Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information INDEX Abbas, 338 Akhenaten, 24, 28 Abbasids, 322, 339, 340 Akhetaten, 28 Abd al-Malik, 319, 333, 336 Akitu Festival, 87, 91 Abraham, 73 Akkad, 17, 92, 184 Abu Bakr, 329, 330 Akkadian, 37, 38, 88, 100 Abu Simbel, 25 Akkadian dynasty, 18 Achaean League, 153, 176, 204, 208 Aksumites. See Ethiopian Achilles, 144 Alalia, 180 Actium, 221 Alamanni, 241 Actium, Battle of, 225, 226, 228, 260 Alans, 317 Adad, 68 Alaric, 317 Adad-guppi, 88, 90 Alba, 185 Adad-nirari II, 38 Alcibiades, 139, 140 adani, 60 Aleppo, 23 Adini, 64 Aleria, 192 Adrianople, Battle of, 317 Alexander IV, 150, 152 Adriatic, 204 Alexander the Great, 128, 142–148, 157–168 Aegean, 11, 12, 23, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36, 104, 107, cult of, 156 108, 110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128, an example for Islam, 300 135, 152, 155, 173, 178, 180 an example for Rome, 174–176, 209–210, 219, Aemilius Paullus, 207 295, 299–300, 324 Aeschylus, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133 legacy, 85, 150–151, 158, 204 Agamemnon, 132 Alexanders Isle, 276 Eumenides, the, 132 Alexandria, 151, 159, 160, 162, 168, 324, 330 Persians, The, 130 Alexandropolis, 159 Prometheus Bound, 132 Ali ibn Abi Talib, 332, 339 Seven against Thebes, 132 Al Mina, 112 Afghanistan, 93, 144, 159, 167, 294 Alps, 202 Africa, 24, 69, 150, 203, 328 Amarna Letters, 28, 29, 68 ager publicus, 214, 215 Amenhotep IV, 28 Agricola, 259 America, 196 Agrippa, Marcus, 225 amici, 194 Ahab, 39, 62, 63, 75 amicitia, 187 Ahijah, 74 Ammianus Marcellinus, 310 Ahl al-Kitab, 335 Ammonites, 64 Ahriman, 97 Amon, 24, 30, 68 Ahura-Mazda, 96, 97, 98, 99, 116, 124, 193, 295, Amon-Re, 24, 25, 68 308 Amorites, 18 Ai Khanoum, 159, 162 Amos, 76, 90 Aitolian League, 153, 205 Amun, 144 Aitolians, 153 Amurru, 35 357 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information 358 INDEX An, 16 Artaxerxes I, 101, 136 Anatolia, 11, 23, 26, 31, 43, 59, 62, 93, 101, 103, Artaxerxes II, 141 104, 112, 119, 173, 214, 278, 324 Arvad, 67, 68 Anaximander, 114 areteˆ , 142 Anshan, 92, 93 Ashoka, 167 Antigonid dynasty, 153 Ashur, 37, 38, 45, 48, 52, 60, 77, 193, 295 Antigonus, 150, 151, 152, 153, 167 Ashurbanipal II, 33, 41, 42, 45, 49, 52, 93, 117, Antigonus Gonatus, 153 140, 160, 242 Antioch, 159, 160, 168, 277, 310, 314, 324, 330 Ashurnasirpal II, 38, 39, 56, 75 Antiochus I, 164 Asia, 93, 152, 153, 207, 295, 298, 302, 338 Antiochus III, 156, 192 Asia Minor, 178, 209, 217, 273, 277 Antiochus IV, 170, 171, 207, 208 Assur, 27 antoninianus, 274 Assur-Uballit, 27 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 276. See also Assyrian Renaissance, 50, 52 Elagabalus Assyrian Royal Annals, 34, 42, 52, 56, 60, 64, 66 Antoninus Pius, 228, 263, 288 Astarte, 180 Antony, Mark, 225, 228, 260 Astyages, 93 Anu, 38, 68 ataraxia, 163 apatheia, 163 Aten, 28 Aphrodite, 156 Athenaeus, 156 Apollo, 288 Athenian Empire, 134, 139, 141, 174 Aquileia, 268 Attalid kingdom, 159, 166 Arab, 64, 66, 77, 83, 292, 305, 311, 314, 316, 317, Attalus, 208, 216 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 338 Augustulus, Romulus, 317 Arabia, 12, 66, 91, 97, 295, 310, 311, 316, 324, Augustus, 199, 221, 222–232, 239, 242–243, 260, 326, 327, 328, 330 264, 283 Arabic, 61, 314, 316, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, legacy, 246, 254, 257, 268, 281–282, 283, 290 330, 333, 334, 337, 338 Res Gestae, 221, 222, 226, 229 Arachosia, 97 Aurelian, 300 Aram, 74 Aurelius, Marcus, 228, 268, 269, 274, 281 Aramaean, 30, 37, 64, 66, 81, 89, 100 aureus, 287 Aramaic, 37, 38, 47, 66, 99, 100, 101, 328 Avars, 305, 323, 324 Aramu, 56 Axial Age, the, 115 Ara Pacis, 229, 231 Ararat. See Urartu Babylon, 18, 26, 27, 30, 40, 41, 43, 53, 64, 81, 82, Arbela, 37 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, Arcadius, 301 99, 101, 107, 116, 119, 122, 140, 146, 149, Archidamian War. See Peloponnesian War 150, 168, 176, 246, 262, 263, 281, 282 Ardashır,¯ 307, 308 Bactria, 97, 144, 159, 166 Ardea, 186 Baghdad, 339, 340 Ardini, 60 Balawat, 59 Areopagus, 129 Balkans, 143, 153, 283 Argishti I, 60, 61 Baluchistan, 167 Aria, 97 Barbaricum, 239 Arianism, 298, 304, 316, 317 Barbatus, 192 Aristides, Publius Aelius, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, Barberini Togatus, 210 252, 257, 263, 265, 296 Bar Kokhba, 261 To Rome, 245 basileia, 153, 157 Aristotle, 127, 134, 142, 158 basileus, 152, 153, 158 Ark of the Covenant, 73 Basrah, 332 Arles, 297 Bath, 235 Armenia, 56, 97, 268, 295, 310, 311, 313, 314 Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, 53 Armenian, 292, 297, 298, 309, 313, 314, 317, 323, Behistun inscription, 96, 98, 99, 116 324 Bel. See Marduk Arminius, 242 Belisarius, 304 Arrhidaeus. See Philip III Bel-sharra-usur, 83 Arsacid dynasty, 166, 219, 268, 272, 294, 307 Belshazzar. See Bel-sharra-usur Parthian Empire, 219 Ben-Hadad II, 62, 63, 64, 65 arta, 97, 98, 256 Berig, 241 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information INDEX 359 Berlin, 84 Cassius Dio, 268 Bihar, 167 cataphracti, 310 Bisitun. See Behistun inscription Catiline Conspiracy, 218 Bithynia, 250 Cato the Elder, 210 Black Sea, 112, 250 Celts, 153 Bosphorus, 304 Cerialis, Petilius, 265 Boudicca, 258 Chaeronea, Battle of, 143 Britain, 229, 258, 259, 262, 270, 274, 303 Chalcedon, Council of, 298, 312, 314 British Empire, 85, 160, 187, 300 Chaldea, 41, 51, 89 Briton, 244, 245, 253, 264 Chalouf Stele, 99 Bronze Age, 10–12, 13, 14–15, 19, 23, 24, 31, 37, Chandragupta, 167, 168 64, 67, 69, 73, 104, 109, 117, 118 Charlemagne, 85, 146, 340 Late Bronze Age, 18, 23, 26, 28 China, 115, 144, 298, 311, 338 Brutus, Lucius Junius, 186 chi-rho, 289 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 220, 225 Chogha Zanbil, 27 bubonic plague, 306 Chorasmia, 97 Buddha, 115, 144 Chorus of Persian Elders, 131 Bulgar, 305 Christianity, 268, 277, 278, 279–280, 282, 283, burganuni, 60 289, 290, 292, 296–297, 298, 304, 311–316, Butz, Earl, 213 317 Byblos, 67, 68 Christianization, 256, 296 Byzantine Empire, 147, 150, 295, 302, 304–306, Chrysippus, 164 320, 340 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 320 conflict with Islam, 330–331, 338 Cicero, 218 conflict with Sasanids, 322–328 Cilicia, 64, 69 influence on Umayyads, 332–333, 335, 336, Cimmerians, 62 337 Cincinnatus, 212 orthodoxy vs. heterodoxy, 311–318 Cisauna, 191 revenue, 311 Citium, 163 Byzantium, 293, 302, 309, 310, 314, 323, 324 city-state, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23, 34, 93 major characteristics, 13 Caere, 187 mother cities, 69–70 Caesar, Gaius Julius, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, social hierarchies, 12 230, 240, 255, 283 civitates liberae, 271 Gallic Wars, 218 Claudius, 240, 241, 258, 260 Caledonian Confederation, 259 Cleanthes, 164 Caleh, 38 Cleon, 138 Calgacus, 244, 245, 259, 261 Cleopatra VII, 225, 273 Caligula, 228, 257, 260 climate, 12 caliph. See khalifah climate changes, 36 Caliph al-Walid, 336 the densest population was, 12 Callicles, 140 mountains and deserts represent, 12 Callicrates, 130 Cloaca Maxima, 181 Cambyses, 93, 94, 95 Colchester, 258 Campanian, 202 Collatinus, 186 Canaan, 23, 73 Colophon, 114 Canaanites, 67, 71, 73. See also Phoenician Colosseum, 236 Cannae, Battle of, 202 gladiator, 236, 237, 238, 248 Capitoline Hill, 182 venationes, 237 Cappadocia, 97, 268 comitatenses, 286 Capua, 195, 196 Commagene, 164 Caracalla, 269, 270, 274 Commodus, 228, 269 Carchemish, 64 concilium, 248, 255 Carians, 97 Conflict of the Orders, 188 Carrhae, Battle of, 219 Confucius, 115 Carthage, 33, 70, 135, 146, 176, 177, 180, 183, Constantine I, the Great, 288–293, 296–300, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 215, 216, 301–302, 311, 312, 313, 316 324 Edict of Toleration, 289, 297 Carthaginians, 180, 181, 202 Constantinople, 302, 303, 304, 312, 324 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88911-7 - Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam Eric H. Cline and Mark W. Graham Index More information 360 INDEX Constantius, 308, 312 Diodotus, 138 Constitutional Settlement, 199, 226, 227, 228 Diogenes, Aurelius, 276 conventus, 247 Dionysiac cult, 164 Coptic, 298 Divided Kingdoms, 74, 76 Corinth, 141, 177, 206, 208 Dodds, E. R., 156 corrector totius orientis, 272 Dome of the Rock, 319, 320, 321, 332, 334, 335, Corsica, 177, 180, 192, 202, 317 336 Corupedion, Battle of, 152 Dominate, the, 268, 283, 293 Cosmas, 302 dominus noster, 283 cosmopolites, 162, 165 Domitian, 228, 262, 264 cosmos, 164 donativum, 292 Crassus, Licinius, 218, 219 Drangiana, 97 Creon, 134 Drauga, 97, 98, 116, 124 Crete, 69 Drusus, 240 Croesus, 93, 107, 115 Dura Europos, 282 Ctesiphon, 166, 308, 324, 339 Dvin, Council of, 314 Cyaxares, 81 Cybele, 164, 278 Eanna, 17 Cyclopes, 108 Ebla, 23 Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 206 Ebro River, 202 Cyprian, 283 Ecbatana, 99, 132 Cyprus, 31, 41, 69, 136, 332 economics, 13 Cyrene, 168 economic surplus, 14 Cyrus I, the Great, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 116, Status-Distributive, 156–157 119 Edessa, 326 Egipar, 86 Dacia, 229 Egypt, 11, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 41, 53, Dagan, 17, 38 68, 71, 73, 74, 83, 93, 96, 97, 99, 101, 107, Damascus, 23, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 75, 330, 332, 108, 113, 116, 144, 145, 150, 152, 153, 161, 333, 336, 337 162, 166, 172, 207, 219, 225, 233, 247, 273, Cathedral of St.