С.Сейфуллин атындағы Қазақ агротехникалық университетінің Ғылым жаршысы / Вестник науки Казахского агротехнического университета им. С. Сейфуллина. – 2012. - №2 (73). – C. 129-132
ON THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN MODERN KAZAKHSTAN
Tuksaitova, R. O.
Abstract Kazakhstan is a unique state where more than 130 ethnic groups are inhabited. In a situation of multiethnic state language policies in the country must meet the needs of more than 130 ethnic groups of linguocultural community. Language policy priorities of modern Kazakhstan are determined by the commitment to meet the needs of multi-ethnic composition of the population, tailored to linguistic, demographic and political situation and preserve the stability of international relations. In this connection an appropriate legal framework and legal protection of languages operating on the territory of the state, in our case - Kazakh and Russian are required. State support for the functioning and development of languages is provided by the laws and government institutions in the country, and this area of language planning was announced one of the strategic directions of the language policy. Key words: language, communication, situation, learning, education
In 1997, Kazakhstan adopted a Every citizen of the Republic of law on languages. Article 4 defines the Kazakhstan has the right to use their status of the Kazakh language: "The native language, to choose the official language of the Republic of language of communication, education, Kazakhstan is the Kazakh language. learning and creativity. The state takes Official language is the language of care of creating the conditions for government, legislation, legal learning and language development in proceedings and paperwork, acting in Kazakhstan. all spheres of social relations Knowledge of the Kazakh throughout the state. "Article 5 defines language as the state one should be an the status of the Russian language: "In important factor in the growth of state institutions and local governments personal competitiveness of the along with Kazakh Russian is used." citizens, career growth and active Free choice of the language of participation in social and political life. communication, training and education Announced in the basic documents is enshrined in Article 6 of the Law on about the status of the Russian languages. language reflects its high demand in Kazakhstan as a carrier of a significant amount of scientific and cultural If we talk about the bilingual information. Russian language is the situation in Kazakhstan, you will notice most spoken language in the that it is characterized by two types of sociocultural space of the multicultural productive bilingualism isolated by state, plays the role of consolidating E.M. Vereshchagin. Subordinative factor capable of uniting all ethnic bilingualism can be described as groups. Historical and cultural situation spontaneous, which is usually used in of contacting the Kazakh, Russian and various areas of everyday other languages naturally generates a communication: the market, store, phenomenon of Kazakh- Russian transport and other spheres of public bilingualism, which is manifested itself services. By all this success of in various fields. communication depends on the degree The language is characterized by of knowledge of languages - Kazakh the existence of modern Kazakhstan and Russian. If communication is natural bilingualism. Bilingualism is conducted in Russian, Kazakh people the subject of attention of many owning the native language not good researchers. This is explained not only enough include the second language by the multifaceted challenges of speech elements, striving for positive bilingualism, but its real fate depends communicative result. largely on the state language policy, The second type of bilingualism which unfortunately, does not always which generates correct speech is take into account the nature of the typical for bilinguals with a high interaction of cultures and languages of degree of bilingualism. In this regard, the peoples living in the same territory. one can speak of authoritative media The literature discusses general languages (both Russian and Kazakh), issues of bilingualism from a position which is a model for all linguistic of linguistics, psychology, literacy. Among politicians such carrier psycholinguistics, sociology. of codified norms is the President of the Linguistic typology of bilingualism Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan proposed by E.M. Vereshchagin who Nazarbayev, who owns literary Kazakh identified three types of bilingualism: and Russian languages equally. In the subordinative, coordinative and medial field of science such an example for has considerable interest. According to many years served well-known the author subordinative bilingualism is philologist M.M. Kopylenko who productive bilingualism in which the brilliantly owned by codified Russian speech works turn to be wrong. and Kazakh languages. Unsurpassed Productive bilingualism providing model for imitation are M.M. Auezov’s generation of correct speech, the author (culturologist and scholar) written and calls coordinative. The third type of oral texts. productive bilingualism is associated You can talk about different with ethnographic and cultural studies bilingual communicative competence. topics, including regional studies G.S.Suyunova discusses the factors aspect [1: 49]. that contribute to the choice of the Kazakh and Russian languages in scientific training stage of the Russian different contexts of communication language on the basis of the Kazakh and bilinguals transfer from one language is necessary, which they language to another. According to the almost all speak , and 3) methods of degree of knowledge of languages all teaching Russian language for such Kazakhs bilinguals can be divided into students is of particular lingual and groups. The first group includes the cultural basis: they need through the Kazakhs equally fluent in both assimilation of knowledge of Russian languages: translators, scientists, history and learn all the other lingual linguists, writers- bilinguals. and region knowledge components Traditionally, when considering the necessary for language learning. phenomenon of bilingualism and the Teachers working with students tend to question of proficiency levels of equate the degree of proficiency in both language knowledge it stands for languages, to form good literary skills reason that bilinguals know better the of Russian speech. In this situation, the native language (the second group). teacher as a carrier of codified Russian The author of this article works language is an authoritative example with students at the university who are for students. characterized by different levels of An important indicator of the language proficiency. The teacher - viability of the language is a factor in russianist observes manifestations of its use in various fields. Free choice of subordinative type of bilingualism. language learning, formally enshrined Thus, students graduated from in legislation, allows parents to make Kazakh school have a good knowledge their own choices and determine the of the native language. They use the future of children. Russian language in everyday Linguistic construction held in communication. During the period of Kazakhstan since the adoption of the study at a university at Russian lessons State program of development and they acquire skills in reading, speaking functioning of languages and an and writing. It should be said about the Assembly of Kazakhstan as students who came from Mongolia, consolidating civil society institution China, whose native language is predetermined some changes in the Kazakh, the Russian language is a functioning of languages and gave new foreign language, and the problems indicators in the functioning of the state associated with the study of language language - the Kazakh language and lie in a different plane. Methods of languages of ethnic groups in teaching Russian language for students Kazakhstan. Recently government in this category are characterized by the agencies, universities and language following features: 1) all known centers have made huge effort to textbooks on learning phase of Russian develop not only Kazakh as the state for foreign students do not take into language, but primarily Russian account the specifics of the audience, language and other ethnic groups’ and 2) for this category of students the languages in Kazakhstan. However, there are two contradictory process due to the ethnic composition of these characterizing Kazakhstan regions [3]. multicultural society: on the one hand, In schools with Russian cross-language communication as a language learning program the Kazakh phenomenon of unity of the people, the language lessons are provided in all integration of consolidation in a classes. Graduates of secondary school multiethnic educational and cultural take an exam in the state language, space, on the other hand, identifying the specific skills of communication difficulties arising in reading, speaking, writing in the the social sphere of Kazakhs living in Kazakh language. In schools with the villages and not speaking Russian. Kazakh language learning as part of a If we talk about bilingualism in program Russian language lessons are early childhood education, we should provided as well aimed at forming pay attention to the fact that parents complex knowledge and skills in tend to identify children in reading, speaking and writing. kindergarten in the Kazakh language, Therefore the level of knowledge that which is dictated by their desire to pupils and students get at secondary attach the child to the mother tongue. and higher schools is not sufficient to Interestingly the current trend when talk about the high level of linguistic parents, for whom the Kazakh competence. language is not native, take their If we talk about bilingualism in children to the kindergarten with the the media, it should be noted that there Kazakh language, understanding the is free access to information in both necessity of familiarizing the child to a languages. For the viewer who wants to second language. In recent years there be aware of Russian events there are has been a significant increase in these Russian channels broadcast news, children and their desire to learn the various information-analytical, Kazakh language. informative, entertaining broadcasts Bilingualism in school education from Russia. There are channels is influenced by several factors, such as intended for the Kazakh - viewer social, regional. In regions of the monolinguals in the broadcast in the indigenous communities in the Kazakh language. It must be said that Southern and Western Kazakhstan in the telecom space they try to stick to percentage of students in the Kazakh institutionalized forms of "50/50" language is 90-95 %. The situation is which allows broadcasting in two different in the northern and central languages equally, without prejudice to Kazakhstan, where the percentage of anyone's interests. Channel selection, students in Russian is 65-70%. In the program transmission due to both universities of central, eastern and linguistic competence viewer, and its northern regions of Kazakhstan the aesthetic, intellectual, cultural same pattern as in the schools is noted: preferences. Broadcast also are a high percentage of young people as a intended for both Kazakh and study chose Russian, which is largely Russian-speaking audience. In this situation, TV and radio viewers and of the principle of academic mobility: listeners are perceived as authoritative international links with universities in media of qualified language. Russia, Belarus, practical training in Observations show that in almost the universities of Germany, the USA, all spheres of activity in Kazakhstan for Canada and other foreign universities, quality skills development and participation in the international acquiring the status of a successful program "Erasmus Mundus" etc. competitive citizen it is important to Students have a unique opportunity to know the state of the Kazakh and expand educational boundaries to join Russian language skills. At the same the culture, traditions and national time the Russian language plays an characteristics of other peoples, to important role in business deepen their knowledge in human and communication language, because intellectually. All this is possible if knowledge of the Russian language careful study Russian and foreign helps to eliminate any communication languages and priorities. With the difficulties in a multiethnic state. successful implementation of this Economic policies of the state, caused project, you can talk about the by globalization and integration into possibilities of multilingual and the world community, identified a multicultural identity, aimed at the number of problems associated with successful mastery of language and the need to implement the cultural professional skills necessary in their project "Trinity of languages", which professional activities. focuses on the knowledge of three Thus, in a multilingual languages: Kazakh, Russian and environment the language horizons of English languages. In this regard, human are significantly expanded, as Kazakhstan has recently implemented a mastering the state language, Russian program of multilingual higher and foreign languages makes a young education. This educational program man competitive and provides high allows students to realize sufficient professional qualities demanded in academic mobility, to join in the global today's labor market. educational environment Implementation of the principle of academic mobility allows students to expand their educational opportunities, additional education and practical skills in the chosen field, to carry out plans for the continuation of learning. And in this situation of particular relevance is the study of Russian and foreign languages. The university which employs the author of this article implements a variety of educational programs aimed at the implementation References
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Резюме
Данная статья посвящена проблеме языковой ситуации в современном Казахстане. Автор статьи обращает внимание на особенности функционирования казахского и русского языков. Интерес представляет проблема употребления языков в различных сферах деятельности: в научной сфере, сфере образования, в средствах массовой информации, в области литературы и.т.д.
Түйін
Мақала қазіргі Қазақстандағы тілдік жағдай мәселесіне арналған. Мақала авторы қазақ және орыс тілдері қызметінің басты ерекшеліктеріне назар аударады. Әр түрлі қызмет саласында атап айтқанда: білім беру, бұқаралық ақпарат құралында, әдебиетте тілдердің қолдану мәселелеріне деген қызығушылық айқын көрсетілген.