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The Role of Extension in Agriculture & Health Care: Studies in Two Selected

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The Role of Extension in Agriculture & Health Care: Studies in Two Selected THE ROLE OF EXTENSION IN AGRICULTURE & HEALTH CARE: STUDIES IN TWO SELECTED DISTRICTS OF NORTH BENGAL THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS ( Ph. D. ) BY JAYEETA BASU, M A. M UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 2008 0\0l bd~ 7?, rc::r:- )- , _, ,,~ t. "' lJ '?GS C{) '7 I '; s loO I I 'S co C(;. '1l- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i - ii LIST OF TABLES iii - iv CHAPTER- I : INTRODUCTION 1-29 I.I RELEVANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. I.II OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. I.III RESEARCH QUESTIONS. I.IV METHODOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. LV BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE. I. VI PLAN OF THE STUDY. NOTES AND REFERENCES !!> CHAPTER - D : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 30-71 II.I DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CHANGING DIMENSIONS. II.II DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION AS AN APPROACH. II.III CONCEPr OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT. II.IV COMMUNICATION IN RURAL DEVEWPMENT. II.V OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE OF EXTENSION EDUCATION. II.VI MASS MEDIA AND EXTENSION EDUCATION. NOTES AND REFERENCES. CHAPTER- m : EXTENSION IN AGRICULTURE 72- 101 III.I AGRICULTURE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT III.II ROLE OF INFORMATION IN AGRICULTURE III.III AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN INDIA III.IV EXTENSION EDUCATION IN WEST BENGAL NOTES AND REFERENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER - IV : EXTENSION IN HEALTH AND FAMILY 102- 122 WELFARE IV.I HEALTH IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IV.II CONCEPT OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IV.III EXTENSION IN HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES IN INDIA IV.IV ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES FOR EXTENSION SERVICES IN HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE IN WEST BENGAL NOTES AND REFERENCES CHAPTER - V : EXTENSION IN AGRICULTURAL 123-148 DEVELOPMENT: RESULTS OF FIELD SURVEY V.I INTRODUCTION V .II SELECTION OF LOCATION OF STUDY V.III DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS V.IV EXPOSURE TO EXTENSION MEDIA AND MESSAGE DISSIMINATION V.V COMPREHENSION LEVEL ON EXTENSION MESSAGES V.VI CONCLUDING OBSERVATION CHAPTER - VI : EXTENSION IN HEALTH CARE 149- 172 PROGRAMMES: RESULTS OF FIELD SURVEY VI.I INTRODUCTION VI.II SELECTION OF LOCATION OF STUDY VI.III DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS VI.IV EXPOSURE TO EXTENSION MEDIA AND MESSAGE DISSIMINATION VI.V COMPREHENSION LEVEL ON EXTENSION MESSAGES VI.VI CONCLUDING OBSERVATION CHAPTER - VII . SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING 173- 177 OBSERVATION VII.I SUMMARY AND FINDINGS VILli CONCLUDING OBSERVATION SELETED BmLIOGRAPBY 178-193 APPENDIX 194-201 CDewfopment lias 6ecome one of tlie major concerns of our time, especially in the process of nation-6uili:finn aruf rapUf social-ecOTWmic transfonnation. In !nata Ci~ other countries, wfiere 80 percent of the popufation deperuf on anricufture andalfzed activities for tlieir fivetifwotf, all effort at tfevefopment purportedfy start witli Ofjriculture aruf tfevefopment of the rural sector. lJ1Jith tlie cliatlfJinn concept of rura[ tfevefopment, the integrated approach to tfe.vefopment encompasses allaspect of rura[ Cife inc[utfing healtli anti nutrition, education aruf Citerature, family pfannino aruf so on, with tlie ultimate o6jective ofimprovi111J tlie quality of Gfe of tlie rura[ poor. It was assumed tliat an activist state tlirouoli positive action coufj[ promote tlie quafity of Cift of the unprivi(eoed', deprived atuf vufnera6fe strata of society anti act as an instrument of egafitarianism in areas fiks tlie economy, education, lieaJth anti socia{ structure. cBut tlie decade of 1990 represents tlie cuttiii[J 6aci_. of tfie rofe ofgwemment throuoh privatization, tfereoufation anti tfecentrafization. Newrtliefess government stiff pfays tlie vita{ rofe in the development ofrura[ sector. I mprwino anricultura{ productivity 6y way of providinn necessary infrastructura{ anti technofooicof lieq, to tlie farmers is an important responsi6ility-of atr gwemments, particularly in tfeve{opino nations. Newer teclinofogies for increasino production are now 6ecoming avaifaD{e at a much faster rate. cBut tlie meclianism for transferrine tliem to tlie illiterate aruf sma[( aruf mar!Jina{ fanners in an effective manner is fiufj.no. In ortfer to transfer tlie teclinofogies and innovations in tlie jielif of agriculture to fann community, tliere is an urgent neetffor a communication - networ{ incfutfinn eXJ;ension activities. Vnfortunatefy, littfe effort lias 6een made so far for imprwine e:{Jension services. It is not only tlie i_.tW'Wfetfee tliat is neetfed', 6ut tliere is a requirement of a definite approach to supp[y tlie riiJiit i_.nowfedlJe aruf tools to tlie riiJiit peopfe atufat tlie ritJiit time. i l __:_,) j{t tlie same time, an integrated approacli to ru~a£ tfeve(opment encompasses inter alia tlie impruvement of rura[ lieaftli services wliicli afso requires tlie appfication of e~nsion mechanisms and tlie active imJOfvement of rura[ lieaftli wo~s as e~ension tlf}ents. q'/iis is an occasion to express gratitude and ack._nowfediJe intfe6tetfness to a[[ tliose persons wliose atfflice and assistance liefped me to compfete tlie w~ !My greatest intfe6tedness is to my teaclier (])r. !Maya qliosli, ~ CJJepartment of Cl'ofitica[ Science, !Nortli CBentJa[ Vniversity, wliose itwafua6Ce atfvice, comments and tlioufjlitful SU(JlJestion lie{ped me a[[ afotre in remofdine my tliouglit and accompfisliiniJ su6stantiw improvement in my wort I a/So wisli to record my gratitude to tlie J{gricufture (])evefopment Officer, 1(prandiglii and tlie office stafffor tlieir cooperation in gettine refevant materialS and infonnation for tlie purpose of my study. I woulif ~ to express my deepest sense of appreciation to tlie officials of CDepartment of Jfeaftli and Pamify Welfare of Jfllpurduar Su6 - arvision and tlie Jfeaftli W~s of tlie (}Janiatfa6ri Su6-centre for tlieir sincere cooperation and assistance. I am grateful to tlie Li6rarians and tlieir staff of tlie 1Vortli CJJeneaf Vnwersity Library and tlie 1Vationa[ Li6rary, 1:(p~ta. ){part from tliis, my parents were a great source of inspiration in tlie compfetion of tliis worR.:, Pina[[y, I acR.JwwfediJe my special tlian~ to my lius6and wlio endured a[[ liazartfs in lie{pi11fJ me to co{{ect materialS from numerous sources. J{6ove a[[, no word$ of tlian~ wou/({ 6e adequate to express my gratitude to my eftfer 6rotlier for liis sincere cooperation tlirounli out my w~ __,,II . LIST OF TABLES:- 1. 1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE UTTAR DINAJPUR 1.2 AREA UNDER MAJOR CROPS AND PRODUCTIVITY 1.3 AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES. 3.1 YEAR OF ORIGIN OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES. 4 1 TARGETS OF HEALTH FOR ALL BY 2000 AD 4.2 ACHIEVEMENT OF INDIA FROM THE YEAR I 95 I -2000 4.3 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH AND IMR IN SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 4.4 DIFFERENTIALS IN HEALTH STATUS AMONG STATES 4.5 TRENDS IN EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE, 1951- 2002 4.6 GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED BY 2000-2015 4.7 DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIO ~·~ ECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROFILE OF WEST BENGAL 5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY AGE 5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY QUALlFIC A TION 5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY CATEGORY OF FARMERS "'4 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY INCOME <; 5 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND AGE 5.6 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND QUALIFICATION 5.7 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND CATEGORY OF FARMERS 5.8 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND INCOME "i 9 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCATION AND AGE "' l(i ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMLNCATION AND QUALIFICATION 5 II ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCATION AND CATEGORY OF FARMERS 5.12 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCATION AND INCOME 5.13 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND AGE 5. I 4 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS. FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND QUALIFICATION 5.15 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND CATEGORY OFF ARMERS 5. 16 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS., INSECTICIDES AND JNCOME iii 5.17 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND AGE 5.18 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND QUALIFICATION 5.19 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND CATEGORY OF FARMERS 5.20 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEEDS, FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND INCOME 6.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY SEX 6.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY AGE 6.3 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY QUALIFICATION 6.4 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS BY INCOME 6.5 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND SEX 6.6 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND AGE 6.7 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND QUALIFICATION 6.8 ACCESS TO MEDIA AND INCOME 6.9 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCATION AND SEX 6.10 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNC A TION AND AGE 6.11 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCA TION AND QUALIFICATION 6.12 ACCESS TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNC A TION AND INCOME C1 l3 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA MATERNITY, CHILD CARE AND SEX 6.14 KNOWLEDGE RFCiARDING MALARIA MATERNlTY CHILD CARE AND AGE 6. 15 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA, MATERNITY. CHILD CARE AND QUALIFICATION 6.16 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA MATERNITY, CHILD CARE AND INCOME 6 17 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA, MATERNITY. CHILD CARE AND SEX 6.18 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA, MATERNITY, CHILD CARE AND AGE 6.19 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA, MATERNITY, CHILD CARE AND QUALIFICATION 6.20 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MALARIA. MATERNITY, CHILD CARE AND INCOME iv CHAPTER- I : INTRODUCTION - - I.I RELEVANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. 1.11 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. 1.111 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. I. IV METHODOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED STUDY. LV BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE. I. VI PLAN OF THE STUDY. NOTES AND REFERENCES I.l RELEVANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY After World War -II (1939-45), the independence of former colonies was one of the most important events that attached new connotation to the concept of development. The Western Scholars prescribed for the rapid economic development through industrialization and urbanization of the Third World countries. They laid emphasis on heavy accent on science and technology, ruthless exploitation of environmental resources and letting loose of market forces. These models argued that once there is robust growth of the GNP/GDP, the whole society will be developed in all its segments. Perhaps, these alien Westernized models of development did not last long.
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