Culture, Languages, History: Integration and Border-Crossing
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The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: on the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction
The Secret Dossier of Finnish Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim: On the Diplomatic Prelude of World War II Toomas VARRAK* Abstract Introduction In addition to oral tradition, the knowledge The standard historical presentation and understanding of history is based on of WWII can be epitomised as a written sources. Therefore it is highly significant narrative about a clash between when research is able to introduce hitherto good and evil in which victory is unknown material that can shed new light on inveterate truths. This was the case with the rightfully won by the good. That study “Finland at the Epicentre of the Storm” standard was cast into serious doubt by Finnish historian Erkki Hautamäki. The in 2005 by Finnish historian Erkki study dealt with the diplomatic prelude to Hautamäki, whose research was based World War II, and was based on a secret dossier on documents originating from secret by Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim. The dossier was transferred to President J. K. Paasikivi dossier S-32 of Finnish Marshal, 1 after the war, and then disappeared from Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim. The public eye. Fortunately, its main items were documents of the dossier originated either copied or a synopsis was made on the from the two different sources. First, request of the Marshal by his long-time trustee, they represented the documents of Vilho Tahvanaine. On the basis of these copies, Hautamäki was able to propose an entirely new German officials, including a personal view of the diplomatic manoeuvring which led letter by Reichsmarschall Hermann to the outbreak of WW II. -
The Finno-Soviet Conflict of 1939-1945 in November 1939 a War Broke out Between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finl
the Finno-Soviet conflict of 1939-1945 In November 1939 a war broke out between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finland. The causes of the conflict lay primarily in the world political situation. Germany had already began a war of conquest by invading Poland September first of the same year. Soviet Union sought to protect its borders in view of surging fascist ideas and Germany’s intents to expand. The Soviet Union had primarily wanted to solve the dispute diplomatically before the outbreak of the war. To safeguard itself, the USSR had two aims: First, to move the Finno-Russian border further away from Leningrad, giving Finland a twofold area of land further north along the border in return. Second, to stop any outside force from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territories. The Soviets also wanted some certain strategically important areas, including a few islands in the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent a landing to Finland or the Baltics. The suggestions put forward by the Soviet Union were discussed between the states. The Soviet Union was interested in a mutual defense treaty with Finland. The Soviets and Finland would repel an attacker together should they tread on Finland. Representatives from both countries met over half a dozen times, but in the end the offer was refused. The reasons were numerous; the leaders of the state harbored an aggressive “Greater Finnish” ideology that they had fermented within the populace all throughout 1920’s and 30’s. The idea of Greater Finland was based on the goal of incorporating northwestern parts of the Soviet Union into Finland. -
From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe. -
Urho Kekkonen, MP, Speaks About the Moscow Peace Treaty in the Closed Session of the Finnish Parliament, March 15, 1940
Urho Kekkonen, MP, speaks about the Moscow Peace Treaty in the closed session of the Finnish Parliament, March 15, 1940 Deputy K e k k o n e n: The present Government was confronted with a harder decision than any other previous state body responsible for the fate of the people of Finland. One can only imagine, how hard it has been to approve the present choice, in the face of which the Parliament and the people of Finland now stand as powerless witnesses. But choosing the other alternative, continuing the war, had neither been an easy one. Despite of this, I venture to believe that the people of Finland had still chosen the latter path, if it had been in the position to give the decisive opinion, how hard this ever might have been. During the hard days of war, an ever stronger belief in our just cause grew constantly among our people, expressed also by growing will to sacrifice everything for our righteous cause. It is just this preparedness to fight until the very end, and aversion to any reconciliation when the vital interests, and moreover, when the very foundation for the existence of the nation is at stake, is to my mind a clear indication of the true spiritual basis of our people. This basis we must keep strong. Therefore, we should avoid teaching a philosophy of submission as a justification for making peace. If this kind of philosophy becomes the official philosophy of the state and the people, the spiritual upright for keeping up the will to independence will be broken. -
HISTORY, DIALOGUE of LANGUAGES and CULTURES May 17–19, 2012, Narva, Estonia
CROSSING BORDERS: HISTORY, DIALOGUE OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES May 17–19, 2012, Narva, Estonia ABSTRACT BOOK ABSTRACT BOOK CROSSING BORDERS: HISTORY, DIALOGUE OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 5th International Scientific Conference on the Border of the EU in Narva, Estonia May 17–19, 2012, Narva, Estonia ABSTRACT BOOK SPONSORS Senior Editor: Olga Burdakova Editing and proofing of the abstracts: Anna Golubeva, Niina Raud Layout by Tarmo Käärik Printed at SATA OÜ, Narva © Narva College of the University of Tartu and authors, 2012 ISBN 978-9985-4-0701-1 Contents Conference Programme May 17, 2012 8 Conference Programme May 18, 2012 10 Conference Programme May 19, 2012 14 Conference Committees 18 Abstracts 21 Ágnes Pál 23 Short History of Research of the Southern Great Plain Border Laura Assmuth 24 Rural Belongings: Baltic Russian Identities in Estonian and Latvian Borderlands Elena Nikiforova & Robert Kaiser 25 Constructing Collective Memory at the Estonian-Russian Border: Narva, Nomadology, and the Go Game Giovanni Savino 29 Galician-Russian Society and the Formation of a Russian Identity in Galicia, 1902–1916 Ekaterina Sobennikova 30 Russian Women in Finland: Between Russian, Finnish and European Identities Natalia Galetkina, Olga Burdakova, & Jelena Rootamm-Valter 31 Narva Civic Organisations in the Past and Present Sirje Annik & Diana Maisla 33 Students’ Emotional Connection to the Estonian Language Petr Skryabin & Julia Skryabina 37 Pushing Boundaries in Development of Remote Education in the Far East of Russia Anastassia Rezepova & Natalia Tshuikina -
Conflict and Cooperation in Public Space. Symbolic (Re)Negotiation of Historic and Contemporary Scandinavian-Russian Border1
ISSN 2078–4333. ȼɿɫɧɢɤɅɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ. ɋɟɪɿɹɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ. 2016. ȼɢɩɭɫɤ 38. C. 106–126 Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series International Relations. 2016. Issue 38. P. 106–126 ɍȾɄ 327(48-04:470):[352:351.88](091) CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN PUBLIC SPACE. SYMBOLIC (RE)NEGOTIATION OF HISTORIC AND CONTEMPORARY SCANDINAVIAN-RUSSIAN BORDER1 Heino Nyyssönen University of Tampere, vul. Kalevantie 4, Tampere, Finland, 33100, tel. (+358 3) 355 111, e-mail: [email protected] Jarosáaw JaĔczak Adam Mickiewicz University, 89a, Umultowska Str., PoznaĔ, Poland, 61-614, tel. (+48 061) 829 6625 / European University Viadrina, Große Scharrnstrasse 5, 15230 Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany, tel. (+49 335) 5534 2581, e-mail: [email protected] Border twin towns are locations of particular symbolic importance for governing projects aimed at the creation of national and international spaces. Local and central authorities have utilised public monuments and other symbols there as a way of «inventing tradition» [15], and narrating about conflict, cooperation and even collaboration legacies. The metaphor of «integration laboratories» [13] makes them perfect places for border (re)negotiation [5]. Referring also to Reinhart Koselleck’s [27] ideas concerning war memorials we argue that monuments represent symbols exhibited in public space: they have a specific function, in hinting something, «which does not exist as a thing or matter immediately perceptible to the senses» [38, p.40]. Moreover, a symbol «tells about some other reality and is the crystallization of a linguistic description» [38, p. 40]. In this way, «materially existing objects are often useful in embodying and presenting abstract ideas, such as unfriendly relations, international socialism or EU integration, as well as strengthening a populace in their convictions toward these ideas» [5, p. -
Crimes Against the People – a Sui Generis Socialist International Crime?
Journal of the History of International Law 21 (2019) 299–329 JHIL brill.com/jhil Crimes against the People – a Sui Generis Socialist International Crime? Tamás Hoffmann Centre for Social Sciences Institute for Legal Studies, Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Budapest [email protected] Received: 16 March 2018; Revised: 20 July 2018; Accepted: 28 September 2018; published online: 01 July 2019 Abstract Crimes against humanity is one of the core crimes in international criminal law, whose existence is treated as a natural reaction to mass atrocities. This idea of linear prog- ress is challenged by this article, which demonstrates that in post-Second World War Hungary an alternative approach was developed to prosecute human rights violation committed against civilian populations. Even though this concept was eventually used as a political weapon by the Communist Party, it had long-lasting effects on the pros- ecution of international crimes in Hungary. Keywords international criminal law – crimes against humanity – international crimes – Hungary 1 Introduction – Enforcement of Humanity as a Cosmopolitan Value The history of international law is often presented as a linear story of progress where international catastrophes inevitably lead to eventual breakthroughs in © Tamás Hoffmann, 2019 | doi:10.1163/15718050-12340113 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-NDDownloaded 4.0 License. from Brill.com09/24/2021 10:13:16AM via free access 300 Hoffmann legal regulation.1 In this vein, the creation of the category of crimes against humanity is repeatedly portrayed as a natural result of the effort to criminalize crimes committed against civilian populations during World War II. -
From Stockholm to Tallinn the North Between East and West Stockholm, Turku, Helsinki, Tallinn, 28/6-6/7/18
CHAIN Cultural Heritage Activities and Institutes Network From Stockholm to Tallinn the north between east and west Stockholm, Turku, Helsinki, Tallinn, 28/6-6/7/18 Henn Roode, Seascape (Pastose II, 1965 – KUMU, Tallinn) The course is part of the EU Erasmus+ teacher staff mobility programme and organised by the CHAIN foundation, Netherlands Contents Participants & Programme............................................................................................................2 Participants............................................................................................................................3 Programme............................................................................................................................4 Performance Kalevala..............................................................................................................6 Stockholm................................................................................................................................10 Birka...................................................................................................................................11 Stockholm...........................................................................................................................13 The Allah ring.......................................................................................................................14 The Vasa.............................................................................................................................15 -
Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities
ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC CONTEXT OF IDENTITY: FINNO-UGRIC MINORITIES Uralica Helsingiensia5 Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities EDITED BY RIHO GRÜNTHAL & MAGDOLNA KOVÁCS HELSINKI 2011 Riho Grünthal, Magdolna Kovács (eds): Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities. Uralica Helsingiensia 5. Contents The articles in this publication are based on presentations given at the sympo- sium “Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities” held at the University of Helsinki in March, 2009. Layout, cover Anna Kurvinen Riho Grünthal & Magdolna Kovács Cover photographs Riho Grünthal Introduction 7 Map on page 269 Arttu Paarlahti Maps on pages 280, 296, and 297 Anna Kurvinen Johanna Laakso Being Finno-Ugrian, Being in the Minority ISBN 978-952-5667-28-8 (printed) – Reflections on Linguistic and Other Criteria 13 ISBN 978-952-5667-61-5 (online) Orders • Tilaukset Irja Seurujärvi-Kari ISSN 1797-3945 Tiedekirja www.tiedekirja.fi “We Took Our Language Back” Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Kirkkokatu 14 [email protected] – The Formation of a Sámi Identity within the Sámi Sastamala 2011 FI-00170 Helsinki fax +358 9 635 017 Movement and the Role of the Sámi Language from the 1960s until 2008 37 Uralica Helsingiensia Elisabeth Scheller Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published jointly by the University of Helsinki Finno-Ugric The Sámi Language Situation Language Section and the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features monographs and thematic col- in Russia 79 lections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. -
The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946
Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2 Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors) E-Offprint: Immi Tallgren, “Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946”, in Morten Bergsmo, CHEAH Wui Ling and YI Ping (editors), Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2, FICHL Publication Series No. 21 (2014), Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Brussels, ISBN 978-82-93081-13-5. First published on 12 December 2014. This publication and other TOAEP publications may be openly accessed and downloaded through the website www.fichl.org. This site uses Persistent URLs (PURL) for all publications it makes available. The URLs of these publications will not be changed. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2014. All rights are reserved. 36 ______ Martyrs and Scapegoats of the Nation? The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 1945–1946 Immi Tallgren* 36.1. Why and How to Write about the Finnish War-Responsibility Trial Today? In place of a complicated empirical world, men hold to a relatively few, simple, archetypal myths, of which the conspiratorial enemy and the omnicompetent hero-savior are the central ones. In consequence, people feel assured by guidance, certainty and trust rather than paralyzed by threat, bewilderment, and unwanted personal responsibility for making judgements.1 For the political historian Karl Deutsch, a nation is “a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours”. Accounts of the past are one of the ways in which individuals and communities construct their identity. -
Cumtux Article: Väinö and Lempi Koskela and the Finnish-Russian War 1939-40
Väino and Lempi Koskela and the Finnish-Russian War 1939-40 By Greg Jacob Overview of the War When the Russian troops overran he Winter War, a military the Finnish defenses on the Karelian conflict between the Soviet Union Isthmus, known as the “Mannerheim T and Finland, began November 30, 1939. Line,” Finland, facing exhaustion and It was a short-lived conflict, ending depletion of ammunition, agreed to on March 13, 1940 with the Moscow peace terms. Peace Treaty. Finland had to cede eleven percent In 1939, Joseph Stalin, worried that of their territory (western Karelia), German aggression would threaten St. 22,000 square miles, to the Soviet Petersburg, wanted to install Soviet Union and agree to the construction military facilities on Finnish soil, of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko acquire territories on the Karelian Peninsula. The Moscow Peace Treaty Isthmus and the islands of the Gulf came at a heavy cost for the Soviet of Finland, and secure a 30-year lease Union, which lost over 300,000 men for a naval base at Hanko (Hangö). compared to 65,000 for the Finns. Fearing Soviet expansion, Finland refused those demands, and Stalin, Väino and Lempi Koskela sure of expending little effort to get Väino and Lempi Koskela, 94 and his demands, sent almost one million 93 years old, both served in the Winter troops of the Red Army into Finland War and the Continuation War. On an on November 30. invite from Väino’s uncle Sam, Väino The Finns were led by Marshal moved to Duluth, MN in 1956. -
Business Plan.Pdf
Business plan for the Wilderness Guide Cooperative Äes Antti Emil Pöysä 2017 Business plan for the Wilderness Guide Cooperative Äes Antti Emil Pöysä A business plan submitted to the School of Tourism and Maritime Technology of Polytechnic Institute of Leiria in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's Degree in Sustainable Tourism Management Business plan written under the supervision of Professor Luís Lima Santos and Professor Conceição Gomes 2017 Executive summary Thesis in Finnish is opinnäytetyö, a word that can be translated as "showcasing of what has been learned". Firstly, this business plan is written to apply, as versatilely as possible, what I have learned in the University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics Berlin's Bachelor in International Business program and later in the Polytechnic of Leiria's Master in Sustainable Tourism Management program. Secondly, the business plan utilises my experience and networks in organising up to three week wilderness tours, which I have done in more or less wild environments in Finland, Portugal, and Russia. The reasoning and justifications in this plan are possibly more thorough than a regular business plan would have, since this one is done partly for academic purposes. Despite the academic approach, the business plan is still a functional and flexible decision making tool. One of the goals was to write a plan that can be easily understood and followed by the internal stakeholders of the business. The business plan is for a company that offers one to two weeks guided, self–sustained wilderness tours in the Finnish Lapland, which are done by hiking, paddling, or skiing.