 295, 311, 312, 328, 338 Gibraltar, 294 Kebra Nagast, 312 Gilgamesh, 14 Ethiopian, 97, 297, 298, 312, 313, 317 Giza, 19 ethnos, 170, 171 godnapping, 48, 62 ethos, 190 Golden Age, 130 Etruria, 178 Goth, 241, 297, 303, 317 Etruscans, 34, 69, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, Gothic, 297, 317 183, 184, 185, 186, 196 Gracchus, Gaius, 215, 216, 283 Euboea, 136, 206 Gracchus, Tiberius, 215, 216, 283 Euphrates, 16, 65, 74 Graeco-Bactrian kingdom, 166 Euphrates River, 11, 19, 24, 31 Greco-Macedonian, 147, 155 Euripides, 127, 130, 134, 219 Greco-Persian Wars, 98, 101, 117, 118, 126, 130, Bacchae, The, 134, 219 133, 135, 141, 173 Hecuba, 134 Greece, 12, 72, 104, 108, 110, 122, 123, 124, 130, Heracleida, The, 134 132, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, Medea, 134 150, 152, 153, 157, 162, 164, 172, 225, 252, Suppliants, The, 134 277 Trojan Women, The, 134 Europe, 152, 207, 234, 293, 295, 302, 311, 317, Haddad, 337 318 Hadrian, 228, 246, 248 Eurymedon, 135 Haldi, 60, 61, 62 Eusebius, 296, 300, 302 Halicarnassus, 103, 116, 117 Ezana, 312 Hamilcar Barca, 202 Ezra, 136 Hammon. See Amun Hammurabi, 18, 26 familia, 214 Hannibal, 202, 203, 204 Fertile Crescent. See Near East Harran, 91 First Triumvirate, 218, 225 Hasan, 332 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 206 Hasmonean family, 170, 171 foederati, 316 Hattusa, 24, 25, 26 Ford, Gerald, 213 Hazael, 65, 66, 75 Forum, 181, 182, 197 Hebrew Bible, 62, 72, 73, 74, 78, 83, 89, 100 France, 112, 177, 179, 180, 317 Chronicles, 72, 74 Frank, 241, 317 Daniel, 83 Frankish Empire, 85, 338, 340 Deuteronomy, 78 frumentarii, 247 Ezra, 100, 102 Fustat, 332 Kings, 55, 62, 72, 74, 77 Nehemiah, 100, 102 al-Gaddaﬁ, Muammar, 233 Hecataeus, 115, 117, 118 Galilee, 277 Hellenic League, 122, 135 Gallic Empire, 270, 271, 272, 274, 300 Hellenistic, 104, 150, 153, 155, 156, 158–159, Gallic Senate, 270 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168, 170, 172, 176, Gallienus, 270, 282 191, 226, 230, 233, 242, 256, 262, 278 Gamla, battle of, 260 east, 199, 200, 204–210, 219, 255 Gandara, 97, 167 Hellenistic Empire, 81, 153 Ganges Plain, 167 hellenization, 159, 171, 172 Gaugamela, 144 henotheism, 90, 276, 290, 300, 309

362 INDEX

Heraclius, 324, 332 Ionian, 97, 103, 104, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, Hercules, 201 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 134, 135, 136, 141, Herodian, 296, 308 173 Herodotus, 93, 95, 96, 98, 103, 116, 117, 118, Ionian Intellectual Revolution, 104, 108, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 133, 240, 300 118, 127, 129 Herod the Great, 259, 260, 277 Ipsus, Battle of, 152, 160, 167 Hesiod, 109, 113, 114, 118 Iran, 27, 56, 85, 93, 306, 340 Theogony, 109 Khuzestan province, 27 Works and Days, 109 Iron Age, 31 hieroglyphics, 100 Isaiah, 55, 76, 77 Hijra, 329 Ishpuini, 60 Hilaruada, 60 Ishtar, 14, 17 Hindu Kush, 143, 152 Ishtar Gate, 82, 84, 87 Hiram, 68 Isis, 278, 282 Hitler, Adolf, 146 cult of, 278 Hittite Empire, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 67, 74, 85 Islam, 293, 319, 320, 321, 322, 328, 332, 334, 336, Great King, 25, 26 337 Homer, 108, 109, 112, 113, 118, 142 Islamic, 150, 320, 321, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, Iliad, the, 109, 142 338, 340 Odyssey, the, 108, 109 Islamic Empire, 61, 294, 295, 300, 313, 319, 321, honestiores, 270 323, 332, 333, 337 Honorius, 302 Isocrates, 143 House of Love and Psyche, 233 Philippus, 143 hubris, 121, 124, 128, 131, 133, 159, 163 Israel, 39, 62, 63, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, humiliores, 270 89, 90, 102, 168 Hun, 241, 310, 311, 316 Israelites, 41, 62, 64, 72, 73, 75 Huram-abi, 69 Issus, Battle of, 146 Hurrian, 56, 60 Isthmus of Corinth, 122 Hussein, Saddam, 85 Italian, 190, 191, 196, 199, 200, 203, 209, 212, Hyksos, 22, 23 214, 245, 270 Italic, 204 Iberians, 297 Italy, 34, 72, 112, 135, 146, 173, 175, 176, 177, Iceni, 258, 262 178, 180, 181, 182, 195, 197, 202, 203, 204, Ictinus, 130 214, 215, 219, 225, 248, 271, 274, 304, 305, ideology, 12–14 317 idiotes, 163, 165 Ituaeans, 47 Illyrian, 159 Iznik. See Nicaea imitatio romani, 317 Imperial Cult, 231, 248, 255, 256, 262, 264, 269, Jainism, 115 275, 276, 277, 282, 287, 288, 295 Janus, 230 divi ﬁlius, 230 Janus Quirinus, 193 divus Iulius, 255 Japan, 144 genius, 230, 257 Japanese-Americans, 314 imperium Galliarum. See Gallic Empire Jehoahaz I, 77 imperium sine ﬁne, 200, 205, 220, 229, 295, 296 Jehoiachin, 83 India, 81, 97, 115, 166, 167, 168, 307, 311, 338 Jehu, 66, 75 Indian, 115, 166, 167 Jeremiah, 115 Indian Ocean, 328 Jerusalem, 23, 41, 68, 73, 74, 77, 102, 170, 257, Indo-Greek kingdom, 166 261, 277, 281, 296, 319, 324, 336 innovation, 12, 19 Jesus Christ, 277, 288, 296, 298, 302, 322, 324, alphabet, the, 31, 32, 109 334 chariots, 45. See also military Jews, 89–90, 115, 119, 319 invention of the plow, 12 resistance to Assyrians, 72–78 iron, 31, 32 under Hellenic rule, 166, 168–172 irrigation and river-dikes, 12 under Islamic rule, 328, 329, 334, 335 use of animal power, 12 under Persian rule, 100, 101–102, 135, 309 instinctu divinitatis, 291 under Roman rule, 259–265 Interstate Highway, 196 jizya, 335 Ionia, 93, 97, 104, 113, 115, 116, 119, 123 John, St., 281

INDEX 363

John of Damascus, St., 333 Leonidas, 122 Jordan, 338 Lepidus, Marcus, 225, 229 Jordanes, 241 Lesbos, 138 Josephus, 260, 261, 265 Levant, 11, 17, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 43, 52, 66, 67, Josiah, 78, 89 83, 112, 136, 326, 337 Judaea, 259, 260, 262, 265, 277 Levantines, 110 Judah, 41, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 89, libellus, 276 168 libraries, 52 Judaism, 168, 172, 277, 319 Great Library of Ashurbanipal, 52, 117 Judas Maccabeus, 170 Library of Alexandria, 160 Julian, 300 Library of Antioch, 160 Hymn to King Helios, 300 Library of Ephesus, 233 Jupiter, 192, 193, 200, 276, 337. See also Zeus Library of Pella, 160 Justinian, 304, 305, 306, 324 Library of Pergamon, 160 Codex Iustinianus, 306 Libya, 69, 97, 143 Juvenal, 235 Licinius, 302 limitanei, 286, 287 Kaaba, the, 328 Lincoln, Abraham, 137 Kaleb, 312 Gettysburg Address, 137 Karnak, 68 lingua franca, 37, 66, 99, 328 Kassites, 26, 27 Livy, 184, 185, 187, 192, 193, 212, 240 Kengir. See Sumer League ab Urbe Condita, 184 Kesh, 17 Locri, 206 khalifah, 329, 332, 336, 337, 339 logoi, 137 khan, 338 logos, 164 Khazars, 324, 338 Lombards, 241, 305 Khurasan, 339 London, 258, 278 Khusrau I, 307, 311 London Missionary Society, 256 Khusrau II, 314, 322, 323, 324, 330, 338 Longinus, Gaius Cassius, 220, 225 Kilizi, 37 Lucanian, 191, 195 kingship, 16 Lucius, 192 client kingship, 249, 262, 264 Lucretia, 186 divine kingship, 19, 26 Lugal-zagesi, 16, 17 heroic kingship, 17 Lugdunum, 240 priestly kingship, 38, 45, 87 Lydia, 93, 104, 110, 115, 116, 119, 120 sacral monarchy, 14, 155 Lyon, 240 shepherd kingship, 17 King’s List, 35, 52 Maccabean Revolt, 166, 170, 171, 259 Kish, 17 Macedon, 104, 128, 135, 142, 143, 144, 150, 151, kitsir sharruti. See also military 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 167, 168, 172, koine´, 159, 328 205, 206, 207, 208, 277, 308 Kufah, 332 Magna Graecia, 112, 181 Kuhrt, Amelie, 49 Magnesia, 206 Kummuh, Battle of, 62 magus, 310 Kurkh Monolith, 64 Maka, 97 Kushans, 307 Makran, 167 Kutha, 17 Malatya, 60 Malaysian, 147 Lacedaemonians. See Sparta Mammertines, 202 Lachish, 41 Manichees, 288, 309 Laenas, Gaius Popillius, 207 Mann, Michael, 35 Lagash, 16 Marathon, Battle of, 120, 122, 124, 130, 136 Lakhmids, 314, 316, 327, 330 Marathon, plain of, 120 Land Commission, 215, 216 March of Ten Thousand, 53 Lao-Tzu (Laozi), 115 Marˆ Banutiˆ , 48 latifundia, 213, 214 Marcian, 314 Latins, 34, 69, 187 Marcius, Ancus, 192 Lebanon, 24, 35, 67, 68 Marcomanni, 268 le longue duree´, 35, 67, 72 Mardonius, 122

364 INDEX

Marduk, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 193 phalanx, 110, 111, 112 mare nostrum, 225 standing army, 40, 47, 217, 228, 274 Marius, Gaius, 217, 220, 228 Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 288, 291 Mars, 184, 193, 201 Minoans, 67 Marseille, 180 Mitanni, 24, 26, 27, 64 Masada, 261 Mithraism, 164 Massagetae. See Scythians Mithras, 278, 282 Massilia, 180 Mithridates, 208, 217, 218 Mattathias, 170, 171 Mongolian Empire, 85, 295, 316 Maurice, 322, 323 monotheism, 72 Maurya, 167 Monte Testaccio, 234 Mauryan Empire, 166, 167, 168 Morocco, 222, 305 Maximum Price Edict, 287 mos maiorum, 231 maat, 19, 256 Mosul, 331 Mecca, 319, 328, 329 Mount Amanus, 51 Medea, 134 Muawiyah, 332 Medes, 52, 53, 81, 93 Muhammad, 319, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 334, Media, 56, 97, 99, 107 337, 338, 339 Medina, 84, 329 Muslim, 147, 328, 329, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, Mediterranean, 16, 33, 36, 38, 49, 66, 69, 70, 72, 338, 339 91, 104, 110, 119, 148, 149, 150, 164, 173, Mycenae, 12, 26 177, 189, 199, 200, 201, 204, 208, 210, 218, Mycenaeans, 67, 108 220, 222, 225, 231, 232, 234, 243, 316, 324, Mystery Cults, 164 332, 336, 339 Mytilene, 138, 139, 140 eastern, 11, 30, 33, 34, 36, 67, 81, 117, 176, 205, 301 Nabonidus, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92 trade, 91, 158, 177, 229, 328 Nabopolassar, 81, 82, 86, 90 western, 33, 34, 36, 67, 70, 71, 81, 175, 176, Nabu, 86, 87 177, 178, 179, 180, 202, 295, 301 Nanda, 167 Megiddo, Battle of, 24 Naples, 112 Melian Dialogue, 139, 140 Naples, bay of, 177 Melians, 139, 140 Napoleon, 146 Melid. See Malatya Napoleonic Empire, 160 Meliteans, 60 Naqsh-i-Rustem, 80, 97 Melito, 281 Naram-Sin, 17, 86 Melos, 139, 140 Narmer, 19 Memphis, 19 Narses, 308 Menahem, 76 Nathan, 73 Menander, 163 Nazareth, 277 Menes, 19. See also Narmer Near East, 11 mentalite´, 35, 156 Nebuchadnezzar I, 86 Menua, 60, 61 Nebuchadnezzar II, 82, 83, 85, 301 Merneptah, 73 negus, 312, 338 Mesopotamia, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27, 38, 80, Nehemiah, 136 93, 173, 222, 229, 247, 295, 314, 328 Neo-Hittite kingdoms, 31 cuneiform, 32 Neptune, 184 eastern, 26 Nergal, 17 northern, 15, 16, 17, 18, 37, 91 Nero, 228, 258, 277, 278 southern, 15, 17, 37, 326 Nerva, 228, 264 urbanization of, 50, 160 Nestorianism, 298, 314, 316, 328, 331 Messana, 202 Nicaea, 251 Miaphysite (Monophysite), 298, 312, 313, 314, Nicaea, Council of, 297, 298 316, 328, 331 Nicomedia, 251, 284, 288 Midas, 104 Nile River, 11, 19, 22 Middle East, 234 Nimrud, 52 Miletus, 103, 113, 114, 115, 117 Nineveh, 37, 41, 52, 53, 81, 107, 113 military, 13 Ningirsu, 16 Marian Reform, 217 Ninhursaga, 17 mercenaries, 47 Ninurta, 38

INDEX 365

Ninurta-nadin-shumi, 86 Peloponnesians, 136 Nippur, 16, 17 Peloponnesian War, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, Nisaba, 16 137, 139, 140, 141 Nixon, Richard, 213 Pergamon (Pergamum), 159, 160, 166, 208, 216 nomos, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, Pergamon Museum, 84 141 Pericles, 126, 130, 133, 137, 140 North Africa, 72, 112, 176, 177, 203, 214, 225, Peroz, 310 233, 234, 248, 269, 280, 303, 304, 305, 306, Perpetua, 280 317, 324, 338, 340 Perrhaebia, 206 Northern Europe, 36 Persepolis, 99 novus homo, 217 Perseus, 207 Nubia, 24, 25, 166 Persia, 11, 56, 96, 115, 119, 122, 131, 132, 136, 140, 141, 145, 176, 268, 288, 297, 300, 304, Octavian, 199, 222, 225, 226, 230, 260. See also 306, 309, 314, 335 Augustus Persian Gulf, 16, 89 Odaenathus, Septimius, 272, 308 Persian Royal Road, 99 Odoacer, 317 Peter, St., 306 Odysseus, 108 Pharisees, 172, 260 Oedipus, 133 Phidias, 130 Old Persian, 100 Philip II, 142, 143, 151, 156, 159, 208 Old Testament, 72, 73. See also Hebrew Bible Philip III, 150, 152 omphalos, 336 Philip V, 204, 206 Omri, 66 Philippi, 159 optimates, 217 Philippopolis, 159 orbis terrarum, 200, 225 Philistines, 73, 74 Orientalism, 125 Phocas, 323 Orientalizing, 108, 177, 178, 225 Phocis, 206 Orontes River, 25 Phoenician, 32, 33, 39, 64, 66–72, 83, 104, 109, Osiris, 278 110, 112, 160, 173, 177–178, 180, 181, 301, Ostia, 233 332 Ostrogoth, 304, 317 Phrygia, 59, 104, 164 Ottoman Empire, 85 Phrygians, 104, 278 Phthiotic Achaea, 206 Pahlavi, 332, 334 physis, 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141, Pakistan, 166, 338 260 Palatine Hill, 181, 184, 187 Pilate, Pontius, 277 Palestine, 314, 324 Piraeus, 136, 137 Palmyra, 271, 272, 300, 308 Pithekoussai, 177 Palmyrene Empire, 273, 274, 300 Plataea, 123 Pamphylia, 135 Plataea, Battle of, 127, 135 Pannonia Superior, 269 Plataeans, 120 Pantheon, 233 Plato, 127, 129, 134, 140, 141, 142 Parrattarna, 26 Gorgias, 140 Parthenon, 130 Republic, The, 140 Parthia, 97, 166, 219, 268, 272, 294, 307, 310 Pliny the Elder, 240, 257 Parthian Empire, 219. See also Arsacid Dynasty Pliny the Younger, 250, 257, 279 Pasargadae, 93, 99 Plutarch, 143, 212, 219 Patina, 64 Parallel Lives of Greek, 219 patres, 187 polis, 110, 111, 112, 113, 128, 129, 131, 133, 138, patria potestas, 280 139, 141, 142, 162, 163, 202. See also Paul, St., 277 city-state Pax Assyriaca, 42 politics, 13 pax deorum, 193, 229, 256, 269, 276, 277, 278, 282, democracy, 110 288, 291, 295 social justice, 54 Pax Romana, 232, 245, 246, 258, 265, 268, 269, politikes, 165 288 Polybius, 180, 189, 190, 204, 207, 208, 217, 265 Peace of Nicias, 139 Polynices, 133, 134 Pekah, 77 Pompeii, 146 Pella, 160 Pompey, Gnaeus, 218, 219, 259

366 INDEX

pontifex maximus, 229, 271, 291 Romanization, 232, 234, 236, 241, 245, 249, 250, Pontus, 208, 218 253, 255, 256, 264, 265, 270, 273 populares, 217, 218 Romano-Carthaginian treaty, 180 Porus, 146 Roman politics, 188 Poseidon, 156 aedile, 188, 191, 192 Postumus, 270 censor, 188, 191, 192, 215 Prasutagus, 258 Comitia Centuriata, 188 princeps, 226, 228, 239, 246, 249, 283 Comitia Tributa, 188 Principate, the, 222, 228, 229, 233, 239, 242, 243, consul, 188, 189, 191, 192, 215, 225, 226, 271, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 258, 302 264, 268, 269, 270, 274, 283, 292, 293, 295 cursus honorum, 188, 218 Prism of Sennacherib, 77 dictator, 189, 218, 219 proletarii, 214, 217 Equestrian, 209, 214, 216, 217, 229, 238, 242 Promised Land, 73 imperium, 188 proskynesis, 144, 283 patricians, 187, 191 provincia, 246, 247 plebeians, 187, 188, 215 Prusa, 250 praetor, 188, 247 Ptolemaic Empire, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, procurator, 247, 261 158, 159, 162, 166, 168, 172, 225, 273 quaestor, 188, 192 Ptolemy I, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 161 Senate, 187, 188, 189, 190, 199, 206, 207, 214, Ptolemy II, 156, 170 215, 216, 217, 219, 226, 227, 232, 240, 247, Ptolemy VI, 207 248, 249, 302 publicani, 209, 229 Senator, 187, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 220, 227, Publius, 192 238, 240, 248 Punic, 177, 180, 208, 269 tribune, military, 192 Punic Wars, 200 tribune of the plebs, 187, 215, 216, 217, 219, First Punic War, 202, 204 227, 271 Second Punic War, 202, 204, 205, 206 Roma Secunda. See Aquileia Third Punic War, 208 Romulus, 184 Punjab, 168 Roxanne, 144, 152 Pydna, Battle of, 204, 207, 208 Rubicon, 219 Pyrgi, 180 Rusa II, 62 Pyrrhus, 204 Pythagoras, 114, 115, 117 Sabines, 184, 240 Sadducees, 172, 260 qabilah, 327, 328 Safavid Empire, 85 Qadesh, 25, 26. See also Qadesh, Battle of Sahara, 176, 222 Qadesh, Battle of, 25, 26 Saıd,¨ Edward, 125 qadi, 337 saknuˇ , 50 Qadisiya, battle of, 330 Salamis, 134 Qarqar, battle of, 39, 63, 64, 66, 75 Salamis Bay, battle of, 122, 130, 131, 132, 133, Quadi, 268 136 Quran, the, 300, 319, 320, 321, 328, 329, 335 Sallust, 212 Quraysh, 328, 329 Salvini, M., 60 Qusayr Amra, 338 Samal, 64 Samaria, 74, 77 Ramses II, 25 Samarqand, 338 Ramses III, 30 Samnites, 195, 236 Realpolitik, 23, 24, 27, 29, 37 Samnium, 191 Red Sea, 68, 312 Samos, 103, 114, 117, 119, 163 Remus, 184 Samuel, 73 renovatio romani imperii, 302 Sangˇ uˆ, 52 Revelation, the book of, 262, 280 Sapor (Shapur I), 274, 308 rex, 186, 200, 220, 317 Sardinia, 69, 202, 317 rex sociusque amicus, 249 Sardis, 97, 120, 122, 281 Rhine, 317 Sarduri I, 56, 60 Rhodes, 205 Sarduri II, 62 Roderick, 338 Sargon I, 17, 18, 86, 184 Romania, 119 Sargon II, 40, 41, 62, 77

INDEX 367

Sarpanitum, 86 Sogdiana, 97 Sasanid Empire, 272, 274, 282, 294, 295, 296, 297, solidus, 292 300, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, Sol Invictus, 276, 290, 300 313, 314, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, Solomon, 68, 73, 74 328, 330, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339 Sophists, 128, 129, 134, 137, 140, 141 Satabous, 276 Sophocles, 127, 130, 133 satraps, 99, 100, 118, 119, 150, 151, 156, 307 Antigone, 133 Sattagydia, 97 Electra, 133 Saul, 73 Oedipus at Colonus, 133 Scandza, 241 Oedipus the King, 133 Scipio, Lucius Cornelius, 191, 192 Southwest Asia, 24 Scipio Aemilianus, 204 Spain, 69, 112, 177, 199, 202, 203, 225, 233, 248, Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, 203, 204, 215 256, 270, 274, 303, 304, 305, 317, 338, 340 Scipio Barbatus, Lucius Cornelius, 191 Spaniards, 236 Scotland, 222 Spanish Empire, 300 Scythians, 93, 97 Sparta, 110, 112, 120, 122, 123, 135, 136, 137, Sea Peoples, 30. See also Dark Age 139, 141 Secondary State Formation, 23, 56, 311, 314 Spartacus, 214, 218 Primary State, 56 Statue of Liberty, 162 Secondary State, 56, 59, 60, 62, 65, 81, 93, 313 Stoa Poecile, 163 Seleucid Empire, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 159, Stoic, 163, 164 162, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 219 Strategoi, 133 Seleucus, 150, 152, 167 Strymon river, 308 Sennacherib, 41, 50, 51, 62, 71, 89 Sudan, 23, 143 Septimius Severus, 248, 269, 274 Suevi, 317 Septuagint, 170 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 217, 218, 220 Seven Wonders, 161 Sumer, 15, 17, 92 Colossus of Rhodes, 161 Sumerian Empire, 16 Great Pyramids, 19, 161 Sumer League, 15 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 82 Suppiluliuma I, 24 Pharos Lighthouse, 162 Susa, 93, 99, 131, 132 Temple of Artemis, 162 symploke´, 204 shahada, 334 Syracuse, 177, 202 shahinshah, 141, 146, 297, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, Syria, 25, 26, 31, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 89, 91, 112, 323, 324, 330, 338 207, 235, 268, 271, 277, 282, 312, 314, 324, Shahu, 60 331, 332 Shalmaneser III, 39, 59, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75 Syrian, 39, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 75, 76, 77, 298 Shalmaneser IV, 61 Syrus, Aurelius, 276 Shalmaneser V, 77 Shaluf. See Chalouf Stele Tacitus, 221, 222, 227, 234, 241, 243, 245, 252, Shamash, 17 253, 258, 259, 264, 265, 267, 268, 278 Shamshi-Adad, 18 Agricola, 245, 264 Shapur II, 297, 306, 308, 312, 314 Annals, 258, 264 Shephelah, 73 Germania, 241 Shiite, 332, 339 Tadjikstan, 93 Shiwini, 60 Takrit, 331 Sibylline Oracle, 267, 268, 296 Tang Chinese, 338 Sicily, 69, 112, 141, 149, 177, 201, 202, 214, 216 Tarentum, 195, 204 Sidharta Gautama. See Buddha Tarquinius, Sextus, 186 Sidi Bou Saıd,¨ 177 Tarquinius Superbus, 186 Sidon, 66, 67, 68, 71 Taurasia, 191 Sin, 17, 88, 90, 91 Teisheba, 60 sine suffragio, 194 Tell el-Amarna, 23, 28 Sippar, 17 Temple Mount, 319 Siwa, 144, 151 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 182, 183 Slav, 241, 305, 323 Tertullian, 280, 296 Social War, 217 Tetrarchy, the, 284, 301 socii, 194 Teutoburgian Forest, 242 Socrates, 114, 127, 129, 134, 140 Thales, 104, 107, 113, 114, 115

368 INDEX

Theban War, 133 Umma, 16 Thebes, 23, 30, 122, 134, 141, 143 UNESCO Libyan Valley Archaeological Survey, Themistocles, 122, 131 233 Theodora, 304 Uni, 180 Theodoric, 317 United Monarchy of Israel, 68, 72, 73, 74 Theodosius I, 317 Ur, 16, 17, 73, 91 Theodosius II, 303 Urartu, 41, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 313, 322 Theophanes, 323 Urban Revolution, 12 Therapeutae, 172 Ur-Nammu, 17, 18 Thermopylae, 122 Uruk, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19 Thessaly, 122, 142, 206 Uthman, 332 Third Samnite War, 194 Thrace, 97 Valens, 317 Thracians, 236 Valerian, 274, 308 Thucydides, 126, 127, 136, 139, 140, 260 Vandal, 303, 304, 317 Thuriians, 195 Varus, 242 Thutmose III, 24 Venus, 113 Tiber, 176, 181 Vergil, 199, 200, 295, 296 Tiberius, 228, 277 Aeneid, The, 199, 200 Tiber River, 34 Vespasian, 228, 261, 265 Tiglath-pileser I, 68 Vestal Virgin, 184 Tiglath-pileser III, 40, 47, 50, 62, 66, 71, 76, 77 Via Appia, 196, 218 Tigris, 16, 176 Visigoth, 303, 304, 317, 338 Tigris River, 11, 19, 23, 26, 37 Til Barsip, 64 wanax, 108 Tiridates IV, 313 Wen-Amon, 68 Titus, 261, 265 World War II, 314 Tivoli general, 210 Tomyris, 93 Xenophanes, 114 Trajan, 228, 248, 250, 252, 274, 278, 279 Xenophon, 53 Trier, 284 Xerxes I, 101, 121, 122, 124, 125, 133, 135, 300 Trojan War, 26 Troy, 26 Yahweh, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 90, 260 True Cross, 324 Yarmuk, Battle of, 330 Tukulti-Ninurta II, 38 Yathrib. See Medina Tunis, Gulf of, 177 Yazdagird II, 294, 309 Tunisia, 177, 203 Yazdagird III, 330 Turkey, 11, 56, 85, 164, 297 Yemen, 310 Turkic Empire, 295 Turkmenestan, 93 Zagros mountains, 43 Tutankhamun, 24 Zakar-Baal, 68 Tuttul, 17 Zama, Battle of, 203, 205 Twelve Tables, 176, 188 Zarathustra. See Zoroaster Tyre, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 83, 146, 177, 200 Zealots, 260 Zedekiah, 83 Udjahorresne, 1, 49, 75, 95, 99, 116, 193 Zeno, 163 Ugarit, 64, 67 Zenobia, 272, 273, 308 Ulﬁla, 297 Zeus, 144, 164, 170, 256, 257, 260 Umar, 329, 330, 332 ziggurats, 14, 27 Umayyad Islamic Empire, 81, 295, 319, 321, 322, Zoroaster, 97, 115 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340 Zoroastrianism, 96, 97, 164, 294, 308, 309, 313, umma, 321, 329, 330, 332, 335, 338, 340 322, 331, 333, 335