Back to the the Future? 07> Probing the Kuiper Belt
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2020-04-11 (April 11, 2020) Brought to You by SEPP ( the Science and Environmental Policy Project
The Week That Was: 2020-04-11 (April 11, 2020) Brought to You by SEPP (www.SEPP.org) The Science and Environmental Policy Project Quote of the Week: “In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.” – Galileo [International Space Hall of Fame] In Memory S. Fred Singer (Sept. 27, 1924 – April 6, 2020) A Quest for Knowledge: Show me your best data. (physical evidence) Fred Singer’s journey through physical science was marked by endless curiosity and the belief that physical evidence (data), not theory, were needed to resolve controversies in science. At the age of 16 he tackled the difficult Maxwell Equations that are the foundation of electromagnetism, of which visible light is a part. Singer’s Ph.D. thesis at Princeton was on then- poorly understood cosmic rays. His advisor was John Wheeler, who had worked with Niels Bohr in explaining nuclear fission with quantum physics. (All Wheeler’s students were a very exceptional cadre, including the Nobel laureate Richard Feynman.) Earlier, Bohr had a noted public dispute with Albert Einstein on quantum physics, after Einstein objected to the probabilistic view used, making precise prediction impossible. Bohr’s views are generally accepted and the great admiration he and Einstein had for each other remained. This is an outstanding example of scientists disagreeing publicly, without personal accusations, which are too common today. Singer was a pioneer in exploration of space, particularly the upper reaches of the atmosphere. He measured characteristics of cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere, and discovered, or co- discovered, upper-atmospheric ozone, and the equatorial ‘electrojet current’ which intensifies the geomagnetic field. -
1957 – the Year the Space Age Began Conditions in 1957
1957 – The Year the Space Age Began Roger L. Easton, retired Naval Research Laboratory Linda Hall Library Kansas City MO 6 September 2007 Conditions in 1957 z Much different from now, slower, more optimistic in some ways z Simpler, yet very frightening, time 1 1957 in Politics z January 20: Second Presidential Inauguration of Dwight Eisenhower 1957 in Toys z First “Frisbee” from Wham-O 2 1957 in Sports z Third Year of Major League Baseball in Kansas City z the “Athletics,” not the “Royals” 1957 in Sports z No pro football in Kansas City z AFL was three years in future z no Chiefs until 1963 3 1957 at Home z No microwave ovens z (TV dinners since 1954) z Few color television sets z (first broadcasts late in 1953) z No postal Zip Codes z Circular phone diales z No cell phones z (heck, no Area Codes, no direct long-distance dialing!) z No Internet, no personal computers z Music recorded on vinyl discs, not compact or computer disks 1957 in Transportation z Gas cost 27¢ per gallon z September 4: Introduction of the Edsel by Ford Motor Company z cancelled in 1959 after loss of $250M 4 1957 in Transportation z October 28: rollout of first production Boeing 707 1957 in Science z International Geophysical Year (IGY) z (actually, “year and a half”) 5 IGY Accomplishments z South Polar Stations established z Operation Deep Freeze z Discovery of mid-ocean submarine ridges z evidence of plate tectonics z USSR and USA pledged to launch artificial satellites (“man-made moons”) z discovery of Van Allen radiation belts 1957: “First” Year of Space Age z Space Age arguably began in 1955 z President Eisenhower announced that USA would launch small unmanned earth-orbiting satellite as part of IGY z Project Vanguard 6 Our Story: z The battle to determine who would launch the first artificial satellite: z Werner von Braun of the U.S. -
Title Search Realism
A New View of Science: Title Search Realism Naomi Oreskes Erik M. Conway Consensus and Dissent •Past several years: numerous talks on the scientific consensus on climate change •Focused on the epistemic basis for that consensus: evidence. • Crammed with “facts”… Carbon Dioxide as Greenhouse Gas • John Tyndall (1820-1893) • Established “greenhouse” properties of carbon dioxide, water in 1850s 1900s: Svante Arrhenius suggested that increased atmospheric CO2 from burning fossil fuels could warm Earth • Early calculations of effect of doubling CO2: – 1.5 -4.5 o C. • Swede.. Thought global warming would be a good thing… http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/FG14_19_05UN.JPG First empirical evidence of both increased CO2 and warming detected in 1930s by G.S. Callendar • Callendar argued that increase in CO2 was already occurring (in the 1930s). • Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 64: 223 (1938) suggested that temperature might be increasing, too. • Wonderful new biography by J R CO2 inventory: Charles David Keeling Keeling curve began in 1958 as part of the IGY 1960s: Clear trend of increasing atmospheric CO2 “This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through…a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.” --Lyndon Johnson Special Message to Congress, 1965 By the 1970s, there was a consensus among scientific experts that, given the steady rise of CO2 that Keeling had demonstrated, that sooner or later global warming would occur: “A plethora of studies from diverse sources indicates a consensus that climate changes will result from man’s combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land use.” National Academy of Sciences Archives, An Evaluation of the Evidence for CO2-Induced Climate Change, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Climate Research Board, Study Group on Carbon Dioxide, 1979, Film Label: CO2 and Climate Change: Ad Hoc: General Big question was when? Surprising answer: just a few years later…. -
SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE
SPACE RESEARCH IN POLAND Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2020 Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) ISBN 978-83-89439-04-8 First edition © Copyright by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Warsaw, 2020 Editor: Iwona Stanisławska, Aneta Popowska Report to COSPAR 2020 1 SATELLITE GEODESY Space Research in Poland 3 1. SATELLITE GEODESY Compiled by Mariusz Figurski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Paweł Wielgosz, and Anna Krypiak-Gregorczyk Introduction This part of the Polish National Report concerns research on Satellite Geodesy performed in Poland from 2018 to 2020. The activity of the Polish institutions in the field of satellite geodesy and navigation are focused on the several main fields: • global and regional GPS and SLR measurements in the frame of International GNSS Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), European Reference Frame Permanent Network (EPN), • Polish geodetic permanent network – ASG-EUPOS, • modeling of ionosphere and troposphere, • practical utilization of satellite methods in local geodetic applications, • geodynamic study, • metrological control of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, • use of gravimetric satellite missions, • application of GNSS in overland, maritime and air navigation, • multi-GNSS application in geodetic studies. Report -
SP-717 Cryosat 2013
ANALYSIS OF THE IN-FLIGHT INJECTION OF THE LISA PATHFINDER TEST-MASS INTO A GEODESIC Daniele Bortoluzzi (1,2) on behalf of the LISA Pathfinder Collaboration(*), Davide Vignotto (1), Andrea Zambotti (1), Ingo Köker(3), Hans Rozemeijer(4), Jose Mendes(4), Paolo Sarra(5), Andrea Moroni(5), Paolo Lorenzi(5) (1) University of Trento, Department of Industrial Engineering, via Sommarive, 9 - 38123 Trento, Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (2) Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Application / INFN, Italy. (3) AIRBUS DS GmbH, Willy-Messerschmitt-Strasse 1 Ottobrunn, 85521, Germany, Email: [email protected] (4) European Space Operations Centre, European Space Agency, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, Email: [email protected], [email protected] (5) OHB Italia S.p.A., via Gallarate, 150 – 20151 Milano, Italy, Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (*) Full list and affiliations attached in the end of the document ABSTRACT surroundings housing. The sensing body, from the locked condition, has then to LISA Pathfinder is a mission that demonstrates some key be released into free-fall to start the in-flight operations; technologies for the measurement of gravitational waves. as a consequence, the release into free-fall of the proof The mission goal is to set two test masses (TMs) into mass is a critical aspect for these missions, since it is a purely geodesic trajectories. The grabbing positioning necessary step to start the science phase. Different and release mechanism (GPRM) grabs and releases each technologies are nowadays available to perform a release TM from any position inside its housing. -
European Space Camp – 2017
European Space Camp – 2017 Participants Celine Victoria Berg-Hansen From: Norway Description: Hello, my name is Celine and I am from Sortland in Northern Norway. I am 18 years old. When I am not doing homework, I am most likely reading a book or watching Netflix. I have been to the Aurora Space Center on multiple occasions since it is so close to where I live. But I am really excited to go back there for ESC 2017! Roommate description: Celine was an awesome roommate, we got along very well. She is such a sweet and kind person. We were able to have many interesting conversations and coordinated getting up in the morning - not always the nicest task haha. Adrian StokdalOpheim From: Norway Description: Hello! My name is Adrian, i am 18 years old and live just outside the city of Trondheim in the middle of Norway. From a young age i have always been fascinated by space and all its hidden mysteries. Not only space itself, but also rockets, satellites and all of the other technology involved. I also love making things and, using the tools and machines in our garage, i have done a few projects the last couple of years. When i don't do homework/schoolwork i usually spend my time on these projects or outdoors training. I have been doing a sport called "orienteering" since i was eight, and still do my best to acheive the best possible results in competition. Orienteering is a typical scandinavian sport where the goal is to run a course, with several controls, set on a map at the shortest amount of time. -
Air Leak on Space Station 29 September 2020
Russia reports 'non-standard' air leak on Space Station 29 September 2020 manned space programmes, in a televised comment. He said the ISS always has slight air loss due to the air purifying system. "These leaks are predictable. What's happening now is more than the standard leakage and naturally if it lasts a long time, it will require supplies of extra air to the station," he said. He said the crew were now resting but hoped to find the precise spot and fix the leak on Wednesday. Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain "That's not for sure," he added, saying there was quite a large area to search. "We have time. The leak exists of course. It's not Russia said Tuesday that astronauts had found an good that it's there, but it's not critical," he said. air leak in its section of the International Space Station, with a senior space official calling the air NASA said that the leak had appeared to grow in loss beyond expected levels. size overnight Monday to Tuesday and the crew were awakened by flight controllers to carry out a The crew on the ISS—Russian cosmonauts Anatoly search. Ivanishin and Ivan Vagner and NASA astronaut Christopher Cassidy—have been searching for the It was later found that a temperature change had air leak since August, first checking the US made the leak seem to grow, while the rate of air segment. escaping was "unchanged," the US space agency said. Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, said in a statement that after analysis and a search for the Previously, astronauts had searched for the source leak "it was established that the spot is located in of the leak in the US segment of the station using the Zvezda (star) service module, which contains an ultrasound detector. -
Satellite Meteorology in the Cold War Era: Scientific Coalitions and International Leadership 1946-1964
SATELLITE METEOROLOGY IN THE COLD WAR ERA: SCIENTIFIC COALITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1946-1964 A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Angelina Long Callahan In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History and Sociology of Technology and Science Georgia Institute of Technology December 2013 Copyright © Angelina Long Callahan 2013 SATELLITE METEOROLOGY IN THE COLD WAR ERA: SCIENTIFIC COALITIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1946-1964 Approved by: Dr. John Krige, Advisor Dr. Leo Slater School of History, Technology & History Office Society Code 1001.15 Georgia Institute of Technology Naval Research Laboratory Dr. James Fleming Dr. Steven Usselman School of History, Technology & School of History, Technology & Society Society Colby College Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Kenneth Knoespel Date Approved: School of History, Technology & 6 November 2013 Society Georgia Institute of Technology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I submit this dissertation mindful that I’ve much left to do and much left to learn. Thus, lacking more elegant phrasing, I dedicate this to anyone who has set aside their own work to educate me. All of you listed below are extremely talented and because of that, managing substantial workloads. In spite of that, you have each been generous with your insight over the years and I am grateful for every meeting, email, and gesture of support you have shown. First, I want to thank my dissertation committee. I am extremely proud to claim each of you as a mentor. Please know how grateful I am for your patience and constructive criticism with this work in progress as it evolved milestone by milestone. -
December 2012 Newsletter
December 2012 Inside This Issue: pg: Sierra Lobo’s Headline News 1 Corporate News 2 USAF AFRL ARES III 15 Wolf Tracks NASA AMES Research Center (ARC) 16 NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 18 NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) 20 NASA Kennedy Space Center (KESC) 21 NASA Kennedy Space Center (KISC) 22 NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 23 Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) 25 Redstone Test Center (RTC) 26 Wright-Patterson AFB (WPAFB) 28 Technology Development and Engineering Center (TDEC) 29 Corporate Safety 32 Environmental Issues in T&E 33 Industry News 34 Welcome to the Pack 38 Industry Trivia 40 Sierra Lobo Wins the Engineering Fabrication Services (EFS) Contract at Johnson Space Center (JSC), Absorbs the Wind Tunnel Support Contract on RDSTS, and is Selected for the NASA Space Launch System Advance Development Program. Sierra Lobo (SLI) Primes EFS Win Sierra Lobo Wins SLS Contract The Cryo-Tracker® sensor is a winner of the The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, in SLI announces that NASA, Marshall Space R&D 100 Award, recognizing the top 100 ® best new technologies in the world. The Cryo Houston, Texas, NASA’s lead Center for Flight Center, selected our Cryo-Tracker ® human rated spaceflight hardware design and Mass Gauging System for their Space -Tracker sensor proposed for use as SLS’s production, selected Sierra Lobo to “Prime” Launch System (SLS) Advance Development cryogenic liquid-level sensing system is the its EFS Contract. The primary goals of this Program. This selection is part of NASA’s result of more than 16 years of concept contract are to provide JSC organizations and Research Announcement (NRA) to support exploration, validation, and extensive testing external customers the highest quality, cost the evolutionary development strategy for in laboratory and relevant environments. -
Roll Calibration for Cryosat-2: a Comprehensive Approach
remote sensing Technical Note Roll Calibration for CryoSat-2: A Comprehensive Approach Albert Garcia-Mondéjar 1,* , Michele Scagliola 2 , Noel Gourmelen 3,4 , Jerome Bouffard 5 and Mònica Roca 1 1 isardSAT S.L., Barcelona Advanced Industry Park, 08042 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 2 Aresys SRL, 20132 Milano, Italy; [email protected] 3 School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK; [email protected] 4 IPGS UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France 5 ESA ESRIN, 00044 Frascati, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: CryoSat-2 is the first satellite mission carrying a high pulse repetition frequency radar altimeter with interferometric capability on board. Across track interferometry allows the angle to the point of closest approach to be determined by combining echoes received by two antennas and knowledge of their orientation. Accurate information of the platform mispointing angles, in particular of the roll, is crucial to determine the angle of arrival in the across-track direction with sufficient accuracy. As a consequence, different methods were designed in the CryoSat-2 calibration plan in order to estimate interferometer performance along with the mission and to assess the roll’s contribution to the accuracy of the angle of arrival. In this paper, we present the comprehensive approach used in the CryoSat-2 Mission to calibrate the roll mispointing angle, combining analysis from external calibration of both man-made targets, i.e., transponder and natural targets. The roll calibration approach for CryoSat-2 is proven to guarantee that the interferometric measurements are exceeding the expected performance. -
NASA TV Schedule for Web (Week of 6-22-2020).Xlsx
NASA TV Daily Program Schedule Monday - 6/22/2020 Eastern Daylight Time 12 a.m. Way Station to Space: The History of Stennis Space Center 12 a.m. 12:30 a.m. Preparing America for Deep Space (Ep.2) 12:30 a.m. 1 a.m. The Final Shuttle Mission 1 a.m. 1:30 a.m. Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (Ep.2) 1:30 a.m. 2 a.m. NASA X - SAGE 3 Monitoring Earths Ozone Layer 2 a.m. 2:30 a.m. Space for Women 2:30 a.m. 3 a.m. NASA EDGE - Robotics 3 a.m. 3:30 a.m. No Small Steps 3:30 a.m. 4 a.m. The Time of Apollo 4 a.m. 4:30 a.m. Space Shuttle Era (Ep.3) 4:30 a.m. 5 a.m. KORUS-AQ: Chapter 3/4 5 a.m. 5:30 a.m. Exploration of the Planets (1971) 5:30 a.m. 6 a.m. NASA X - SAGE 3 Monitoring Earths Ozone Layer 6 a.m. 6:30 a.m. Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (Ep.2) 6:30 a.m. 7 a.m. NASA EDGE - Robotics 7 a.m. 7:30 a.m. ISS Benefits for Humanity (Ep.2) 7:30 a.m. 8 a.m. The Time of Apollo 8 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Space Shuttle Era (Ep.3) 8:30 a.m. 9 a.m. KORUS-AQ: Chapter 3/4 9 a.m. 9:30 a.m. Way Station to Space: The History of Stennis Space Center 9:30 a.m. -
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA
Revision T, PCN-4 March 2010 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA LANDING SITE/ SSME-TL CREW LAUNCH SITE, RUNWAY, NOM-ABORT SRB ORBIT PAYLOAD MISSION HIGHLIGHTS (6+1 UP/6+1 DN) FLT ORBITER LIFTOFF TIME, CROSSRANGE EMERG RSRM FSW WEIGHTS, (LAUNCH SCRUBS/DELAYS, NO. LANDING LANDING THROTTLE AND INC HA/HP PAYLOADS/ TAL WEATHER, ASCENT I-LOADS, (PCN4 Change Col SITES, TIMES PROFILE ET EXPERIMENTS FIRSTS, SIGNIFICANT ANOMALIES, ETC.) 3) ABORT TIMES FLT DURATION, ENG. S.N. TITLE, NAMES WINDS & EVA'S Revision T, PCN-4 March 2010 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY Page 210 - STS-127/2JA STS- OV-105 CDR: KSC 15 (KSC 104/104/10 BI-138 CARGO: Brief Mission Summary: STS-127 ( 29th (Flight 23) Mark Polansky KSC 39A 71) 9% 51. DIRECT OI- 36253LBS mission to ISS) was a “16 day marathon 127/ 196:22:03:09Z 6 INSERTION 33 ENDEAVO (Flt 3 - STS-98,STS- 212:14:48:07Z RSRM (29) (3) construction mission”. The final pieces of ISS- UR 116) 6:03:10 PM EDT 09:48:07 AM PREDICTED: 106 PAYLOAD the Japanese Kibo Complex including an 2JA P794/R262/V185/M22 (P) CDT 100/104.5/1 POST OMS- CHARGEABLE: Experiment Exposed Facility “Porch” and 8 6:03:10 PM EDT FRIDAY (15) 04.5/ ET-131 2: 24682 LBS the unpressurized Experiment Logistics (A) 123.8x32.3 SEQ OMS PODS 07/31/09 (12 ) 72/104.5 Module were delivered along with spare Wednesday SLWT NM DEPLOYED: FLT # LPO3 -33 PLT equipment intended to keep ISS (15) 35 24266 LBS 127 RPO4 29 Doug Hurley DEORBIT ACTUAL: operational long after Shuttle is retired.