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Kometen Som Kom Til Romsondene Astronomi_2015_2_Astronomi_2015_2.qxd 09.03.15 13.28 Side 1 45. årgang Apr. 2015 2 Kr. 69,– side 30: side 52: side 20: Urgamle steinplaneter Deberitz-observatoriet Firedobbelt supernova tar form oppkalt etter norske Sjur Refsdal Nytt om kometer: • Skitten-snøball-teori kan stå for fall (s. 10) • En dobbeltstjerne har passert Solsystemets kometreservoar (s. 22) • Astronomer har målt to kometer fra tidenes morgen. De er røde og blå! (s. 38) side 32: Komet Siding Spring med svært nærgående passering av Mars Sondene som går i bane rundt planeten, kunne studere fra første benkerad Astronomi_2015_2_Astronomi_2015_2.qxd 09.03.15 13.28 Side 2 ASTRONOMI Innhold Utgiver: Norsk Astronomisk Selskap Det har skjedd mye på kometfronten det siste halvåret. Postboks 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo Ikke bare går en romsonde for første gang i bane rundt en komet. Org.nr. 987 629 533 ISSN 0802-7587 Vi har også lyktes i å få unike observasjoner av førstereis-kometer fra den såkalte Oort-skyen. Abonnementsservice: Bli medlem / avslutte medlemskap / melde adresseforandring / gi beskjed om manglende blad: «Astronomi», c/o Ask Media AS, Postboks 130, 2261 Kirkenær Org.nr. 965 522 441 MVA Tlf. 46 94 10 00 e-post: [email protected] Girokonto: 7112.05.74951 Bemerk at Ask Media har fått nytt organisasjonsnummer f.o.m. 2015 Ask Media fører abonnementsregister for en rekke tidsskrifter. Vær vennlig å oppgi at henvendelsen gjelder bladet Astronomi. Vi gjør oppmerksom på at Ask Media kun fører medlemsregiste- ret for NAS og ikke har mulighet til å besvare astronomi-spørsmål. Henvendelser til Norsk Astronomisk Selskap: Se kontaktinfo side 55. Det er ikke alltid at vi mennesker må sende romsonder til himmelobjekter for å kunne observere Redaktør: dem på nært hold. Noen ganger kommer de i stedet til oss. I høst var komet Siding Spring nær ved å Bidrag, artikler, bilder, annonser o.l.: feie med seg romsondene rundt Mars. Nærpasseringen har gitt unike observasjoner. 32 «Astronomi», v/Trond Erik Hillestad, Ill.: NASA/GSFC Riskeveien 10, 3157 Barkåker Tlf. 99 73 73 85 [email protected] Layout: Ingen skitten snøball Dobbeltstjerne Eureka Design AS v/ Bendik Nerstad Hypotesen om at kometkjerner er en slags skitne snøballer, sneiet Solsystemet Tlf. 46 94 12 70. www.eurekadesign.no kan stå for fall. Astronytt side 10 En dvergstjerne passerte Trond Erik Hillestad ytterkanten av Oort-skyen, kometreservoaret i det ytre Trykk: Flisa Trykkeri, Boks 23, 2271 Flisa so lsystem, for 70 000 år Tlf. 62 95 50 60. www.flisatrykkeri.no Rødt og blått i fjerne egner siden. Det er liten sannsyn- Astronomer har klart å måle overflatefargen til to nesten lighet for at det ble sendt Innholdet eller deler av innholdet inaktive kometkjerner. Det kan gi mer lærdom mange kometer innover mot i tidsskriftet må ikke kopieres, m Solsystemets opprinnelse. 38 planetene. 22 mangfoldiggjøres eller på annen måte be nyttes uten redaktørens tillatelse. Medarbeidere i denne utgave: Utgivelser i 2014: Nyhetstjeneste: Drevet av Astrofysisk institutt og NAS: Anthony Ayiomamitis, Ørjan Bertelsen, Pål Brekke, 1-15 12. feb. 4-15 16. juli www.astronomi.no Fredrik Broms, Hans Brubak, Øyvind Grøn, Trond 2-15 26. mars 5-15 24. sep. Hugo Hermansen, Lewis Houck, Per Erik Jorde, 3-15 28. mai 6-15 26. nov. Trond Larsen, Karstein Lomundal, Jan Erik Ovald- Startdatoer for løssalg hos Narvesen. NAS-veven: sen, Robert B. Slobins, Ole Alexander Ødegård NAS-medlemmer vil normalt få bladet På www.nas-veven.no i postkassen noen dager tidligere. kan du diskutere astro- Bidrag til Astronomi: nomi, utveksle erfa- Artikler bør leveres tre måneder før utgivelse. Publisering i en bestemt utgave kan ikke garanteres. ringer og møte like- Bladet og foreningen drives i stor grad på frivillig basis. Vi er glade for bidrag til bladet, men med vår sinnede. begrensede økonomi kan vi dessverre ikke honorere artikler og bilder. 2 Astronomi 2/15 Astronomi_2015_2_Astronomi_2015_2.qxd 09.03.15 13.28 Side 3 Faste spalter 56 Astrofoto med Anthony Det skjer ting også når det gjelder en annen klasse smålegemer i Solsystemet, Myten og fullmånen nemlig dvergplanetene. (Foto av Ceres: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA) 58 AstroGalleri Romsonden New Horizons har tatt sine første bil- Lesernes egne bilder der av dvergplaneten Pluto, som aldri tidligere er blitt undersøkt med en romsonde. 6 AstroNytt I tillegg har romsonden Dawn gått inn i bane rundt EKSTRASOLARE PLANETER dvergplaneten Ceres. Kepler 432b – en ekstrem planet ........8 Jorda er en gyldig målestokk ..............9 Se Astronytt side 6 og 8. Seiglivede oseaner............................12 GALAKSER Titans atmosfære forundrer Firedobbelt gravitasjonslinsebilde Galaktisk flokkmentalitet...................15 Observasjoner viser at det er kraftige av supernova vinder i atmosfæren Den norske forskeren Sjur INSTRUMENTER til Saturn-månen Refsdal (1935-2009) var en Full fart for E-ELT ................................9 Titan. Det er også pionér på teoretisk forskning Planetkamera i full vigør....................14 en ujevn fordeling rundt såkalte gravitasjonslinser. av organiske molekyler Nå har han fått en meget KOSMOLOGI i atmosfæren. Dette for- spesiell supernova oppkalt Forunderlig retningssans...................10 bauser planetforskerne. 20 etter seg. 25 Ill.: ESA Foto: Universitetet i Oslo PLANETER Merkelig utvekst på Mars..................14 Et 11 milliarder år gammelt planetsystem er oppdaget SMÅLEGEMER Fem jordlike planeter er funnet i samme planetsystem. De er for nær moderstjernen sin til at det New Horizons’ første bilde av Pluto .....6 kan være liv der, men funnet gjør det opplagt at det må finnes mange gamle og beboelige plane- Siste innspurt mot Ceres .....................8 ter i Melkeveien. 30 Komet 67P er ikke en skitten snøball.10 48 Filmomtaler Dokumentarer: The northern lights . .48 Nye kunnskaper om Jordas Objektet G2 overlevde passe- Wanderers . .50 van Allen-strålingsbelter ringen av Melkeveiens sentrum Fiksjonsfilmer: Ved hjelp av nye målinger har man opp- Det er nå klart at G2 har passert velberget Guardians of the Galaxy . .49 nådd en bedre karlegging og forståelse av forbi et supermassivt svart hull i vår galakse. The Last Days on Mars . .51 Jordas strålingsbelter enn tidligere. 40 28 Gravity uten lyd . .51 55 Info Rapport Fremtidig supernova Opplysninger om NAS . .55 Oppl. om lokale astroforeninger . .55 Deberitz-observatoriet tar form To hvite dvergstjerner er på kollisjonskurs. på Harestua. 52 Det vil gi opphav til en supernova. 16 54 Møtekalender Møter og andre arrangementer Forside: Annonser: 52 Rapport Kometen som kom til romsondene. Se side 32. Dinkikkert.no ..........................18, 19 God fremgang for Deberitz-prosjektet Ill.: NASA/GSFC KikkertSpesialisten AS ..................11 42 Solsystemet N.J. Opsahl AS..............................13 Firedobbelt supernova. Side 25. Stjernekart, planeter Solarmax forlag ............................13 og beskri velse av stjernehimmelen Foto: P.L. Kelly/GLASS/Hubble Frontier Fields Teno Astro AS .............................4, 5 Urgamle steinplaneter. Side 30. USA-reise med astronomi- og romfart, Ill.: Tiago Campante/Peter Devine ved Erik Tandberg, Martin Bratfos og Thomas Skauen .......................17 Deberitz-observatoriet tar form. Side 52 Foto: Erik Sundheim Astronomi 2/15 3 Astronomi_2015_2_Astronomi_2015_2.qxd 09.03.15 13.28 Side 4 Astronomi_2015_2_Astronomi_2015_2.qxd 09.03.15 13.28 Side 5 AstroNYTT SMÅLEGEMER New Horizons’ første bilde av Pluto I juli 2015 vil den amerikan- bilder tatt med romteleskopet ske New Horizons, som Hubble, er de viktige. New den første romsonden noen Horizons kan nemlig gjøre noe sinne, passere dvergplane- Hubble ikke kan, nemlig å ta ten Pluto. Nå har den tatt kontinuerlige observasjoner. sine første bilder av denne Ved å måle posisjonen til fjerne kloden. Nix og Hydra i forhold til bakgrunnsstjernene, kan Dvergplaneten Pluto befinner forskerne få mer presise data seg i Kuiper-beltet og om deres baner. De vil kunne utenfor planeten Neptun. New forutsi månenes posisjon Horizons har ennå et stykke mer nøyaktig, og dette kan igjen, likevel viser bildet både igjen brukes til å navigere Pluto og dens største måne New Horizons med mindre Kharon. Plutos mindre måner usikkerhet i sluttfasen. er ikke synlige på dette bildet, Nix og Hydra er mye fordi eksponeringstiden er for mindre enn Pluto. Nix har kort. For å avbilde månene Nix en antatt diameter på og Hydra kreves det rundt 10 110 km og en omløpstid sekunder eksponeringstid. på 25 dager. Hydra har Bildet er tatt med instru- en antatt diameter på 80 mentet LORRI. Dette er ett av km og en omløpstid på 38 syv vitenskapelige instrument dager. Utseendet er ukjent, om bord på New Horizons. vi vet ikke en gang om de er LORRI er et teleskopkamera kuleformede eller uregelmes- som brukes for å avbilde på sige, men det sistnevnte er store avstander og for å gi nok mest sannsynlig. høyoppløste geografiske bilder. New Horizons vil få bedre Den 27. januar begynte New bilder av månene etter hvert. Horizons en serie observa- Man antar at romsonden sjoner der Nix og Hydra ble kan avbilde detaljer ned til avbildet annenhver dag fram 300 meter på Nix og 1,1 km til 6. mars. Hydra bruker 38 på Hydra. Det er i minste dager på et omløp rundt Pluto laget til å kunne avbilde og man vil da ha avbildet et landskapstrekk, men i det fullt omløp. Deretter tas det minste vil vi få vite deres en pause for å laste ned data nøyaktige form. til Jorda. En ny bildeserie vil Trond Erik Hillestad tas fra 5. april til 14. mai, som igjen vil gi et fullt Hydra- Kilde: http://www. omløp. planetary.org/blogs/emily- Selv om den første bilde- lakdawalla/2015/02041311- serien fra New Horizons ennå new-horizons-returns-first. ikke er like detaljert som html 6 Astronomi 2/15 AstroNYTT Pluto og dens største måne Kharon fotografert 25. januar 2015. Bildet er ikke imponerende, idet avstanden var 203 millioner kilometer, altså større enn avstanden Jorda-Sola. Men om alt går bra, kan vi forvente oss pangbilder i juli. Foto: NASA / JHUAPL / SwRI Astronomi 2/15 7 AstroNYTT BanenKepler 432b sammen- liknet med Merkurs bane.
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