Principles and Practice Second Language Acquisition
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Manual for Language Test Development and Examining
Manual for Language Test Development and Examining For use with the CEFR Produced by ALTE on behalf of the Language Policy Division, Council of Europe © Council of Europe, April 2011 The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All correspondence concerning this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to the Director of Education and Languages of the Council of Europe (Language Policy Division) (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). The reproduction of extracts is authorised, except for commercial purposes, on condition that the source is quoted. Manual for Language Test Development and Examining For use with the CEFR Produced by ALTE on behalf of the Language Policy Division, Council of Europe Language Policy Division Council of Europe (Strasbourg) www.coe.int/lang Contents Foreword 5 3.4.2 Piloting, pretesting and trialling 30 Introduction 6 3.4.3 Review of items 31 1 Fundamental considerations 10 3.5 Constructing tests 32 1.1 How to define language proficiency 10 3.6 Key questions 32 1.1.1 Models of language use and competence 10 3.7 Further reading 33 1.1.2 The CEFR model of language use 10 4 Delivering tests 34 1.1.3 Operationalising the model 12 4.1 Aims of delivering tests 34 1.1.4 The Common Reference Levels of the CEFR 12 4.2 The process of delivering tests 34 1.2 Validity 14 4.2.1 Arranging venues 34 1.2.1 What is validity? 14 4.2.2 Registering test takers 35 1.2.2 Validity -
Second Language Acquisition Through Neurolinguistic Programming: a Psychoanalytic Approach
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.36) (2018) 624-629 International Journal of Engineering & Technology Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET Research paper Second Language Acquisition Through Neurolinguistic Programming: A Psychoanalytic Approach A. Delbio1*, M. Ilankumaran2 1Research Scholar in English, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil. 2Professor of English, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Thuckalay, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail:[email protected] *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract English is the only lingua-franca for the whole world in present age of globalization and liberalization. English language is considered as an important tool to acquire a new and technical information and knowledge. In this situation English learners and teachers face a lot of problems psychologically. Neuro linguistic studies the brain mechanism and the performance of the brain in linguistic competences. The brain plays a main role in controlling motor and sensory activities and in the process of thinking. Studies regarding development of brain bring some substantiation for psychological and anatomical way of language development. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) deals with psychological and neurological factors. It also deals with the mode of brain working and the way to train the brain to achieve the purpose. Many techniques are used in the NLP. It improves the fluency and accuracy in target language. It improves non-native speaker to improve the LSRW skills. This paper brings out the importance of the NLP in language learning and teaching. It also discusses the merits and demerits of the NLP in learning. It also gives the solution to overcome the problems and self-correction is motivated through neuro-linguistic programming. -
The Empirical Base of Linguistics: Grammaticality Judgments and Linguistic Methodology
UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05b2s4wg ISBN 978-3946234043 Author Schütze, Carson T Publication Date 2016-02-01 DOI 10.17169/langsci.b89.101 Data Availability The data associated with this publication are managed by: Language Science Press, Berlin Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The empirical base of linguistics Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Carson T. Schütze language Classics in Linguistics 2 science press Classics in Linguistics Chief Editors: Martin Haspelmath, Stefan Müller In this series: 1. Lehmann, Christian. Thoughts on grammaticalization 2. Schütze, Carson T. The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology 3. Bickerton, Derek. Roots of language ISSN: 2366-374X The empirical base of linguistics Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology Carson T. Schütze language science press Carson T. Schütze. 2019. The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology (Classics in Linguistics 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/89 © 2019, Carson T. Schütze Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-02-9 (Digital) 978-3-946234-03-6 (Hardcover) 978-3-946234-04-3 (Softcover) 978-1-523743-32-2 -
Language Projections: 2010 to 2020 Presented at the Federal Forecasters Conference, Washington, DC, April 21, 2011 Hyon B
Language Projections: 2010 to 2020 Presented at the Federal Forecasters Conference, Washington, DC, April 21, 2011 Hyon B. Shin, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, U.S. Census Bureau Jennifer M. Ortman, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau This paper is released to inform interested parties of BACKGROUND ongoing research and to encourage discussion of work in progress. Any views expressed on statistical, The United States has always been a country noted for methodological, technical, or operational issues are its linguistic diversity. Information on language use and those of the authors and not necessarily those of the proficiency collected from decennial censuses shows U.S. Census Bureau. that there have been striking changes in the linguistic landscape. These changes have been driven in large ABSTRACT part by a shift in the origins of immigration to the United States. During the late 19th and early 20th Language diversity in the United States has changed centuries, the majority of U.S. immigrants spoke either rapidly over the past three decades. The use of a English or a European language such as German, Polish, language other than English at home increased by 148 or Italian (Stevens, 1999). Beginning in the middle of percent between 1980 and 2009 and this increase was the 20th century, patterns of immigration shifted to not evenly distributed among languages. Polish, countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia German, and Italian actually had fewer speakers in 2009 (Bean and Stevens, 2005). As a result, the use of compared to 1980. Other languages, such as Spanish, Spanish and Asian or Pacific Island languages began to Vietnamese, and Russian, had considerable increases in grow. -
Statistical Language Learning: Learning-Oriented Theories Is That Mechanisms and Constraints Such Accounts Seem at Odds with One of the Central Observations 1 Jenny R
110 VOLUME 12, NUMBER 4, AUGUST 2003 most important arguments against Statistical Language Learning: learning-oriented theories is that Mechanisms and Constraints such accounts seem at odds with one of the central observations 1 Jenny R. Saffran about human languages. The lin- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, guistic systems of the world, de- Madison, Wisconsin spite surface differences, share deep similarities, and vary in non- arbitrary ways. Theories of language Abstract guage, it seems improbable that chil- acquisition that focus primarily on What types of mechanisms dren could ever discern its structure. preexisting knowledge of language underlie the acquisition of hu- The process of acquiring such a sys- do provide an elegant explanation man language? Recent evidence tem is likely to be nearly as com- for cross-linguistic similarities. suggests that learners, includ- plex as the system itself, so it is not Such theories, which are exempli- ing infants, can use statistical surprising that the mechanisms un- fied by the seminal work of Noam properties of linguistic input to derlying language acquisition are a Chomsky, suggest that linguistic uni- discover structure, including matter of long-standing debate. One versals are prespecified in the child’s sound patterns, words, and the of the central focuses of this debate linguistic endowment, and do not re- beginnings of grammar. These concerns the innate and environ- quire learning. Such accounts gener- abilities appear to be both pow- mental contributions to the lan- ate predictions about the types of erful and constrained, such that guage-acquisition process, and the patterns that should be observed some statistical patterns are degree to which these components cross-linguistically, and lead to im- more readily detected and used draw on information and abilities portant claims regarding the evolu- than others. -
Error Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of Written English in Nigerian Universities As a Second Language Environment
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 9 Issue 6 Ser. I || June 2020 || PP 61-68 Error Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of Written English in Nigerian Universities as a Second Language Environment MARTIN C. OGAYI Department of English and Literary Studies Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Abstract: Alarming decline of the written English language proficiency of graduates of Nigerian universities has been observed for a long period of time. This has engendered a startling and besetting situation in which most graduates of Nigerian universities cannot meet the English language demands of their employers since they cannot write simple letters, memoranda and reports in their places of work. Pedagogy has sought different methods or strategies to remedy the trend. Applied linguistics models have been developed towards the improvement of second or foreign language learning through the use of diagnostic tools such as error analysis. This paper focuses on the usefulness and strategies of error analysis as diagnostic tool and strategy for second language teaching exposes the current state of affairs in English as a Second Language learning in Nigerian sociolinguistic environment highlights the language-learning theories associated with error analysis, and, highlights the factors that hinder effective error analysis of written ESL production in Nigerian universities. The paper also discusses the role of positive corrective feedback as a beneficial error treatment that facilitates second language learning. Practical measures for achieving more efficient and more productive English as a Second Language teaching and learning in Nigerian universities have also been proffered in the paper. -
The Study of Errors and Feedback in Second Language Acquisition
IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol.- 8, December 2011 (p 131-140) The Study of Errors and Feedback in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Research: Strategies used by the ELT practitioners in Bangladesh to address the errors their students make in learning English Md. Maksud Ali* Abstract: The study of errors and feedback is one of the major issues in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. The research in this area is so important because it gives the English language teaching (ELT) practitioners an opportunity to have an insight in understanding the nature of learners’ errors and in giving feedback to learners. Following quantitative method, this paper carries out an empirical cross-sectional survey research on errors and feedback in SLA in the context of Bangladesh in order to generalize the way in which the Bangladeshi ELT practitioners view their students’ errors and the ways they correct the errors. Key Words: Second Language (L2) Learners’ Errors, Mother Tongue (L1) Interference, Interlanguage, Contrastive Analysis (CA), Error Analysis (EA), Personal Competence, Fossilization, Feedback, Learner Autonomy 1 Introduction The study of errors made by the Second Language Learners (SLL) has been one of the major concerns in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. Earlier, it was generally considered that Second language (L2) Learners’ errors were the result of mother tongue (L1) interference. However, later there was a reaction against the view and some researchers came up with a new orthodoxy that ‘vast majority of errors’ were not due to L1 interference but rather they were because of their ‘unique linguistic * Lecturer, Department of English Language & Literature, IIUC. -
Big Data Suggest Strong Constraints of Linguistic Similarity on Adult Language T Learning ⁎ Job Schepensa, , Roeland Van Houtb, T
Cognition 194 (2020) 104056 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cognit Big data suggest strong constraints of linguistic similarity on adult language T learning ⁎ Job Schepensa, , Roeland van Houtb, T. Florian Jaegerc a Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Free University Berlin, Germany b Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands c Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: When adults learn new languages, their speech often remains noticeably non-native even after years of exposure. Second language learning These non-native variants (‘accents’) can have far-reaching socio-economic consequences for learners. Many Transfer factors have been found to contribute to a learners’ proficiency in the new language. Here we examine a factor Phonological similarity that is outside of the control of the learner, linguistic similarities between the learner’s native language (L1) and Accents the new language (Ln). We analyze the (open access) speaking proficiencies of about 50,000 Ln learners of Dutch Speech production with 62 diverse L1s. We find that a learner’s L1 accounts for 9–22% of the variance in Ln speaking proficiency. Speech perception This corresponds to 28–69% of the variance explained by a model with controls for other factors known to affect language learning, such as education, age of acquisition and length of exposure. We also find that almost 80% of the effect of L1 can be explained by combining measures of phonological, morphological, and lexical similarity between the L1 and the Ln. These results highlight the constraints that a learner’s native language imposes on language learning, and inform theories of L1-to-Ln transfer during Ln learning and use. -
Esl Strategies
ESL STRATEGIES A. A1 Total Physical Response (TPR) E. E1 Vary Complexity of Assignment Methodologies/ A2 Natural Approach Modified Class E2 One-on-One Instruction with Teacher or Aide Approaches A3 Cognitive Academic Language Learning Work (Based on E3 Modify Nature of Assignment (CALLA) Level of English E4 Substitute Diagram for Paragraph A4 Whole Language Approach Proficiency) E5 Use of Home Language for Instruction A5 Language Experience Approach (LEA) E6 Explain Key Concepts A6 Retelling a Story E7 Repeat / Paraphrase / Slow Down A7 Activating E8 Vocabulary with Context Clues B. B1 Flow Charts E9 Reading with a Specific Purpose Visuals B2 Maps E10 Use Simple, Direct Language (Limit Idioms) ▪ Graphic B3 Charts E11 Use all Modalities / Learning Styles Organizers B4 Graphs E12 Provide Meaningful Language Practice B5 Pictures E13 Drills (Substitution, Expansion, Paraphrase, B6 Semantic Webbing / Mapping Repetition) B7 T-Charts E14 Matching with Visuals B9 Venn Diagrams E15 Unscramble Sentences, Words, Visuals B10 Timelines E16 Categorize Vocabulary B11 Computer/Software E17 Context Clues E18 Outline Notes ▪ Other Audio/ B12 Realia E19 Directed Reading / Thinking Activity (DRTA) Visuals B13 Videos/Films / CD ROM E20 Semantic Feature Analysis B14 Demonstrations E21 SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) B15 Captioning E22 Summarizing B16 Labeling E23 Note-taking B17 Music / Songs E24 Word Banks B18 Jazz Chants / Raps E25 Repetition B19 Cassettes-Music / Books E26 Question-Answer Relationship (QAR) B20 Language Master C. C1 Peer Buddy F. F1 Guest Speakers Interactive C2 Small Group Activities Multicultural F2 Use of Community Resources Strategies C3 Pairs and Threes Resources F3 Cultural Sharing ▪ Cooperative C4 Jigsaw F4 Varied Holiday Activities Learning C5 “Corners” Activities C6 Think / Pair / Share G. -
Further Evidence for the Developmental Stages of Language Learning and Processability
US-China Education Review A 9 (2012) 813-825 D Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613 DAVID PUBLISHING Further Evidence for the Developmental Stages of Language Learning and Processability Evelyn Doman Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; University of Macau, Macau, China Few, if any, researchers would deny the existence of the developmental stages of language learning. However, there are questions about the applicability and the importance of the stages in pedagogy. Up to this point, these questions regarding the ESL (English as a second language) stages have never been addressed in a Japanese post-secondary educational context. This study is the only one of its kind to measure the developmental stages of a group of Japanese university students and to provide the learners with intensive instruction to see how much/if any changes are made to their interlanguage due to the instruction. As predicted by Pienemann’s Teachability Hypothesis (1992), only the learners who had met the prerequisites for instruction could acquire the grammatical points which were instructed. The results of this study point to the need among TESOL (Teaching English as a Second or Other Language) instructors to teach students only slightly above their current language levels. Keywords: developmental stages, Teachability Theory, grammar, SLA (second language acquisition) Introduction Developmental Stages of Second Language SLA (second language acquisition) research suggests overwhelmingly that language learning is a developmental process, which cannot be consciously controlled or predicted by teachers or learners (J. Willis & D. Willis, 2001, p. 179). There is a large amount of evidence supporting the notion that language learning for speakers of any language is systematic, irrespective of whether it is a first or second language (Pienemann, 1995, 1998; Heinsch, 1994; Doughty, 2003; Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991). -
Code-Switching in the Upper Secondary School EFL Classroom in Sweden
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIETY Department of Culture, Languages, and Media Degree Project with Specialization in English Studies in Education 15 Credits, Second Cycle Code-Switching in the Upper Secondary School EFL Classroom in Sweden Kodväxling i gymnasieskolans engelskklassrum i Sverige Moa Torvaldsdotter Master of Arts/Science in Education, 300 credits Examiner: Chrys Malilang English Studies in Education Supervisor: Shaun Nolan 7 June 2020 Abstract Code-switching has been shown to be beneficial for students’ language learning and for strengthening their identities. Despite this, it can be interpreted that code-switching is not encouraged in the syllabus for English in upper secondary school in Sweden. Because of this potential disagreement, this study aims to broaden the knowledge of how upper secondary school teachers relate to code-switching in their different classrooms. Thereby, this study seeks to examine some upper secondary school EFL teachers’ understanding of code-switching as well as the use of code-switching in their different classrooms. In this qualitative study, four upper secondary school teachers of English participated in semi-structured interviews followed by classroom observations. The teachers represent all courses of English at upper secondary school level and they represent schools with different programs and students with different first languages. The results show that the teachers have limited knowledge of code-switching and that they believe that a large amount of target language use in the classroom is favorable. Nevertheless, the results also show that the teachers as well as their students use code- switching both intentionally and unintentionally for various purposes, but none of the participating teachers seem to use code-switching as a strategy to promote long-standing language acquisition. -
Modeling Language Variation and Universals: a Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing
Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing Edoardo Ponti, Helen O ’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulic, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova, Anna Korhonen To cite this version: Edoardo Ponti, Helen O ’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulic, Roi Reichart, et al.. Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing. 2018. hal-01856176 HAL Id: hal-01856176 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856176 Preprint submitted on 9 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing Edoardo Maria Ponti∗ Helen O’Horan∗∗ LTL, University of Cambridge LTL, University of Cambridge Yevgeni Berzaky Ivan Vuli´cz Department of Brain and Cognitive LTL, University of Cambridge Sciences, MIT Roi Reichart§ Thierry Poibeau# Faculty of Industrial Engineering and LATTICE Lab, CNRS and ENS/PSL and Management, Technion - IIT Univ. Sorbonne nouvelle/USPC Ekaterina Shutova** Anna Korhonenyy ILLC, University of Amsterdam LTL, University of Cambridge Understanding cross-lingual variation is essential for the development of effective multilingual natural language processing (NLP) applications.