The Geological Society of America, Inc.
Microform Publication 21
Geology of the Grand Canyon: Guide and Index to A Published Graphic and Tabular Data (Excluding f?aleontology)
Measured Stratigraphic Sections, Cross-Sections, Correlation Diagrams, Maps, Data Presented in Figures and Tables, Photographs, Geological Road logs and Colorado River Guides, and Miscellaneous Lists
Stratigraphic, Geographic, and Subject Indexes
Cross-Indexed to G(�o/ogy of the Grand Canyon: An Annotated Bibliography Geological Society of America Microform Publications
13, 14, 17, and 20, Volumes 1 through 4
Earle E. Spamer Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Published by The Geological Socie1y of Arr•erica, Inc. 3300 Penrvse Place, P.O. B:�x 9140 Boulder, Colorado 80301
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Published by The Geological Society of America. L1c. 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140 Boulder. Colorado 80301
Printed in U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-PublicationData Spamer, Earle E. Geology of the Grand Canyon · a guide and index to published graphic and tabular data (excluding paleontology) 1 Earle E. Spa mer. microfiche. - (Micro�orm publication I The Geological Society of America . 21) "Measured stratigraphic sections, cross-sections, correlation diagrams. maps. data presented in ftgures and tables. photographs, geological road logs, and Coloradlo River guides, and miscellaneous lists." "Stratigraphic, geographic, and subject indexes." "Cross-indexed to Geology of the Grand Car>yon : an annotated bibliography." Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0·8137 ·6021-6 (microfiche) 1. Spamer, Earle E. Geology of the Grand Canyon-Indexes. 2. Geology-Arizona-Grand Canyon-Bibliography-Indexes. 3. Geology-Arizona-Grand Canyon-Maps-Indexes. I. :Spamer, Earle E. Geology ol the Grand Canyon. II. Geological Society of America. Ill. Tille. IV. Series: Microform publication: 21. [Z6034.U5A75 1983 suppi.J [QE86.G73) 016.55791'32-dc20 90-2952 CIP
Authors address: Earle E. Spamer The Academy of Natural Sciences cf Phil�·delphia 19th and the Pati 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Contents General Introduction v Historical Overview of Geologica! Studies in the Grand Canyon VJ 1. IntrCY.Iuction to Granct Canyon Geological Studies vi 2. Stratigraphic Nomenclature XV Introductory References Cited xxxvii Organization of This Volume xi vi Part I 1 Guide to Published Graphic and Tabuiar IJata on Granrl Canyon Geology (Excluding Paleontology) Introduction 2 Abbreviations 4 Conversion Factors 5 1. Measured Stratigraphic Sections 7 2. Cross-Sections 31 3. Correlation Diagrams 98 4. Maos 124 5. Data Presented in Graphs and Tables 214 6. Photographs 316 7. Geologic Road Logs and Colorado River Guides 460 8. Miscellaneous Lists 464 iii Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 iv Part II 468 Index to Citations: Vols. 1-4 of Geology of the Grand Cav..yon: An Annotated Bibliography (Geological Society of America �licroform Publications 13, 14: 17, 20) Incorporating a Cross-Index to the Guide to Published Graphic and Tabular Data on Grand Canyon Geology Introduction 469 Author Index 471 Chronological Index 528 Part Ill 587 Special Supplement to Geology of the Grand Canyon: An Annotated Bibliography New Citation� Not Included in Vols. 1-4 Special Supplement 588 Part IV 591 Indexes to the Guide to Published r.raphic and Tabular Data on Grand Canyon Geology (Excluding Paleontology) Introduction 592 Stratigraphic Index 594 Geographic Index 612 Subject Index 649 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 General Introduction The geological literature about the Grand Canyon does not crwer a terribly long period of time, at least in comparison with the age of modem geology. The first scientist to visit the Grand Canyon was the geolo�ist John Strong Newberry, who arnved the:re with the lves military exploring expedition in April, 1858. The first definitive geological report about the Grand Canyon was Newberry's (1861) "Geological Report", published as Part 3 of the single volume, Report upon the Colorado River of the West (lves, 1861). This pioneering work was the oniy volume available to geologist John Wesley Powell--the Canyon's first true explorer--when he plamled his first journey down the Colorado River in 1869. After Powell's second expedition, in 1871-1872, and after he published his narrative of the expeditions (Powell, 1875), the Canyon surged into the scientific and popular interest. It is a captivating subject even today, a<; the literature testifies. What began as an almost inconsequential mention of "the Big c::aiion" in a geomorphological monograph completed by January, 1856 (Hitchcock, 1857), and followed by just two major publications during the next two decades, now is a publishing record of scores of titles each year. And within the hundreds of papes and monographs that have been produced, especially in the last few decades, there is a tremendous amount of data which can be extracted only by lengthy, sometimes laborious ar.d serendipitous, scanning and cross-referencing. About ten years ago, compilation of an annotated bibliography of Grand Canyon geology (including paleontology) was begun. The first volume was published as a Microform Publication of the Geological Society of America (Spamer, 1983). Since then three supplements have been prepared, adding newly found citations and extending the coverage to 19�9 (Spamer, 1984b, 1988, 1990). Concurrently, but intennittently, work was undertaken to compile a guide to all of the infonnation in the Grand Canyon geological literature provided by graphic presentations and tabular arrangements of data. The present volume is the result A truly comprehensive index, encompassing infonnation given in text, too, would be the most preferable guide to the century :md a quarter of the Grand Canyon geological literature. But such a task. with present re.�urces, is prohibitive. Thus the "Guide to Published Graphic and Tabular Data on Grand Canyon Geology (Excluding Paleontology)", as presented here, is only an entrance to the huge database of Grand Canyon geology. The citations included in this guide are a listing of the most accessible, and most organized, data on Grand Canyon geology. (fhe paleontological disciplines are the subject of another project, still in progress.) The purpose of this volume, beyiJnd its immediate use as an index to published data, is to consolidate in one volume all the widely dispersed hard data that may be of value to researchers. By quoting the original legends and captions, and by supplementing them with comments or indications of the contents of the figure or table, the user should be able to determine just what items may be of intere!>t to the research project at hand. The author wishes to stress, however, that this first attempt at sucn a compendium may not satisfy all the needs of various workers. Critiques and suggestions will be welcomed. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Historical Overview of Ge11Iogical Studies in the Grand Canyon 1. lmroduction to Grand Canyon Geological Studies The Grand Canyon has played a prominent role in many aspects of the development of the science of geology. Some principles which today are pan of geological textbooks were either developed or practically demonstrated in the Canyon. The late &lwin D. McKee, whom we may argue was the most productive of Grand Canyon geologists, summarized the significance of the Canyon to geology (McKee, 1983a): "The Grand Canyon with its rock walls extending nearly 200 miles (320 krn] from east to west along the course of the Colorado River is geologically outstanding, primarily because of its record of earth history. This record is displ ayed in a :;equence of rock layers, upon another, in a simple, orderly fashion--layers that little distwbed by faultingone or folding. The magnitude and the quality of this areexhibit establish it as a truly remarkable demonstration of the principles of stratigraphy. Because its 11C3fly contiiluous rock exposures are little concealed by talus or by vegetz.tion, the Grand Canyon presents an ideal medium for tracing in time and in space changes in fossil life and sedimem. "Doubtless because of the excellent opponunities to observe and to demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, various concepts in the field of stratigraphic geology, numerous basic geologic principles have been initially recognized o: greatly advanced through Grand Canyon studies. Among the most imponant are (l) the concept of facies, (2) the establishment of time planes in the form of key beds (marker beds), (3) the criteria for recognizing shoreline transgressior. anJ regression, (4) cyclothems of Pennsy lvanian and Permian age, (5) unconformi�1es and diastems, and (6) base-level changes controlling sedimentary accumulation. All these concepts and others represented in strata of the Grand Canyon and knJwledge of dtem has been greatlyarc enhanced by canyon studies. our "Numerous procedures have been applied and tested during the establishment of various geological concepts in Grand Canyon strata. Approaches include the: preparation and analysis of various types of maps such as isopach, lithofacies. paleogeographic, and environmental. Further. the plooing of data on stratigraphic columns and fence diagrams has proven especially useful in recording data in three dimensions. Various 1YP'5 of statistical studies--especially those that determine trends in cross-bedding vectors, ripple orientation, grain size and sorting distribution, insoluble residues and calcium-magnesium ratios--have proven to be useful Finally. the formulation of classifications of various rock propenies, such as fossil assemblages, grain auributes, and cross-strata genesis as found in Grand Canyon strata. has received muchntion. atte "Second in geological inte:est only to the Eanh's history as recorded in the walls of Grand Cany on is the story of the Canyon's origin. This geomorphic event, especially asit involves the genesis of the Colorado River and uplift of the Colorado Plateau, was the: subject of several pioneer treatises on the area, notably those by Powell and Dutton. In a symposium designed to summarize the state of knowledge vi Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 VII on this subject, sponsored by the Museum of Nonhero Arizona in 1967 [McKee et the al., 1967), lhe conclusion was reached that, atthat time, many aspects of Colorado River history were not known and that although numerous problems requiring future study were indicated, ottly a foundatiott had been laid for further investigatioos. During the century starting with Powell's work in 1875. at least eight hypoiheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of the Colorado River in Orand Canyon. and new ideas continue tobe proposed ar.rlto flourish. "Additional aspects of geology to have aroused interest in and around Grand Canyon and to have stimulated notewor'.hy investigations are structure, paleontology, and volcanism. Structural problems intimately related to those of historical geology already cited, for they determineare the time and cause of major events involving erosion and deposition. They are also important to an wtderstanding of the plateau up�.. which was a major factor in the cutting of Grand Canyon." From the time that the first scientific explorers reached the Grand Canyon in 1858, this chasm has been studied and restudied by generations of geologists. For as grandly simple as this place appears, geologically, we continue to be presenteri with new facts, new interpretations, and new lessons. Probably nowhere else on this planet can so much be learned about geology, at one location, than at the Grand Canyon. This was recognized from the outset, and still is true today. It is not difficult to single out those early geologists who had the greatest impact on studies of the geology of the Grand Canyon; thtre are only a few. But as we progress through the 20th Century, particularly in tbe years following W.:�rld War II, i• is more difficult to select authors who were most significant in developing the understanding of Grand Canyon geology. Today is a time of specialization, and many workers have reported important findings within their disciplines. Many authors who could have been mentioned here have not, lest this introduction increase to monographic length. Readers who wish more specific reviews of the development of geological research in the Grand Canyon should consult three references: McKee (1969) discussed earlier investigations of the stratified rocks of the Grand Canyon, Spamer (1984a) has reviewed the development of paleontological studies there, and Spamer (1989) has summarized the non-paleontological aspects of geology as investigated in the Canyon. The present overview simply notes the trends in the development of Grand Canyon geological studies. The first e; ''The famous 'Big calion' was �fon: us; and for a long time we paused in wondering delight, surveying this stupendous formation through which the Colorado and its tributaries break its way." However, lves was more impressed by the desolation of the region, and the privations of the journey were taking their tol! on him. He was later moved to write, on 18 April (Ives, 1861, Pt. 1, p. 110): Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 viii "The region last explored is, of course, altogether valueless. It can be approached only from the south, and after entering it there is nothing to do but to leave. Ours has been the first, and will doubtless be the last, pany of whites to visit •h ;� profitless locality. It seems intended by nature that the Colorado river, alont, greater portion of its lor.t..ly and majestic way, shall be forever unvisited a.JI\l undisturbed." Exploration of this region might have ended had the lves Expedition not included John Strong Newberry, Balduin MOllhausen. and the Freiherr F. W. von Egloffstein. Mollhausen and Egloffstein presented the first artistic views of the Grand Canyon (even if moody and imaginary), and Egloffsteio compiled the first reasonably accurate maps of the region. Newberry's (1861) geological report of the expedition contains a number of important observations, reliably describing the Canyon for the first time in the literature. MOllhausen (18601, 1861) may have gotten into print before Newberry with a description of the geology of the route travelled, but that account does not compare in detail with Newberry's report. (Mollhausen's volumes are scarce, apparently not having been widely distributed as was Ives' volume containing Newberry's report, and never have been translated from the German. Mollbausen's stratigraphic columns for the Grand Canyon region have been reprinted by Spamer, 1984b, pp. 41-45.) Newberry recognized the scientific and aesthetic value of the Grand Canyon region. His geological report offers the usual descriptions of stratigraphic relationships, economic depc•sits, paleontology, but it also recognizes the fluvial origin of the and Canyon, discrediting a volcanic genesis for the canyon complex. He also postulated the paleogeographic extent of the "Palaeozoic com.:nent." His description of the Grand Canyon generally is quite clinical, lacking embellishment, but his stratigraphic column for the Canyon, the first ever published, is at once historical and quite accurate. Newbe._rry attempted to correlate the Grand Canyon strata with the much more also well-known of North He was, however, confounded by the apparent areas America. absence of well-preserved fossils upon which he was depending for time-stratigraphic correlation. Newberry's success at this was feeble only due to the lack of information from wide areas of the American West, but the attempt was laudable. It provided a for Powell's historic expeditions through the length of the Grand Canyon benchmarklittle more than a later. decade 1869, Joh'l Wesley Powell led an intrepid group of explore-rs boat along the In hy length of the Green and Colorado Rivers. Departing from the town of Green River, Utlh, on 24 May 1869, they reached Marble Canyon below Lees Ferry (usually considered to be the of the Canyon) on August. By that time they already bead Grand S were well into unknown territory, whence many people believed the party would not return. But the group survived together until they reached Separation Canyon Rapids on 28 August, where members of the party decided leave the expedition. The three three to cited unknown dangers on the questionable length of the remaining voyage, as well as deplete.d rations. Their fate was not provident; they were never seen again, and were said to have been killed by 1le Native Americans of the region. Ironically, Powell and party w� nearly through the long reach of canyons, and near the end of their journey: they reached the Wash Oiffs--the end of the Grand Canyon--the next day. Grand Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 ix PoweJl repeated the expedition in 1871-1872, accumulating enough infonnation about the territory to begin writing sev.-nl important government-sponsored publications on the geology and geog.-aphy of the arid lands of the American West. He went on :o become tbe second director of the U.S. Geological Survey. He was so taken by the land and its pt."'ple that be also produced scholarly studies of the ethnogro.phy of the American Indians of the region, and he Jater headed the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Etbnology. Powell was encouraged to write an acccunt of his explorations of the canyons of the Green and Colorado Rivers. In 1875, his narrative was published by the Smith sonian Institution. account is written as though it were a single journey--the one The made 869-- g from the notes of botlt expeditions. It also apparently dtaws in 1 �rrowin heavily from memory. The journals kept by severcJ of expedition meu1bers, the including Powell, have been and published together in chronological order edited (Cooley, 1988). With parallel CQillparisons quoted from the later published narratives written by some of the explorers, is clear that the short, terse field notes were greatly h embellished, though not usually exaggerated, for publication. Regarlling the geology of the Grand Ca.1yon, Powell wrote just a few different iicems. 1873, he published a paper in which structucal influences on In he descri!Jed valley formation in the region north of the Canyt·n (Powell, 1873a). In 1876, in a report on the geology of part the Uinta Mountains of he briefly outlined the Grand cf Utah, Canyon section in pages (pp. 60-62). 'lba: short description, however, is three significant to Orand Canyon geologists because he fom•�ly described what today we call the Middle and Late Proterozoic Grand Canyon Supergroup. His !875 volume, though. remains the classic first thorough description of the Canyon. The first generalized stratigraphic column of the entire Grand Canyon section appeared therein. He also published the physiographic diagram showing the cross-sectional structure fli'St of the Grand Canyon region. 1871, an expedition led by Captain George M. Wheeler, U.S. Army Corps of In Topographical Engineers, travelled overland through the Grand Canyon region. They circumvented the Canyon-proper by travelling southward to Colorado River along the Grand Wash. The Grand Wash Cliffs delineate western physiogra:>hic boundary the between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range provinces. Gilbert (1872, 1875). Lyle (1872), and Marvine (1875) published narrations of the journey past the mouth of "Big Canon." By the time Powell and Wheeler had completed their forays into the Grand Canyon region, it was becoming clear to geologists that the whole Colorado Plateau was a district in which the geologist could formulate and test ideas new to science. Gilbert (1876) was quick to de be opportunities given geologists who ventured onto the scri the to plateaus and into the canyons. Vinuall) ;.)very discipline then known to the science of geology could be investigated in a new light The first monograph to treat the geology of the Grand Canyon region easily answered the promises made by Gilbert Published in 1882. the Tertiary History of the by Captain Clarence Edward Dutton, U.S. Army was a Grand Canon District, Ordnance, monumental production, outstanding in its scope presentation. this volume was and lr. unfolded the definitive geological description of the region. Dutton's prose is timeless; Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 X in parts it reads as a travelogue, quite personable in its descriptions of a land completely foreign to its readers in the East. This style, Dutton said, was done purposely to tmpress upon the reader important facts which might have been overlooked if they had been presented in more formally written language. The attempt was successful and well received Accompanying Dutton's text is the atlas, a folio-sized volume of 23 sheets, most of them double width. It contains the fust geological nwps of the Canyon, but, more impressively, exquisite panoramas of the Canyon and adjacent plateaus drawn by the preeminent artists William lL Holmes and Thomas Moran. These views, unlike the somber, Dantean, sometimes ghostly views by Mollhausen and Egloffstein (in Ives, 1&61), were photographic in precision. More than for any other reason, the artistic portrayals sparked the world's love affair with the Canyon. Dutton's monograph, including the epic atl:s, has been acclaimed by bibliographers and bibliophiles as the quintessential publication about the Grand Canyon--popular or scientific. Its scientific merits aside, it was a monumental publication from a technical viewpoint and for its aesthetic appeal. The atlas is visually imposing, and the maps contained therein are to this day remarkably accurate, even if greatly expanded and embellished by a century of continued work. The stunning panoramic views are to this day without compare. About this work, the bib1iographer Francis P. Farquhar (1953, p. 49) commented, "One of the greateSt. if not the ¥e7f gr-..atest of all Orand Canyon books, it should berepublished in a form wonhy of its cont.�nl On its technical side it would doubtless need some corrections and explanations, but as a description of the Grand Canyon it stands firm. • • The atlas, containing the superb panoramic views by 'Ji'illiam H. Holmes and a drawing by Thomas Monn, is a rich portfolio of art as well as a collection of maps and an exposition of geology." Tbe prospect of reissuing Dutton's monograph calls for pause when one sees the atlas. But iu 1977, Perigrine Smith, Inc., of Santa Barbara, Califomia, and Salt Lake City, Utah, released a facsimile edition of the monograph and atlru: with an introduction by the histo an Wallace Stegner. He noted the century of acclaim received by Dutton's Tertiary P:story,n received "perhaps because art ages less swiftly than science." Powell's expeditions are said to :1ave been a "second opening" of thl American West (see Stegner, 1954), but Dutton's monograph is the one most significant pu�lication that launched American geologists--and southwestern North America as a field for new geological studie--into tbe world view. In it Dutton presented the data necessary to interpret the Tertiary history of the Grand Canyon �gion; simply put, how the Grand Canyon got to be grand Dutton explained bow the structure of the Grand Canyon region directly influenced the development of the chasm and its myriad tributaries and sculpted landforms. In interpreting the history of the Colorado River, he considered it to have been present early in Tertiary time, as the outlet of "the great Eocene lake." The Grand Canyon itself was c-teated much later, wben the land was uplifted. "Corrasion and weathering" were the recurring tenets through the volume; these forces, above all else, "explain how those abnormal architectural forms so abundantly displayed in the chasm and the region roundabout have been generated" (Dutton, 1882, p. 8). In examin ing such variables as cliff recession and stratigraphic ir-"(\mogeneity, Dutton also Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xi developed a picture of variable rates of reces�ion in of horizontal areas strati�,phy, a basic tenet of geomorphology. While Dutton was prepc'\ring definitive monograph, the young Charles Doolittle his Walcott already published the first of many papers that would wholly or partly bad deal with the Grand Canyon. his first assignment for the new U.S. Geological Survey, On Walcott went down Kanab from Utah to its confluence the Colorado Creek with River, along wbat McKee (1946) would later call "the trail of scientists." Walcott (1880) de�"''ibed the Paleozoic strata as they occur through Kanab Canyon, redefining several stratigraphic boundaries from the usage of Powell (which Dutton would again red�;.iine). winter of 1883, Walcott, under Powell's direction, blazed a In tl.-e horse trail from the Kaibab Plateau into the Nankoweap Canyon area, in easternmost Grand Canyon (Walcott, 1884). This trail, today called the Nankoweap Trail, is not maintained He spent several months studying the "pre-Carboniferous" strata in that part of the Car.yon and was the first to spend time exploring the interesting strata that comprise the Late Proterozoic Chuar Group. Together, Walcott's papers (1883, 1884) describing of most the Grand Canyon stratigraphic section, are the pioneering works of systematic Grand Canyon stratigraphy. attention to fossils was more as an aid in His stratigraphic correlation Throughout Walcott's working career, in publications through 1925, he repeatedly retumef. the infOimation provided by the Grand Canyon in Spamer, 1983). He to (see was the first geologist to continually employ the Grand Canyon data in works of global perspective. The Grand ca.,yon was recognized as an important elenlent in wor!Jwide time-stratigraphic correlation, and so it was a key in Walcutt's many works on Precambrian and Cambrian stratigraphy, paleontology, and evolutior•. Walcott was reporting from Grand Canyon, other geologists, one Once data the by one, began to take advantage of the Canyon's lessons. William Morris Davis, the father of modern process geomorphology, published several papers about the Canyon and surrounding plateaus. He was the first person to depart from the hypothesis of antecedence for the origin of Coiorado PJver (although Gilbert had questioned the the antecedent hypothesis). Davis (1901) did not f:-.il to interpret in his study of the Grand Canyon his most famous result of erosion, the peneplain. But, departing from Dutton, he favored a single cycle of erosion, with the Colorado River as a superposed stream, consequent upon a peneplain. This t!epa.rture the tenets of Powell, Dutton, and from Gilbert paved the way for new, more complex interpretations by other workers. The problem of the ori�n and history of tht>- Q.;ll)fado River has been researched and revised from Davis' time to the present. Early in the Century, new geologists were coming into the and were 20th scene attracted to the Grand Canyon. physiographers H. H. Robinson (1907, 1910) and The Douglas W. Johnson (1909) followed in Davis' footsteps in interpreting the history of the Grand Canyon landscape. With the opening of a route through Bright Angel Canyon, when Fral.l\lOis E. Matthes was mapping the Canyon in 1902-1903, Frederick L. Ransome was able to study the middle Proterozoic Unkar Group in that part of the Canyon; these strata before been studied only in the easternmost part of the Canyon. had Ransome's report (1908b) was the first to describe the relationship of strata to the these Bright Angel fault. He also (1 %�a) studied the stratigraphic relationships between the Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xii Paleozoic and Precambrian strata in the Canyon, comparing them with other. simil:u sequences in Arizona Later, Ransome (1917) would study the Paleozoic section of the Canyon, COITClating it with sttatigraphic sections elsewhere !n Arizona Stratigraphers Nelson Horatio Darton and Levi F. Noble both began publishing on the Grand Canyon in 1910; Noble concenttated his early labors in the eastern Gra.nC: Canyon, while Danon was looking at the Canyon as a critical element in the big picture of regional geology. Danon (1910) finally $Ubdivided the broadly defined and un,::ertainly delineated "Aubrey group" of Pennsylvanian and Permian strata; Noble (1914) :;ubdivided Gilbert's original Tonto Group (Cambrian) and the Unkar Group (Middle Proterozoic). Both authors continued to publish on the Grand Canyon for a number of years. Noble and Hunter (1917) wrote a relatively short paper that. for the first time, paid close attention to tiM. geology of the metamorphic basement compiex of the Grand Canyon, the Vishnu Group. They rt.COgnized eight geographically segregated groups of rocks and attempted to correlate them in a relative time frame. The complex Vishnu Group, still a subject of study, is difficult to explore becuse it can be reached only along the river and in deep side canyon�. By the mid-1920s, the Grand Canyon was well enot1gh known and sufficiently accessible to promote detailed studies by work.ers who were interested in specifie problems. In 1919, the Canyon was incorporated into the National Park system, and it!. new landlord, the National Part. Service, encouraged invesii:foltior.s of itr. new property. A village had grown up on the South Rim, catering to towists and transient scientists. The C�UJyon, for all its intrigue as a �ore, rugged pwt of America, was becoming a relatively accessible place. The village also allowed Park Service employees to "commute" to work. in some pans of the Canyon. This era was also the beginning of the great engineering projects designed to tame the Wild West for the benefit of ma.'l. :\ 1923 expedition was led down the Colorado River by E. C. La Rue. The party was to survey the riYer for possible dun sites for flood control and power generation; this included the seemmgly ideal Inner Gorge of the Grand Canyon. The comprehensive report (La Rue, 1925) included detailed topographic maps, reservoir capacity calculations, engineering notes, photographs, river profiles. and stratigraphic !le\.."tions. The appendix to that report, by Raymond C. Moore, examined the geolog-j of the Inner Gorge (Moore, 1925). This eJ.pedition wa� an imponant one early in Moore'& long, productive career. His position as expedition geologist was a singular honor, he being the first geologist since Powell to travel down th·! Colorado River through the Grand Canyon (Maples and Buchanan, 1989). Higher up, ir1 the open spaces of the Grand Canyon, detailed investigations of paleontological intelest were beginning. The Carnegie Institution of Washington funded several ongoing projects that. in part. were attempting to derive how various paleocommunities CC.'Uld be fitted into interpretations of evolution. Other studies examined S<'mething Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 X Ill The 1930s and 1940s brought deu.iled studies of the Pennian, Cambrian, and Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. McKee (1933) turned out a work on the Coconino Sandstone, the first of five extremely important monographs on various Paleozoic rock groups of the Canyon. In 1938, he published the monograph on the Kaibab and Toroweap Formations (formally naming the latter; McKee, 1938a), and in 1945, McKee and Resser's work on the Grand Canyon Cambrian was printed, having been delayed since 1942 by the war and based on field work done mostly in the latter half of the 1930s. The works by McKee were also supported by the Carnegie Institution. Before then Wheeler and Kerr (1936) bad published the only examination of the Grand Canyon Cambrian through the le�:�gth of the Canyon. Stoyanow (1936) correlated the Arizona Paleozoic formations between the Grand Canyon and exposures in central and southern Ariwll The structural and geomorphological work by Arthur N. St.-abler (1944a,b, 1945, 1947, 1948) on !he Kaibab Plateau and eastern Gra.11d Canyon concluded the ftrst period of geological specialization. During the 1950s, fewer workers did original work in the Canyon or referred to knowledge alreaciy derived from Grand Canyon studies. But the work by Charle3 B. Hunt (1956) marked a transition into an era of broad reinvestigations of Grand Canyon geology. It i'l in Hunt's works that new discussions began on a ccntroversial subject--the origin of the Colorado River and its Grand Canyon. In the 1960s, dramatic changes came about in the study of Grand Canyon geology. The work of old masters-Noble, Damon, Davis, Dutton, and Powell--appeared to be outdated, and yet our perspectives of the Canyon were �till derived from their vantage points, using their data. Only the ongoing work by McKee w:a surviving as the unchallenged authority on many aspects of Grand Canyon geology. In the 1960s, McKee substantiated his position as the most productive of Graul Canyon geologists in his investigations of the Redwall Limestone (McKee, 1960, 1963) which culminated with McKee and Gutscbick's (1969) monograph on that formation. McKee's contributions to paleotectonic investigations in the Permian System (McKee, 1967) and Pennsylvanian System (McKee, 1975b) drew from studies made in the Canyon. As the 1960s progressed, many new students came to the forefront; it was a period of diversification. Very specialized topics were examined, some of them the subject of short papers, but many more were printed only as abstracts of research projects and unpublished theses and dissertations. Still, this period is notable for revitalized investigations of the Grand Canyon's rocks, from the Permian str'ata of the rim and plateaus to the basement complex of the Inner Gorge. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xiv The centennial of the Powell expeditions through the Grand Canyon, in '.969. served as an impetus for reflection and reinvestigation of Grand Canyon geology. The: Sth Field Conference of the Four Comers Geological Society devoted its proceeding> and its guidebook to the centennial (Four Comers Geological Society, 1969). Ford an:l Breed (1969, 1972a.h, 1973a,b, 1974a,b) published new studies of the Grand Canyon Supergroap. roucentrating on the Chuar Grnup of eastemmast Grand Canyon. In 197 3, the Museum of Nonbem Arizona and the Grand Canyon Na1ural Hist')ry Association ;oined to produce Geology of the Grand Canyon (edited by Breed and Roat, 1973), lhe first book of solicited papers devoted exclusively to Grand Canyon geology.1 In 1974, the Rocky Mountain Se-;tion of the Geological Society of America concentrated its pi'OCe'.edings on the geology of Northern Arizona (Karlstrom et al., 1974). The 1970s continued the diversification of Grand Canyon studies. Probably the most significant of works to come from that decade was McKee's (1975a) subdivision of the Supai fmmation of Darton (1910) into four formations, elevating the Supai to the status of stratigraphic Group. In that short paper McKee fonnaliv.!d what had been long suspected--thal tbe Supai could be subdivided. No one else had b'-..en able t( gathe,· the wic:ly-spacee field evidence to complete such an under".aking. That work wa'> compiled anci elaborated on in McKee's (1982) monograph, Supai Group of Grand Canyon., the product of more than SO years of work.. Thus McKee rounded out a life-long task of monographic treatment of the Canyon's Paleozoic strata. Only the Pennian Hermit Shale and Devonian Temple Butte Limestone escaped det:.died treatment by McKee. The Hermit was inv�tigated in part by White (1929) and by McKee (1982), but no separate stratigraphic mr•.10graph exists. The Temple Butte received light treatment in a paper by Poole et al. (1967). Although McKee had been working on the Grand Canyon Devonian at the time of his death in 1984, no monographic treatment of that formation exists. However, Beus (1973) produced a volume on the Devonian stratigraphy and paleogeography of the western Mogollon Rim, sc1.1th of the Gra�d Canyon. In 1976, the Geologic Map of the Grand Canyon National Park (Huntoon et al., 1976 and later eds.) was published by the Grand Canyon Natural History Association and the Museum of Northern Arizona. It greatly improved upon the less adequate maps that had been prepared by Maxson (196lb, 1967, 1969). It was certainly a far cry from Dutton's (1882, pl. 4) map which, in the area covered by the 1976 map, showed only three colors--for "Carboniferous," "Silurian," and "Archean." Parts of the westem Grand Canyon region have been mapped in detail in three maps: Vulcan's Throne and vicinity (Billingsley and Huntoon, 1983), Hunicane fault zone and vicinity (Huntoon and Billingsley, 1981), and the Lm er Granite Gorge and vicinity (Huntoon and Billingsley, 1982). .• The 1980s in Grand Canyon geological researeh have not been too greatly different from the 1970s. Diversified papers and abstracts have been the main source of new infonnation about the Canyon. McKee's (1982) Supai monograph was the only major Grand Canyon monograph be printed in that time. However, the many special-interest I'Jbis publication will be superseded by a new volume in press at the time this is written: GraNl Canyon Geology (Stanley S. Deus and Michael M,..�es. cds.), a compendium of 20 chapters by various authors, to be publishl:d j:•intly by Oxford University Press and Museum of Nonhem Arizona, 1990. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XV papers, maps, and several m.!eting guidebooks have bought current research on tht Canyon to the attention of other investigators. The issues of t!nvironrnent alteration ar.d preservation, already actively studied in the 1970s, were t!xtended into the Grand Canyon, particularly with regard to the hydraulic regime of th.! Colorado River. Many investigations of this sensitive subject have appeared in all kinds of publications, from intentational joumall. and U.S. Geological Survey publications to project reports of research contracted by governmental and priva:c agencies. The 1986 meeting of the Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of r.merica was held in Flagstaff, Arizona. Many of the presentations and field trips .iealt with the Grand Ca,...··on area. For the first time there was a field trip to examine the mineralized breccia pipes of nortl1em Arizona, then one of tb� newest subjects of investigation. The CohJrado River field trip guidebook of the 28th International Geological Congress (Elston et al., 1989) provided a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the many facets of Grand Canyon geology. It presented new information and revised interpretations of a number of geological subjects. Future research promises to be invigorating, but the prospect of definitive monographs seems to be faint at this time. We approach another penod of transition, like that 9f the 1960s which marked the resurgence of interest in Grand Canyon geology. Interest in all aspects of the Canyon is increasing--the guidebook prepared for the. 28th IGC river trip (Elston tot al., 1989) substantiates this observation, as no doubt will the new volume edited by Beus and Morales (in press). The diversity of ongoing research covers all disciplines of geology. This new period is taking the appearance of one which is drawing more upon the work of teams of investigators more than indhiduals. Significant funding is also required for some investigations, particularly of such economically irnporant areas as breccia pipe exploration and development. In biostratigraphic studies, interesting new applications to sedimentological and correlative investigations are being pursued. Studies of the Pleistocene-Holocene paleoenvironments have been hampered by the desuuction of Rampart Cave (Blair, 1980), but are supplemented by studies made in Stanton's Cave (Euler, 1984) and from data glear1ed from geographie2lly dispersed packrat (Neowma spp.) middens. 2. Stratigraphic Nomenclature The very fact that the Grand Canyon is larg... ly in a �emi-arid climate is fortuitous 1 geologists. Its physiograyhic expression is clean, and the aridity of the soils does not f·.omote lteavy overgrowth by vegew.tion. We are thus afforded the opportunity to study long, continuous exposures of strata. The mostly flat-lying formations provide further Oi)portunity !o correbte units over hundreds of miles without the incumbrance of large sections absent due to faulting, heavy talus cover, or <'vergrowth. A �ingle vantage point anywhere in the Canyon reveaPls a rer.aarkable i1iU10rarna that can be clearly defined at a larlfe scale. It is only upon closer examination--by field and laboratory work, inter regional correlation, and subjective interpretation of results--that this grandly simple picture is reveals many interesting problems of sedimentological, stratigraphic, structural, and historical interest. The geological bibliographies about the Grand Canyon testify to the diversity of these problems and to the long-sWlding interest they have to geologists. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xvi When the Grand Canyon region was first investigated by Newberry, Powell, Gilt>ert, Dutton, and other early geologists, the practical aspects of deep canyons in structurally little-affected strata in a semi-arid geomorphological seting was im e tel m dia y appreciated. Investigations of large str:-tigraphic ranges of formations were conducted, and lations wtth other region'> were s:x>n attempted. These studies led to the corre development and refinement of Grand Canyo.1 stratigraphic nome nclature. The history of studies of the Grand Canyon 's rock uni shows immediately that ts there is a direct correlation between accessibility of the rock units and the refinement of the stratigraphic nomenclature. At fust. onl y generalized synthetic stratigraphic column� were interpreted, from what could be seen cursorily from distant vantages, without much attention to precise details of stratigra ph) . Whereas Newberry (1861) delineated the fl.rst comple stratigraphic section at the te Grand Canyon itself, name-bearing ormatio names were not applied to the strata until f nal Gilbert (1 875, in part working in other referred the Redwall Li est e and Tonto areas) m on Group to the rock units we now know of Mississippian and Cambrian ages, are respectively. Powell (1876) applied group-level names to the entire Grand Canyon stratigraphic section, for ihe first time also delineating the middle and late Proterozoic Grand Canyon Supergroup. Dutton (1882), Walcott (1886, 1890), Darton (1910), Not>Ie (1910, 1914, 1922), Schuchert (1918), and Reeside and Bassler (1922) refined the formational boundaries in the Grand Canyon stratigraphic column until these units took on much of the same relationships we interp:et today. Only McKee (1975, 1982) and Billingsley and Beus (1985) modified the stratigraphic interpretation of the sequence at the formational level. workers, both formally and informally, have resolved Other specific formations into stratigraphic memh�rs. Only the early Proterozoic Vishnu Group··the metamorphic basement oomplex··has had an undefined nomenclatural history. Workers over the last century have divided the group into r.�etamorphk subunits of various distributions and petrologic characters, and some researches have attempted to analyze distribution of these rock units in time. But fo r the pu1>0ses of general the stratigraphic nomenclature, the term Vishnu Group best accommodates the basement complex. The pages that fo llow herein outline development of stratigraphic nomenclamre the in the Grand Canyon (modified from Spamer, 1989, based upcn more extensive unpublished chruts). In them the reader can also how interpretations o ona see of f rmati l boundaries have changed as Grand Canyon geological research progressed. Also of note is how later workers have examined only parts of the Grand an on C y �tr:!!il!fllphic column. This reflects the overall trend in scienti •ic research toward specializati=-••; comprehensive investigations anymore, rare. are, Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 TP.LLE 1. GRAND CANYON STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN .. 19r•phic. Unit� l.hrono-.tr.sttqrapMc Orl of tonutton ronM (ft) '"' ' 'tholoqy ton tlon r lhldne" I nv1f"Onf,lf'tll uf I Pf'r 10d -•r Gi'neor.! l I flf•jiO'. II ',t fi'/(' "' "' 1 ��� l.tl (I�I \) i � �· ..,r•at lon S_h_l Con � '!_��_!_�-�� -��-----��!! ��:::.::.:.::.�·�-----·--- I luv Gt�aurv Mt•enkopJCht.-.lc Fu""t lon ward (190l) •81 ( 1f7) � I ulollu� • ltedt:..d•;: other ••nd•ton••· abah� Tranaa.-•••lna RPa J5!1�--- revo:kfi\'d unde.- lylq unlta -- � u i. ------�- ,s - - ·���:.--�=-� a on ( - d•d clun, � *tt•>n nrJat Crou '-l I S P qu•rt : und well-oorr. � I 1 t ICllO) ------...... -�-�·-�- I r--- i tl#,..lr Shal• Shall�•. ••ndatonea tl• ltalt Mtohlif' (! 912) m: lo� Flv..,h· ConVP!'fl•nce- I lutdet Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Table 1 (cont 'd) .. -- ...... --�bv� Me•• �� (:::�!' Rf'Jt;h''>"(tn� 114•·t lif -� l ·-- ... ---+--�--- fla• •--.i u ton•• a.s re••tq .... --:-b;; -�;c t ---- ... o u... tomr• ; . � llodv•t�u � �;� f'_g_c e��J9_n _____ ·-.. Lt ..•tone•• ell t•t:on••· •ha : l••· tranqre••ln& e«'& dol01tttea, sanduone• . Pe•ch Spr lna• Ll.. atoM• Ttan•&u••tna ••• (l'i'llc) I S0-800 Mtlblr ttuav t t�!lhmr .. ��:�::::¥.�··�1 nit (f6-t44) Shales llot'IT••slnR s4!a .. c•n � ...eto�• •lltUnn4!e -��!_'!� �.":. . ,._ � __ t !�.!.'!,•&r•�� ' '!A__ s"• f . .. MldJt,... �.....J :mit Shale• «•a:r•• tna " ... Sanup Pl&le•u LIMatOft�a. sl Tun•oar•ulng . Itstonu ·- , • .. � tc11ll SUI•• .. ·-- --- ______--- -·- �':..!.!::.!.,:�!_ _9!_ ___ �- .. � �� � CAahll" 1•n " "'-P•n f:ave •ton••· haha --- --· ! ·n••tna na e lt.t - ·12- - - 0 � �� � f'lOJUr Sack Stl•l••• •tlt•to"e• . !i•«•tone llf'l��- · (aJnor) ::. KnlwJtlca DolaHe• - Tr•n•&ree•tna ••• ------�d iUiit �··· --- �-��---- ·��··'"..! �· iKht Ancel 100-4�0 Nt'tb l..- (I 'ftt.. ) 1: Sh.tlf' Ttnc.-.ebHtt Dolo.ttea lr•n•an-.. tnl' all"• (61- IJ?/ ------�-- �.� ._.... , She lea 'red�brown ••nd•tonf'" �M\d•t<'tn�e - - - - Wti t · -+--· ----- __ St..ot .. 1 shore- 1'rmt��ition Zlnw Of f 100- lOO Coar•-e- to (1<,114) ...,.dl�-Kt'aln•d <:roiUII - Nobl!P' L:: b4:d4ttd ••ndl\ton�s I Shor€'1to.- _j:��u J t··�:��=:l -�--- -··-- J_ __� ______r h * c r • 4 t u " .- l) "' f 0 ,. Jilt i t� .... �...... Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Tab le 1 {cont 'd) T Grea t li'1t I • uncunf ur•abl.- Oolo.ltto�. pl"lnllt 818 stMlt·"· >twu v b�d!s� balla! flnt>-Krafswl! fl�«y t I IV" " 12551 1 .1 CH ... I � dc.olu.H.. Ford: � <\nd lttf"t>d ii':w•tc.unt Fon.tn. ion .118 , I At&lllac�uus shalt·s IIIUd;UOnt>s. fl,Jdl fJ..1H '}/ (lq.Jl. F PHH J thln e r n stJtston..-• ( ,l 7f f rua l u-u• I•< HJI r �u.. . N . c.ubon N Subaer laJ aur: te 1'1ud8ton�• . eh.t!ee .. " 0 � �70 Arau leceou• ehalttt.. ail t •tones, . Oup,'• L•cu•t r lo� .. 1174) l i1H8t01i_!�_!_ _!Uc.!.•...!w�' I �---·--�- -- C:onyon I.S46 " lternet in& li•estcm,� .. . an.t"'"'• ta.::,a11t C,nbQn T tne/ sut>at>r t,.J � �I •aodUOnf8 n ,, (4!_1_!_ Fun:J · ;Utd lh-..-t d � Ar1tllaceoua shalee. wtth sand lf.I'J I) I 0�11, �;Jtttorus Fonlldt on •tonee and l l t t n • bes.-1 Jupiter '·��� a o e l.&{ uf: t r l n-e ... (4112) 40 ft (11• .? •) atn.-•t; ol tttc N � 1 tr�estone• N � (18. ) " Sh.tl�a; ba11.!s 60 f t •) ••o i t•mHPf ..e.tv� coar lftl•ly cryal a) l t n�t lli�J � dola.it• QVtor l •tn by l t-.ston>t< Tblc�-bedded a.an4';.�R.'ii-;:;pp;; - Fu 011at V.tn Gundy 0'H4. l�'ll) NanJtu-•p lon � � f101J c•lcar•�• unit l . ::� tHttber 2l-ft ( 7.0-.) ;: ; 7: vHh •ll•le l•tn.ae L Xt·y.-s ( I'JlR). Bas"'lr r29') fnrd t>t •1 . (IIJ82) ·· · -· Upper- IIH!b=f� -� � m ------��-���!l___ _ · uppu •iddle toeaber ;;; oll. . lnhtrbt!dded ailt; tc;.,:;:-q�;,t-L �a lt t lo�l -.. nd•tone• n• __ r.-� 160} .. -- ··- Do• SandtH o !f.- ..,c"" .!.�!!!!L . Nohl'" l\ll4J l�T 11iddh� :ut•b.,1' � upper ..- 'ct.a nn.: f-ill 1 - ( "' 1 917 t" nod (Sot lllk)n Taw:p l.P) 128J} phlr !.. t•. JI.Jfl1 f'��- .�. �.i)�-� tn 0 e l�r ...o�r � 1. 291 l)rolt.tl<"; turbtdi rli" wi th k (Eae•l.t.nu ' . Cuek) .• "'t· --· ·-·� *' "" � 13!11) �··-- --� -· , .. _ -- " -�-�·.� ..·- ·��� � ��! · i!\J lt.) l,ll2 - l�l46 Doalnanlly hard�c�nt�d ••M· N,lt>l ,.. � )< Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XX Notes to Table 1 A. Primary references ior this table: Babcock et al. (1979), Beus {1973, 1980). Billingsley (1978), Billingsley and Beus (1985), Brown et al. (1979), Cla.:!c (1979), Fcrd and Breed (1973), McKee (1933, 193R, 1963, 1982), McKee and Gut:.�..hick (1969), McKee and Resser (1945), Stevenson and Beus (1982). See also El ston (1989) for suggested modifications to the stratigraphic ci.ivision and nomenclature of the Cambrian Tonto Group in the Grand Canyon. B. Lithologic thicknesses listed for the Shirmump Conglomerate Member of the Chinle Formation, and for the Moenkopi Formation, are thicknesses where these occur at Mountain, the nearest outcrops of these units to the Grand strata Cedar Canyon. C. Some formations and stratigraphic members are not continuous through the length of the Grand Canyon. The Pakoon Limestone intertongues with the Supai Group but is not a part of that group. D. The "Great Unconformity" is an angular unconfmmity. Where exposed, the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone lies upon Middle Proteroroic-age rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup or upon the Early Proterozoic Vishnu Group. In places, resistant hummocks of the Shmumo Quartzite were isl&nds in the Tapeats Sea. E. Rocks of the Vishnu Group are most dra..::atically exposed in the eastern Grand Canyon's Inner Gorge, where >335 m (>1,100 vertical exposures are fo und. ft) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 TABLE 2. DEVELOPMENT OF GkAND CANYON PAL EOZOIC STRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE . - __ . - _ 1T1 MARCOU PiiLLHAUSE" •. Gl l.Hf:RT l'nw�.LI. YAH fltii i•IN Ulfl roN (Iri�O) ( t RH !. I I)�' I ) (I� M.'. pi. 28) F:.-;;;n (18�6. 16'!8) ( 18601 , 1861) , (1615) (1816) ±====c=.--:::;;.·= Upp..-r ll�aestones "I=='"':==:fm. ===: Upp.-r Kaibab Aubt'f'Y Uppe-r Aubrey " :.t,.eston• Aubre; l.lfllestoru:�· Torowe�p fm. I.<>Wt'r f.!�_"!.£ ·------I Aub n::y cr-oss- bedded Croa. - t::roup a ratlf sami�ton� Pe l.'Wl.an Unter .g 1 � lt:>d � _ _ ---- ·- ·- --· � � g:r_: �'!e._ ;�onino Ss. ·- - - - � !-!-!'! � � Red RPd t.ro1•r· tt•tah��:��� l.owt-r f R�d Surprl C•rbon l f erou� Drvon lsche Wa ll Wall Fm. se Canyon �" ... 0 ll.aest ne LlMil"&tone Mount a in ton Li•rsto�£ o Fo ["nnlat -e Wa ll � � H��: ___ "' " Gro p .. l.t.eatone u � RI!dwa .. warulatooe ou t.1111estones " I I 0 t•pure ...! > !•+"stonP l�. 1 ��lempleButte & --· 1-- •· Baae the r- llarbled ot � Carboni Lowe r " Ton co Tonto t l"rous unaHI\Ined Old l l•eetone I � Sllurls<::he .;: I c • CarbonH�ttou& L�. I .! �I ... Rood ;;; � Gro p Prl..ord t.ll r-� Fora&t ton •udrocke,. ... --·-Tonio- u 1 I .. � Lover Sl'ndstones Sandstone ... Shale � '>11. ... v> ; __ _ aandst Of'lea_ ... ______tgll�nqel Silt.•rlao � -;:! PotsdaM J Tonto ! s•ndstonE' ,.. S.w.nf�stone Tapeats Ss . ... .,.... � ---- . --'-- -- � ____. �'""" Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Table 2 {cont 'd) ------· ------·- _1._.... ·- -- Nlli\U: ro.....,t ron WALCfff'T FRECH 1 S(tWC'HfJIT Rf t "tlr U .b ft.A"'�I H.( { 1 '') ) (1886) (1891) ��;;�� I ( �����R:�IIo) ( 191H) 09!!) � ·t------' ------c.:..==:-:·.. . li [ .. u Kalbab K l b �ail>4b fm. Kalbab a ab Katb.. b > l(atbab I � Ll•eatone Lh1estone Lhte&tone LfHSlnn� lltae&tone loroweap rm. � .. -----� -�----- .. --+ Coconino Cocontnv Cocontno C"con1no c: Coconino :...:;t "" Sandstone Sand:ttvne " Sand�tone Sand !Itone � -- .. 1- - ··- -� '-' .. ---+ ------+ th• m!t Uppf.'!'l" Sha le ... � - • '- - .. M Supai " I:! Aubry .D Supail :, Supat H 1 1£ splanad4! s5 • j :f\.1<::-.at ton "' � I ! Carhon f erous "' t Supa t .. Fon.a t ion Foraat ton .. StJpa l -'> � � !huutatont" oga•: eH t.ower ion � f'nmat .. f"._� rma t l on �� -� nakarha Fm. Supa t � .I �·" � . " - - ---t--- Ft�rm.H t� Wd ll llrtteston� '0 LlmE'..UOn<' Rt•lh,.-. 11 ; Mc·�.hw.l i J J(,pofw.l ll t': .arbon tferous LJmt•stone • l. lm�!;t(OOt' Lllftt- Ston' · • tia�(>stone ��------�- Te•ple Butte Tt-mp le 8u ttt" Upper Ot-von1an ---- Ll•eatone Limestone c� Marbled Marbled nuav .! Ton to Ll•eatone Lt•esc:on*" 1.1tltH:HOtu1' j " o- u Shale• ! Tonto l&ht o- o and .. tlc Aogrr"l Bright A••·J• l �h . • Sandatont>& t Sha le Shale u Tnnto S.andstane Tapu t� �>- Sand at one -- il L------� -- �...... Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Table 2 (cont'd) W1Wf ll o•t \· I ��Oil.f 111\ITF. "'cKn GlJfSCH IC� f ,tl lltiWt ll II M1 �I I 1\ Rl ". ,t lot ( l 92R) (1')1 He n��it Shale - -- . - �;;p hn:de SAndtJtone . Supa i Supai ton Fo f114t ton Fon•at F•. ----.- IV ltedwa l i til !I L t•e• tone Je ro.e ttevon ian Carbon !fen>u• Fonution --�- ---- �-·· ------�-- doloalt-;s und tatt!'dl Head Forwat lfltl 1 f f�rent •de� tonea Muav dola-ltes t -·-·· -· ------Muav Peasley L• . U•eston� I 4 EMe,ad lti . :.1aeatone Lyndon Sh. Pll!'aa.tey La. 8r Utht An&f" 1 Br t&ht Angel Pioche Sh . Ploche Sh. Sll•le Sllole� T•p�ats C•nyon Prospect Mount ain Wood Tapea rs Tipt!alS Ss . L l_�_____.._ S.todatone Qtzt . Fona.at ton Sand ston� X X .... � Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Table 2 (cont 'd) �-- ' - EASTON T ClTfSCHI SOR.AUF . I. �K �n !it Ki f 1\f';<...t "-'!, ,, �' "'. (191>1) l) (J'II,\i) l'l ',j llll � ( 19� ll T • i 1fh Ss. r :;;a-:ade I t:�P�::- :;::tnd st one 'So ' a Sup 1 Qu<'&n\. I W.e'IIC03.(lllt" r.oweap'F• for•.at ion ;::����--\.. fnt. Manakacha C•llvllle r... fnr•a:. ion 1..1.-eatone Cal lvillt:> Wat .;fhumifll Lo . f'o tmcH ton - tan t:ht-Stt>r rl'l S�rin A!e'dw.a ) l Aodg .. Redw•ll l:edw.t ll l.ttt:t>st onl? l.taeatone Ltaeatone lt•estone1 0 - Martln Jer..-e L1'1eatone Po111.atiOC'1 ----- Supra-Mu•v aequencc ""•• LINatO'"U�' (Not<' 61 lrtsb< An&el Sh•le Tcoecat • Ss . Sandstone ___,J � :; Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Table 2 (cont 'd) r ------l - n------. I r n onn� t i o Bll. ------· 11c Ka 1bab Fm. Toroweap F01 . ------� Coconi no Ss . 1: ----11 "'".. I Ho!no tt Sh. Esphnade Ss . 1-L-- � � �escogaooe� -- F•. ; � -- � nakacha F•. atah001igi Fo.. tilSurprhe Canyon - -r:. r ---•. - ---u p:1:: 1Redwal l ls. t· ..· �··� � Bright Angel Sh . ats Ss . pe T a LI L__ �,. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Notes to Table 2 Numbered Footnotes 1. Reeside and B&sler (1922) subdivided the Kaibab lirr.estone into (descending): Harrisburg gypsiferous merober, massive limestoi'JI! member, upper slope member, gray massive limestone membt:r, and lower soft slope member. 2. Noble (1922) recognized three subdivisions in the Redwa11 Limestone. McKee (193R) divi.:led Kaibab and Toroweap Formations each into three 3. the members (descending): alpha, beta. and gamma. 4. McKee and Resser (1945) subdivided the Muav Limestone into :en formal members Table 1). (see 5. McKee and Resser (1945) subdivided tlt e Bright Ar.gel Shaie into five units, including two fo rmal members (see Table 1). 6. McNair (1951} adopted Cambrian stratigraphic nomenclature for the ·vestem G1 and Canyon from Schenk and Wh l e �1 942), and from McKee and l 7. Easton and Gutschick (1953) subdivided the Redwall Lim�stone into four iflformal units. 8. Sorauf (1962), in his docft.:-!al disseration, subdivided the Kaibab Fo:mation into two name-bearing units (Jescending): Harrisburg member (of Reeside and Bassler. and the Fossil Mountain member. They informal names, but have been 1922) are adopted generally by those wh..:J work in the Grand Canyvn region, as demonstrated m the literature. These units will be formalized by Sorauf and Billingsley and will be essentially unchenged as first presented in Sorauf 0962) (personal communications). 9. Sorauf t1962) subdivided the Toroweap Fonnation into three name-hearing units (descending): Woods Ranch, Brady Canyon, and Seligman members. They are infonnal names, but have been adopted generally by those who work in the Grand Canyon region, as demonstrated in the literature. These units will be formalized by Sorauf Billingsley and will be essentially un hanged as first presented in and c Sorauf (1962) (personal communications). 10. McKee (1963) subdivided the Redwall Limestone into four fo rmal members (see Table 1). Additional Notes A. Key references for parts of this table were Billingsley (1978), McKee (1982), McKee and Gutschick {1964), and McKee and Resser (1945). See also Elston Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 (1989) for important suggestion:; for revision of units 'Jf the Cambrian Tor;to Group. B. Moenkopi Formation was originally spelled Moencopie; revised by Gregory (191The 5). C. (1875) Aubrey group: The "Aubrey group" was defined by Gilbert anci was formally subdivided into the Kaibab limestone, Coconino sandstone, and Sttpai formation by Darton (1910). The upper "Redwall limestone" of the Aubrey group was assigned was assigned to tile Supai formation by Noble (1922). D. Supai Group: The Supai fo rm11tion of Darton (1910) included what now ar! the Hermit Shale, Esplanade Sandstone. Wescogame Formation, and Manakacha Formation (part). The Supai formation was redefined by Noble (1922) when he aamed the Hermit Shale. The Supai formation was elevated to the rank of (1975); stratigr-ctphic Group by McKee be rasied the Esplanade Sandstone member (White, 1929) to formational rank and named :he Wescogame, Manakacha, and Watahcll.igi Formations. E. Redwall Limestone: The Redwall was originally named as the Red Wall limestc;me group by Gtlbert (1975) and included what now are the Manakacha Formauon (part), Watahomigi Formation, and the Redwall Limestone. The group was r (ln2) edefined by Noble when he restricted tht>: Redwall to its present stratigraphic range (but which also included the Surpri se Canyon Fcnnalion of Billingsley and Beus, 1985). Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 TABLE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE OF THE MIDDLE AND LATE PROTEROZOIC G'{AND CANYON 3. SUPERGROUP -� -- � - WALcot't WAl !'OTT lfiECM \�AU WAt.OJT r OAKTON • t ton t ,Jt•lt PollltU.. PCJUtU. OTT Hllftl t ... �f'l 1\I�N Lli!oHIY - - 1 �189�) l (lfJJ ,)) I {I'f lO! I H�l"t {I'J!.) ,,:-;:, f• -= (�_: �7,- dlvhl·.>n ,,. . c(ll7�!_,ico-(�:��� upp�t' \.tM.laT Clluar Ch�o.-ar --·-----l�T�, CrO(.Ip Te-rf•ne- Group lov Kon- CTaM I dhi•lc.n Cnnd I Lru•• ., ,, Cellon l a ny n l ...... CnOO C o ..u.ba1u• I Grand [b..�•it lo Uniur tJnt.:ar Croup <:rand s.-r ••• � Ca�on 1 un-.lr .-i�·����-- Co lion Calion "'•• 'lo• ll• � Crour t._.rrane T�trrane !,roup •hal y •• I on - -u-�I tone-�.- t t ,nd __ (Jt zt. Crour ro.... arMI Quan zlt• �·r ul_B_ •rrna�· �ou• �;�;:;"Mak.Hlll -1Jis�;:� arau . J � Ia•"-- �h��- ·c--;1-aha.� ••-.�"· Is haul Mot•uta and cal . (!t, •• t'"� MINOS t(EYES VAN f'Oit:) et al. UEf'O �CO"t-� (1961. 1961. rom •CJJ 1 mJn ••4 Fl nn• '!> V> """ (I Cl.IND't O>tiS •• •I1 ftO, fO Mo .ff .oo l MHo•, r - (-1-�1: ) - --��-�1�)- p a j (IQH ?_l_•n1 fi'J#L') -- Mllf' e t• S• •P•eU 5• . o. Chuar •- t.a '•� 1l • (C•brUn) (C-or l•n) ___ - g g" lvaa"nt'" � ltttaf'mt Ch\l•r - Chuar• hv r ChYar � Croup and: C a I uhUa) j C:hu.Alr•n Cr�p C:rou, ,.. , -'-'-"-'-- t '" . "� Ct'lup Cruu,p .., (8 ''',''�- '""'� :."'� '"" '"' ���� · ,,, uj iink- ·· ····-·· S•rl•• tttnkGW�e•P Mank� �;;;..·· -.... :y r r- ...... 1 Gr-. 'orwat ion Po ..tl on I c.-;.d;n;; &aaa lt rnr...ttoct ro ,...tlon fo.-..t\on !'!I I I I l 1!1 I . .... S.ndu I �I( hb<:_111 Do l GfatW! Canyon .. .. Sh. Sh•l• Sh. Sh. g IJ llokml w . c � Sb. e Sh , ..•• .... Shal4!_ �.-.��r;:,l -i-;. ";:) aa;a::;·. ::: --�..�-.. �.... - -- - �utu.... l S:trl•• ...... •• tt! lh ... .. - .... Lo. l.•- wtth h LL.. • oniP 1 .... Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf -, �r.. k.q �r� ····, r---1 I by guest t jr.:·T on 26 September 2021 xxix Notes to Table 3 Numbered Footnotes 1. F('fd anct Breed (1972, 1973) subdivided the Kwagunt Formation into three fo nnal members (see Table 1). 2. Ford and Breed (1972, 19"! 3) subdivided the Galeros Formation into four fo rmal members Table (see 1). 3. Stevenson and Beus (1982) subdivided the Dox Sanclstone into fo ur formal members Table 1). (see Additional Notes A. Grand Canyon Supergroup: The Grand Canyon group (Grand Canyon series) was named by Powell (1876); it included the entire Precambrian complex. Walcott (1883) revised the Precambrian nomenclature, naming the Precambrian sedimentary units the Chuar and Grapd Canyon groups. Walcott attributed the name of the Chuar group to J. W. Powell, but Powell never used the name in a!ly of his publications, so Walcott is properly the author of that unit Elston et al. 0973) and Beus et al. (1974) informally raised the Grand Canyon series to "Supergroup" rank; Elston and Scott (1976) fo rmalized B. Sixtymile Formation: Ford and Breed (1972, 1973) erected the "Sixty Mile Formation," placing it within the Chuar Group. The nru11e was revised to "Sixtymile Formation" by Elston (1979) to conform with the map spelling of Sixtymile Canyon (Vishnu Temple quadrangle). The form ation was segregated from the Chuar Group by Elston and McKee (1982). C. Nankoweap Formation: Van Gundy (1934) fl i'St named the "Nankoweap Group" and formalized the unit in 1951; it included the top unit of Walcott's (1894) Unkar division and the basal unit of Walcott's (1883, 1894) 1 huar division. It wa-; redefined as a separate fo rmation between the Unkar and Chuar Groups. D. Cardenas Basalt: The Cardenas basalt was originally named the Cardenesan Series by Keyes (1938). It was redefined and correlated by Maxson (1961) to include intrusive diabases which together he called the Rama formation. The "Cardenas Lavas" were regarded as a separate fo rmation and restored by Ford et al. (1972), formalizing the name originally used by K�yes. Elston (1988, 1 989) has redesignated this unit the Cardenas Basalt sir.ce the term "lavas" pertains to the rock in a molten extruded form, whereas the rock is basalt. E. Dox Sandstone: Noble's (1914) Sandstone was redesignated the Dox Dox Formation and subdivided into fo ur stratigraphic members by Ste\lenson and Beus (1982). Elston (1989) reverted to the original lithologic description, "Dox Sandstone," and prefered to retain subdivisions as i'lformal units. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XXX Table 4 Dev�lopment of Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Early Proterozoic Vishnu Group � {liM!• In .,...... ,_. lnd� pert!• 1� uming subadlary rock unlls within thto Vlehnu Group) Newberry {1861) Granite Powall (1875) Oranlta, dlkee, aruptlve beda Gllb.rt (1875) Granltaa, gnelasea Powell (1878) Gra11d Calion schlsta Walcott {1883) kchean Walcott (1886) Pre-Cambrian Walcott (1890) VIshnu quartzlta and schlata Frech (1893, 1895) Gnelaa, intrualves Walcott (1894, 1895) VIshnu tarrana Darton (1910) VIshnu; granite, schist, ate. Nobla (1910) VIshnu Aanaome (1917) Schist 1ond uanite Schuchart (1918b) Vlahnu gn•'"'� �! oble (HI22) Granrtv, gnel•s. schist Wilmarth (1932) VIshnu schist Campbell & Maxson (1938) (Zoroastar granita) Hlnda (1938) VIshnu schists Van Gundy (1951) Archean complax Maxson (1981, 1987, 1989) Zoroaster granite, Brahma schist, \':•hnu schist Babcock at at. (1974) Vishnu Group, ZOtOIIIItar gnelu, "l rlnlty Craek-Eivas Chum gneiP.n, plutone, dlk•t�, sills Huntoon at al. (1976) VIshnu Group, Zorot'tltar plutonic complex, Trinity and Elv·�s Chum gnel... a Babcock at 111. (1979) Vlahnu matamorohic contplex, Trinity gnelaa complax, Elves Ct gnela con1plex, Zoroaster complax Brown at al. (1979) (Trinity gneiaa comr,•ex,11 Elvee chnm gnelaa eomplax, Zoroaster plutonic complax) Clark (1979) (Granlt• Park mafic complax) Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XXXI Invalid and Abandoned Stratigraphk Terminology Aguja sandstones A substitute name by Keyes2 for his Chiquito sandstones, wich is a preoccupied name. Algonkian Time-stratigraphic unit represented by the m:'ddle and late Proterozoic Grand Canyon Supergroup. Archean Time-stratigraphic unit represented by the early Proterozoic Vishnu Group. Arizona schists A name by Keyes applied uniformly to all Arizona crystalline basement rocks. Beltian A time-stratigraphic unit formerly correlative with the ages thought to be represented in the Grand Canyon by the Grand Canyon Supergroup. Brahma schist Name proposed by Maxson (1961) for largely metavolcanic rocks of the present Vishnu Group, distinct from the Vishnu schist. Brahma schist formally abandoned as a stratigraphic term by Ragan and Sheridan (1970) hecause the Brahma is not truly distinct from the Vishnu. Carbon Butte shales A formation by Keyes in his Kwagur.tan series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Solitude limestones underlyinghis Echo limestones. and Cardenasan series Basalt (Unkar Group, Grand Canyon Supergroup). A group by Keyes, = Cardenas the Grand Canyon series of Keyes, and unconformably underyling underlying the Chuaran series of Keyes. 2For discussions of the Grand Canyon geological work by Charles R. Keyes, see Appendix in Vol. 1 of Geology of the Grand Canyon: An anMtated bibliogr.1phy (S pamer, 1983, pp. 315- 326). Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xxxii Chiquito sandstone A fo'lllation of the Aubrey series of Keyes, unconformably overlying the Coconino Sana:.tone. Chiquito sandstones A formation by Keyes in his Chuaran series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, later revised by him to Aguja sandstones, unconformably overlying his Cardenasan series and unconformably underlying his Kwaguntan series: later renamed by him to Unkaran series. Echo limestones A formation of Keyes in his Kwaguntan series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Carbon Butte shales and underlying his Walhalla shales. Ep-Algonkian The pre-Paleozoic erosional surface. Ep-Archean The erosional surface on the top of the VIshnu Group. Final shales The uppermost fcunation of Keyes' Chuaran series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Marble limestones and unconformably underlying his Oveja sandstones of his K waguntan series. Grand Canyon series 1. Grand Canyon Supergroup. 2. ""As defined by Keyes, included that part of the present Unkar Group fro m the Bass Limestone upward through the Dox Sandstone. Gunther dolomites A formation of Keyes in his Chuaran t;eries iin the preser.t Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Chiquito sandstones (later his Aguja sandstones) and unconformably underlying his Jupiter shales. Havasupai sandstone A formation in the Aubrey series of Keyes, overlying his Huethawali limestone and underlying his Wombats limestone. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xxxiii Hucthawali limestone A formation in the Aubrey series of Keyes, overlying his Chiquito sandstone and underlying his Havasupai sandstone. Jupiter shales A formation of Keyes in his Chuaran series in the present Grand Cauyon Supergroup. unconformably overlying his Gunther dolomites and underlying his Oso sandstones. Kanab limestone A replacement name by Keyes fo r the Kaibab Formation. Kwaguntan series The uppermost group of Keyes in the presem Grand Canyor. Supergroup, unconformably overlying his Chuaran series. Marble limestones A formation of Keyes in his Chuaran series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Venus shales and underlying his Final shales. Ne • Jdan series A group by Keyes to which his Temple Butte limestones were assigned. Newberry lavas A formation of Keyes overlying the Hotauta conglomerates and underlying tht. Bass limestones, in Keyes' Grand Canyon series ir. the present Unkar Group. Nunkweap sandstones A formation of Keyes in his Kwaguntan series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Walhalla shales and �.:onstituting his uppermost "Protozoic" formation. Oso sandstones A formation of Keyes in his Cnuaran series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Jupiter shales and underlying his Venus shales. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xxxiv Oveja sandstones The lowest fo rmation Pi Keyes in his Kwaguntan series in the prese'1t Grand Canyon Supergroup, ur.confonnably overlying his Chuaran series and underlying his Solitude limestones. Phantom granite Name proposed by Campbell and Maxson (1933, Carnegie lnst. Washington Year Book for granitic rocks of the Phantom Creek area. 32) Phantom migmatite Name proposed by Campbell and Maxson (1938, Carnegie lnsl. Washington Year Book for migmatites of present Vishnu Group. 37) the Pierce shales A fo rmation of Keyes in the present Supai Group, unconformably overlying the Redwall Limestone. Rama formation A formation of the Unkar Group �� Maxson (1961). Defined as largely diabases and basalts as plugs. dikes, Seligman limestones A formation of Keyes in the present Supa Group, overlying his Pierce !>hales and unconformably underlying the Hermit Shak Solitude limestones A formation of Keyes in his Kwaguntan series of the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Oveja sandstom•s and underlying his Carbon Butte shales. Solomon formation A name used by Walcott (1905, p. 337) appar e1.tly in error for the Bright Angel Shale. Supra-Muav Dolomites overlying the Tonto Group ("unclassified Cambrian dolomites"), regarded by some workers as a Nopah Formation equivalent. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 X'I:XV Tobar I:mestones A for ..1ation of Keyes unc Jnformably overlying the Mississippian Rcdw:�ll Limest"'ne and unconformably underlying his "Missourian" Supai shales and sandstones. Tonto limestones = Muav Limestone. Tonto sandstones Tapeats Sandstone. Tonto shl!le · Bright Angel Shale Tusayan series A group of y�yes including the Coconino Sandstone and his Supai shaies, unconformably overlying his Mississippian series and u;:lconformably underlying his Aubreyan series. Uncompahgran = older Aigonkian. u nkaran series see Chuaran series. Venus shales A formation of Keyes in his Chuaran series in the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Oso sandstones and uaderlying his Marble limestone�. Vishnu series Nan1e proposed by Can1pbell and Maxson Carnegie lnst. Washington Year (1938, Book 37) for the present Vishnu Group and related rocks, including the Vishnu schist of Walcott. Walhalla shales A formation of Keyes in his Kwaguntan series of the present Grand Canyon Supergroup, overlying his Echo limestones and underlying his Nunkoweap sandstones. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XXXVI Wompats limestone A fonnation of Keyes in his Aubrcyan series, overlying his Havasupai lime:-tone and underlying the Kaibab limestone of Keyes. Y arnpai shales A formation of Keyes in the present Supai Group, overlying his Seligman limestones and underlying his Shiwits sandstones. Y aq uian series A substitute name proposed by Keyes for the Tonto Group of the Grand Canyon. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XXXVIi Introductory References Cited BABCOCK, R. S., E H. BP.OWN, M. D. CLARK, and D. E. LIVINGSTON. 197::>. Geolo� of the older Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. Part fl. The Zoroaster Plutomc Comphx and related rocks. Precambrian P.esearrlt, 8:243-2i5. BEUS, Stanely S. 1973. Devonian strafigraphy and paleogeography along the western Mogollon Rim, Arizona. Muselim of Northern Arizona Bull. 49, 36 pp. ------. 1980. Late Devonian (Frasnian) paleogeography and paleoenvironments in n1Jrthern Arizona. In: Fouch, T. D., and Magatharn, E. R. (eds.), Paleozoic paleogeogr?ahy of west-central United States. West-Central United States Pal ogeography Symp. 1, Denver, June 1980, pp. 55-69. e BEUS, Stanley S., Richard it RAWSON, Russell 0. DALTON, Gene M. STEVENSON, V. Stephen REED, and Thomas r-.•. DANEKER. 1974. Preliminary report on the Unkar Group (Precambrian) in Grand Canyon, Arizona. In: T. N. V. Karlstrom and G. A. Swann, eds., Geology of northern Arizor.a; with n0!<1S on archaeology and paleoclimate. Part 1. Regional studies. Ge0l. Soc. A:nerica, Rocky Mountai11 )eeL meeting, Flagstaff, pp. 34-53. BILLINGSLEY, George H. 1978. A synopsis of stratigraphy in the western Grand Canyon. Museum of Northern Arizona Research Paper 16, 27 pp. BILLINGSLEY, George W., and Stanley S. BEUS. 1985. The Surprise Canyon Formation- an Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian(?) rock unit in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. In: Stratigraphic notes, 1984. U . S. Geol. Su ey Bull. 1605-A, pp. A27- A33. rv BILLINGSLEY, George H., and Peter W. H UNTOON . 1983. Geologic map of Vulcan's Throne and vicinity, western Grand Canyon, Arizona. Grand Canyon Natural History Association, scale 1:48,000. BILLINGSLEY, George H., and Edwin D. McKEE. 1982. Pre supai buried valleys. In: E. D. McKee, The Supai Group of Grand Canyon. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper I 173, pp. 137-153. BISSELL, H. J. 1969. Permian and Lower Triassic Jransition from the shelf to hasin (Grand Canyon, Arizona to Spring Moumains, Nevada). In: Geology ar.d !Ultura/ histm·y of the Grand Canyon region. Four Comers Geol. Soc., 5th Field Conf. , Guidebook, pp. 135-169. BLAJR, Gerry. 1 980. Fire at fo ssil cave. Lapidary }(lur., 34:690-695. BREED, William J., and Evelyn C. ROAT. 1974. (eds.) Geology of Grand Canyon. Museum of Northern Arizona, and Grand Canyon Natural Hi,.;tory Assoc. , 185 pp. BROWN, E. H., R. S. BABCOCK, M. D. CLARK, and D. E. LIVINGSTON. 1979. Geology of UK! older Precarnbri:m :rocksof the Grand Canyon. Part I. Petrology and structure of the Vishnu Complex. Precambrian Research, &:219-241. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xxxviii CAMPBE!.L, Ian, and John H. MAXSON. 1933. Geological studief of the Archean rocks a1 Grand Canyon. Carnegie lnst. Washington Year Book 32, pp. 305-306. 1936. Geologica! studies of the Archean rocks at Grand Canyon. Carnegie lnst. Washington Year Boot 35, pp. 329-331. 1938. Geological studies of the Arr.hean rocks at Grand Canyon. Carnegie /nsf. Washington Year Book 37, pp. 359-364. CLARK, Malcolm D. 1979. Geology of the older Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. Part III. P�trology of mafic schists and amphibolitc:s. Precambrian Research, 8:277- 302. COOLEY, John. 1988. The great unk.nvwn; the journals of the historic first expedition do wn the Colorado River. Aagstaff: Northland Publbhing, 207 pp. DARTON, N. H. 1910. A reconr.aissance of parts of northwestern New Mexico ami northern Arizono. U.S. Geol. Su ey Bull. 435, 88 pp. rv DAVIS, William Morris. 1901 . An excursion to the Grand Canvnn of the Colorado. Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology Bull., 38, Geol. Ser., 5(4): 107-201. DUTTON, Clarence E. IR82. Te tiary history of tl:e Grand Canon district; with arias. U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 2, 264 pp.,r Atlas, 23 sheets. EASTON, W. H., and R. C. GUTSCHICK. 1953. Corals from the Redwall Limestone (Mississippian) of Arizona. Southern California Acad. Sciences Bull., 52(1):1-27. ELS'T'QN, Donald P. 1989. Middle and late Proterozoic Grand Canyon Supergroup, Arizona. , In: D. P. Elston, G. H. Bi!lingsley, and R. A. Young eds., Geology of the Grand Ca.'lyon, northern Arizona, including Colorado River trip guides. 28th International Geological Congress, Field Trips Tll5 and 1'3 15, Guidebook, Chapter 9. ELSTON, Dom.ld P., and Edwin H. 1\•cKEE. 1982. Age and correlati11n cf the late Proterozoic Grand Canyon disburbance, northern Arizon::. Geol. Soc. America Bull 93:681-699. . ELSTON, !1onald P.. and G. Robert SCOTT. 1973. Paleomagnetism of some l'r cambrian basaltic flows and red beds, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Earth and !!Planerary Science Letters, 18:253-265. ELSTON, Donald P., C. Sherman GROMME, and Edwin H. McKEE. 1973. Precambrian polar wandering and behavior of earth's magnetic field from stratified rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup, Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs, 5:61 1· 612. ELSTON, Donald P., G•'!<>rge H. BILLINGSLEY, and Richard A YO UNG. 1989. (eds.) Gtology nf r.rand Canyon, northern Arizona (with Colorado River guides); Lees Ferry to Pierce Ferry, l'.rizona. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. 239 pp. (28th Inti. Geol. Congr., Field Trip Guidebook T115/3 15.) EULER, Robert C. 1984. (ed) The archaeology, geology, and paleobiology of Sta ton s Cave, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Grand Canyon Natural Hinstory' Association Mon. 6, 141 pp. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 XXXIX FARQUHAR, 1953. F. P. The books of the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon: A selective bibliOgraphy. Los Angeles: Glen uawson, 75 pp. FORD, Trevor D., and William J. BREED. 1969. J?reliminary geologic report of the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona: with ar1 appendix on Palynology of the Cbuaria shales of the Grand Canyon, by C. Do""nie. In: Geology and natural history of the Grand 5th 114-122. Canyon regivn. Fmtr Comers Geol. Soc., Field Conf., Guidebook, pp. 1972a. The Chuar Group of the Proterozoic, Grand Canyon, Arizona. 24th Inti. Geol. Congr., Montreal, 1972, Se t. 1, Precambrian geology, pp. 3-10. 1972b. The problematical Precambrianc fossil Chuaria. 24rh Inti. Geol. Congr .. Montreal, 1972, Sect. 1, Precambrian geology, pp. 11-18. ------. 19./ 3a. Late Precambrian Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 84:1243-1260. ------. 1973b. 16:535-550. The oroblematical Precambdan fo ssil Chuaria. Palaeontology, ------. 1974a. The Younger Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. /n: W. J. Breed and M E. C. Roar, eds., Geology of the Grand Canyon. Aagstaff: useum of Northern Arizona, and Grand Canyon Natural History Association, pp. 21-33. J974b. The Younger Preaunbrian fossils of the Grand Canyon. In: W. J. Breed, and E. C. Roat, eds., Geology of the Grand Canyon. Aagst FRECH, Fritz. 1893. Section in Congress Canyon opposite Point Sublime. In: S. F. Emmons, ed., Geological guide book of the Rocky Mountain excursion. Congres Geologique International, Compte Rendu de Ia 5"'" Session , Washington, 1891 . 476-48 1. Washington: anprimerie du Gouvernernent, Pt. 4B, pp. 1895. Das profil des grossen Colorado-Canon. Neus Jahrbuch fiir Mireralogie. Geologie undPalaeont ologie, 2:153-156. GILBERT, G. K. 1872. Repon of G. K. Gilben, Geological Assistant. In: G. M. Wheeler, Preliminary report concerning exploration.s and surveys principally in Ne>ada and Arizona; 1871. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Appendix D. pp. 92-96. ------. 1875 Repon on the geology of portions of Nevada, Utah, California, and \rizona. 1871 1872. M. Ex;unined in the years and /.>1: G. Wheeler, Report upon Geognphical and Geological Surveys West of the Dne Hundreth Meridian, VoL 3. Geology . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Pt 1, pp. 17-187. ------. 1876. The Colorado Plateau province as a field for geological snu.ly. <\m"'· Jour. Science, 3rd Ser., 12:16-24, 85-103. 1926. GILMORE, Charles W. Fossil footprints from the Grand Canyon. Smithson,... . Misc. Collection.s, 71(9), 41 pp. ! ---·---. 1927. Fossil footprints from the Grand Canyon: Second �ontribution. Smi.hs(lnian Misc. Collection.s, 80('�). 78 pp. 1928. Fossil footprints from the Orand Canyon: Third contribution. Smithsonian Misc. Collection.s, 80(8), 16 pp. 1915. GREGORY, Herbert E. The igneous origin of the "glacial deposits" on the NavaJo Reservation, Arizona and Utah. Amer. Jour. Science, 4th Ser., 40:97- 1 i5. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xl Geolot,;y of the Navajo Country-- a reconnaissance of pans of Arizona, New Mexico. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof Paper 161 and Utah. 93, pp. GUTSCHICK, Raymond C. 1943. The Redwall Limestone (Mississippian) of Yavapai County, Arizona. Plateau. 16:1-lL HINDS, Norman E. A. 1936a. Ep-Archean and Ep-Aigonldan intervals in western North America. In: Contribusior.s w pre-Cambrian geology of western North America. Carnegie Inst. WashingtOn Pub. 463, Pt I, pp. l-52. l936b. Uncompahgran and Beltian depo&its in western Norm America. In: Contributions w pre-Cambrian geology of western North America. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 463, Pt. 2, pp. 53-136. HITCHCOCK, Edward. 1857. Illustrations of surface geology. /n: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge , Vol. 9, 155 pp. (separately pagi nm�d �aper within the volume). HOWELL, B. F., 1nd Cambrian Subcommittee, National Research c_.ur.ci! Commit!f'e 01: Stratigraphy. 1944. Correlation of the Cambrian formations of North America. Genl. Soc. America Bull., 55:993-1003. HUNT, Charles B. 1956. Cenozoic geology of the Colorado Plateau. U.S. Geol Sur· cy Prof. Paper 279, 99 pp. HUNTOON, Peter W., and BILLiNGSLEY, George H., Jr., with Malcolm D. CLARK. 1981. Geologic mop of the Hurricane fa ult zone and vicinity, western Grand Canyon. ArizoM. Grand Canyon Natural History Association, scale 1 :48,000. 1982. Geologic mop of tlte Lower Granite Gorge and vicinity, western Grand Canyon, ArizoM. Gr3Ild Canyon Natural History Association, scale I :48,000. HUNTOON , Peter W., George H. BILLINGSLEY, Jr., William J. BREED, James W. SEARS, Trevor D. FORD, Malcolm D. CLARK, R. Scott BABCOCK, Edwin BROWN, et al. \976. Geologic map of the Grand Canyon National Park, ArizoM. Grand Canyon :62,500. Natural Hi:aory Association, and Museum of Northern Arizona, scale 1 IVES, Joseph C. 1861. Report upon the Colorado River of the West. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 36th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 90, 1 in five separately paginated parts, with appendices, vol. JOHNSON, Douglas W. 1909. A geological excursion in the Grand Caiion district. Boston Soc. Natu;·td Hiswry Proc., 34: 135-161. KARLSTROM, Thor N. V., Gordon A. SWANN, and Raymond L. EASTWOOD. 1974. (f!}s.) Geology of northern Arizona; with notes on archaeologv and paleoclimate. Gl',ol. Soc. America, Rocky Mountain Sect. meeting, Aagstaff, 2 vols. KE'.'ES, Ci..arles R. 1938. Basement complex of the Grand Canvon. Pan-Amer. Geologist, • 71J:9 1-Jl6. LA kLIE. b. C. 1925. Water power and flood control of Cc>/orado Rive.r below Gree ' River, 556, 17l. Utah. U.S. 0e�.,;, Survey Waler-Supply Paper pp. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xli LYLE. D. 1872. Repon Second Lieutenant D. A. Lyle. Second Untted St:J!f"s A. nf Anillery. /ia: George M. V' ,r, Preliminmy report conL·erning explorations and surveys principally in •• Arizona; '1 md 1871. Washington: U.S. Governmem Printing Office, Append1 pp. 76-90. MAPLES, Christopher , an.' Qex BUCHANAN. 1989. Raymond Cecil Moore (1892- 1974): Memorial and bibllography (in celebration oi the lOCith annivers ------. 1858. Geology of North America. Zurich: Ziircher and Furrer, for the author, 144 pp. MARVINE, A. R. 1875. Report on the geology of the route from St. George, Utah, to Gila River, Arizona. Examined in 1871. In: George M. Wheeler, Report upon Geographical and Geological Surveys West of the One Hundreth Meridian. Vol. 3. GeolC�gy. WashingtOn: U.S. Government Printing Office, Pt. 2, pp. 189-225. MAXSON, John H. 1961. Geologic map of the Jright Angel quadrangle, Grand Canyon Ncuional Park, Arizona. Grand Canyon Natural History Association, scale l :48,000. --·----. 1967. Preliminary geologic m.ap of the Grand Canyon and vicini.y, Arizona; eastern section. Grand Canyon Narural History Association, seal! I :62,500. 1969. Preliminary geologic map of the Grand Canyon and vicinity; western and central sections. Grand Canyoo Natural History Association, scale 1:62,500. McKEE, Ed win D. 1'133. The Coconino Sandstone--its history and origin. In: Papers conc�rning the palaeontology of Ca:ifornia, Arizona, and ldalw. Carnegie lnst. Washinston Pub. 440 [1934], Pt. 7, pp. 77-llS. . 1938. The environment and history of thf Toroweap and Kaibab fo rmations of northern Alizona southern Utah . and Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 492, 268 pp. ·------. 1946. Kanab Canyon: The trail of scientists. Plateau, 18:33-42. ------. 1960. Cycles in carbonate rocks. Amer. Jour. Science, Bradley Vol., 258-A:230-233. 1963. Nomenclature fo r lithologic suixlivisions of the Mississippian H.edwall Limestone, Arizona. In: Geological Survey research 1963. U.S. Geol. Su:vey Prof. Pa�r 475-C, pp. C2i-C2?.. ------. 1967. Arizona and western New Mexico. In: E. D. McKee, S. S. Oriel, a11d others, Paleotectonic investigations of the Permian Sys tem in the United Geol. Srares. US. Survey Prof. Paper 515-J, pp. 20 1-223. ------. 1969. Stratified rocks of the Grand Canyon. In: Tile Colorc.:llJ River region and John Wesley Powell. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 669-B, pp. 23-58. ------. 1975a. The Supai Group--subdivision and nomenclature. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1395-J, pp. Jl-111. ------. 1975b. Arizona. In: E. D. McKee liJid E. J. Crosby, coordinators, Paleotectanic investigations of the Per.n:.ylvanian System in the Uf'ited States. Part I. lntroducti'Jn and regiontJ/ analyses of the Pennsylvan·an System. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 853-P, pp. 295-309. ••••·•·. 1982. Th e Supai Group of Grand Canyon. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1173, 504 pp. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlii 1983. Foreword. ln. E. E Spamer, Geology of the Grand Canyon. An annota:ed bibliography, with an anrwtatt'd caJalogue of Grand Canyon typ e fo s�zls. 1857-1982; Geol. Soc. Arneriea Microfonn Pub 3, pp. 5-7. McKEE, Edwin D., and Raymond C. GtiTSCHICK. 1969. History of the Redwall Limestone of MrtMrn Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Memoir 114, 726 pp. McKEE, Edwin D., and Charles E. RESSER. !945. Cambrian history of the Grand Canyon regwn. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 563, 231 pp. 1967. McKEE, E.dwin D., Richard F. WU..SON, William 1. BREED, and Carol S. BREED. (eds.) Evolution of tM Colorado River in Arizona; an hypothesis developed at the SYf'IIPosium on Cenozoic geology of the Colorado Platec;u in Arizona. August 1964. Museum of Nonhero Arizona Bull. 44, 67 pp. McNAIR, Andrew 1951. Paleozoic ri Amer H. stratigraphy of part of northwestern A zona. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., 35:503-541. M6LLHAUSEN, Balduin. [1860?], 1861. Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nord-Amerilcas his zum Hoch-Piateau von Neu-Mexico, unterMmmen als Mitglied der im Auftrage der Regierrung der Vereinigten Staaten ausgesandten Colorado-Expedition. Leipzig: Ono Pursurst, 2 vols., 455, 406 pp. [An undated edition may have been prin:ed in 1860.} MOORE, Raymond C. 1925. Geologic re{XJrt on the Inner Gorge of the Grand Canyon of In: Wa ter power and flood control of Colorado the Colorado River. La Kue, E. C., River bel(})\.· Green River, Utah. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 556, App. B, pp. 125-171. In: Report upon the Colorado River NEWBERRY, J. S. 1861. Geological report. l C. Ives, of the West. 36th Congress, 1st Session, Senate E:'tecutive Document 90, Pt. 3 154 pp. [separately paginated]. NOBLE, L. F. 1910. Contributions to the geology of the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Geology of the Shinumo area. Amer. Jour. Science, 4Ul Ser., 29:369-386, 497-528. ··-·· --. 1914. The Shinumo quadrangle; ':rand Canyon district, Amona. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 549, 100 pp. ------. 1922. A st:ction of the Paleozoic formations Jf the Grand Canyon at the Bass trail. In: Shorter contribution to general geology, 1922. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131-B, pp. 23-73. NOBLE, L. F., and J. Fred HU1'!7ER. 1917. A reconnaissance of the Archean complex of the Granite Gorge , Gra."ld Canyon, Arizona. In: Shorter contributionf to general geology, 1916. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 95-113. POWELL, J. W. 1873. Some rernarks on the geological strucwre of a district of :ountry lying to nonh of the Grand Canon of the Coloradc. Ama. Jour. Science, 3rd Ser., 5:456-465.the ·····--. 1875. Exploration of the Colorado River of tho Wet -:.nd itr tributaries. Exp lored in under the directio.'l of Sl':retary of the Smithsonian 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, !he /nstin..'Wn. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Oni ce, 291 pp. 1876. Report on the geology of the eastern por:ion of the Uinta Mountains and a region of country adjacent thereto. With atlas . Washington, D. C.: U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, U.S. Gowmmem Printing Office; 218 pp. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xliii RAN�OME, F. L. 1908a. A comparison of some Paieozoic and pre-Cambrian section� in Arizona. Science, new ser , 27:68-69. 1908b. Pre-C�brian sediments and faults in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Science, new ser., 27:667-o:.J9. 1917. Some Paleozoic sections in Arizona and In: Shorter 1916 their correlation. contribution.s to general geology, U.S. Geol. Sur,ey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 133- 166. REESIDE, John B., and Harvey BASSLER. 1922. Stratigraphic sections in southwestern and 192/. Utah nonhwestem Arizona. Jr.: Shorter contributions general geology, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129-D, 53 77. to PP- - Plateau District, ROBINSON, H. H. 1907. The Teniai) peneplain of the and adjacent country, in Arizona and New Mexico. Amer. Jour. Science, 4th Ser., 24:109- 129. --- -- the -- . r Geology, 1910. A new erosion cycle in Grand Canyon District, Arizona. Jou . 18:742-763. SCHENK, Edward T., and Harry E. WHEELER. 1942. Cambrian sequence in "'estern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Jour. Geology, 50:882-899. SCHUCHERT, Charles. 1918a. On the Carboniferous of the Grand Canyon of Arizona. Am. Jour. Science, 4th ser., 45::347-361. ri lou.·. ------. 1918b. The Cambrian of the Gran j Canyon of A zon . Am. Science, 4th ser.• 45:362-369. a SORAUF, Jame ... E. 1962. Structural geology and stratigraphy of the r:hitmore area . Mohave Coli.nty, Arizona. Ph.D. dissenation, University of Kansas, 361 pp. SPAMER. Earle E. 1983. Geolvgy of the Grand Canyon: An annotated bibliography, 1857- 1982; with an annotated bibliography of Grand Canyon typ e fo ssils. Geol. Soc. America Mkrofonn Pub. 13, 543 pp. an l984a. Paleontology in the Grand C yon of Arizona: 125 years of lessons and enigmas from the late Precambrian to the present. Mosasaur, 2:45-128. ------. 19841>. Geology of the Grand Car.yon: An annotated bibliography; with an annotated 2. catalogue of Grand Canyon type fossils. Volume Supplement to rhe annotated (1857-1983); bibliography Supplement and r1'11isions to the annotated catalogue. Geol. Soc. America Microfonn Pub. 14, 229 pp. ------. 1988. Geology of the Grand Canyon: An annotated bibliography; with an annotated (to 1987); catalogue of Grand Canyon type fo ssils. Volume 3. Second supplement with an annotated bibliography of the world literarure on the Grand Canyon type fossil Chuaria circularis Walcott, 1899, an index fossil fo r the late Proterozoic. Geol. Soc. America Microfonn Pub. 17, 343 pp. ------. 1989. The development of geological studies in the Grand Canyon. Tryonia, no. 17, 87 pp. ------. 1990. Geology of 1he Grand Canyorr: An annotated bibliography; with an annotated 1989) catalogue of Grand Canyon type fossils. Volume 4. Third supplement (to with supplement to the afllliJtated bibliography of the world literature on the Grand Canyon Typ e Fossil Chuaria circularis Wa lcott, 1899. Geol. Soc. America Microform Publication 20, 178 pp. STEGNER, Wallace. 1954. Beyond the hundreth meridian; John We.-.iey Powell and the second opening of the West. Boston: Houghton Miffiin Co., 438 pp. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xliv STEVENSON, Gene M., and Stanley S. REUS. 1982. Sttatigraphy ., 1d depositional setting of the upper Precambrian Dox Formation in Grand Canyon. Geol. Soc. America Bull.. 93: 163-173. STOY ANOW, Alexander. 1936. Correlation of Arizona Paleozoic forrnaLions. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 47:459-540. STRAHLER, Arthur N. l944a. Valleys and parks of the Kaibab and Coconino plateaus, Arizona. Jour. Geology, 52:36 1 -387. l944b. A guide to the East Kaibab monocline in the Grand Canyon region. Plateau, 17:1-13. ------. 1945. Landsi:ape features of the Kaibab and Coconino Plateaus. Plateau, 18:1-6. ------. 1947. A geological guide to the western part of the Kaibab Plateau. Plateau, 19:53- 60. 1948. Geomorphology and structure of the W�st Kaibab fa ult zone and Kaib;�b Plateau, Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 59:51 3-:40. VAN GUNDY, C. E. 1934. Some observations of the Unkar Group of the Grand Canyon Algonkian. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, 9(8}:338-349. 1951. Nankoweap group of the Grand Canyon Algonkian of Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 62:953-959. (Presented before the Cordilleran Section, April 1936.) WALCOIT, C. D. 1880. The Permian and other Paleozoic groups of the Kanab Valley. Arizona. Amer. Jour. Science, 3rd Ser., 20:221-225. ------. 1883. Pre-Carboniferous strata in the Grand Canon of the Colorado, Arizona. Amer. Jour. Science, 3rd Ser., 26:437-442, 484. ------. 1884. Report of Mr. Charles D. Walcott. U.S. Geol. Survey. 4th Annual Report, pp. 44-48. ----·--. 1886. Classification of the Cambrian system of North America. Amer. Jour. Science, 32:138- 157. 3rd Ser., 1890. Study of a line of displacement in the Grand Canon of the Colorado, in northern Arizona. Geol. Soc. America Bull., l :49-64. 1894. Pre-Cambrian igneous rc<:k:s of the Unkar terrane, Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Arirona; with notes on the petrova'lhic character of the lavas by Joseph Paxson Iddi ngs. U.S. Geol. Survey, i 4th A ..mual tleoort, Pt. 2, pp. 497-524. 1895. Algonkian rocks of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Jow . Geology , 3:3 12· 330. Cambrian Brachiopoda with U.S. Nat/. ------. 1905. descriptions of new genera and spec �s. Mus. Proc., 28:227-337. WARD, L. F. 19111. Geology of the Little Colorado Valley. Amer. Jour. Science, 4th Ser., 12:401-4 13. WHEELER, Russell B., l!nd Albert R. KERR. 1936. Preliminary report on the Tonto group of the Grand Canyon, Arizona. In: Contributions to Grand Canyon geology. Grand Canyon Natural Hi�tory Assoc. Bull. 5, pp. l-15. WHITE, David. 1929. Flora of the Hermit shale. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 405, 22 1 pp. WILMARTII, M. Grace. 1932. (compiler) Tentative correlation of the named geologic units U.S. Geol. Survey, l sheet. of Arizona. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlv WVOD, William H. 1956. The Muav limestone and the Supra-Muav sequence at Yampai Cliffs , Arizona. Plareau, 29:25-29. 1966. Facies changes in the Cambrian Muav Limestone, Arizona. Geo/. Soc. America Bull., 7'.'· 1235-1245. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlv1 Organization of This Volume The basic organization of lhis volume is 1n fo ur parts: I. Guide to publisht� graphic and tabular data on Crand Canyon geology (excluding paleontology) II. Index to citations: Vols. 1-4 of Geology of the Grand Canyon: An annotated bibliography (Geological Society of America Microform Publications 13, 14, 17, 20), incorporating a cross-index to the guide to published graphic and tabular data on Grand Canyon geology HI. Special supplement to Geology of the Grand Canyon: An annotated bibliography; new citations not included in Vols. 1-4 IV. Indexes to the guide to published graphic and tabular data on Grand Canyon geology {excluding paleontology) Part I is the primary component of lhis volume. It is a listing of all figures and tbles in the Grand Canyon geological literature. This part is in tum segregated by subject into eight sectionr.: 1. Measured stratigraphic sections 2. Cross-sections 3. Correlation diagrams 4. Maps 5. Data presented in graphs and tables 6. Photographs 7. Geologic road logs ar.d Colorado River guides 8. Miscellaneous lists Many publications contain figures and tabular data that fall into more than one of these categorles, hence the same reference can appear in several sections. But only the appropriate figures and tables from each reference are listed in any one section. Within each of these sections, all citations are alphabetical by author, in bibliographical order (for a given author: single-author publications first. two-auLior publications second, multiple-author publications third [as Author Name et al.]}. The indexes to Part I (stratigraphic index, geographic index, and subject index) are relegated to Part IV in ordtr to present them on a separate fiche card {because this volume is first intended as a microform publication). A hard-copy reproduction of the fiche images will then also place the index at the end. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlvii The fonnat for each citation is as fo llows (refer to large letters, explained beneath the example): A B 857 Lucchitta, 1., 1967, Cenozoic geology or the upper Lake Mead area adjacent to the Grand Wash ClifTs, Arizona: Ph.D. disserl Pennsylvania State Llniv., 218 pp. , C [SEDCZ] D Thl. 1. "Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rock'� in the upper Lake Mead Earea. (Cretaceous, and Cretaceous or Tertiary rocks, exposed only in the lower Lake Mead area, included for reference)." F (pp. 19-20) G Data: Rock unit. composition, colo.·s, textures, structures, weathering fonn, approximate thickness {ft). Overton Fanglomerate, Baseline Ss., Willow Tank Fm., Aztec Ss., Chinle Fm., Moenkopi Fm., Kaibab Fm., Toroweap Fm., Coconino Ss., Hermit Sh., Supli'j fm. [Supai Gr.], Callville Ls., Redwall Ls .. Devonian Is., Muav L.>., Bright Angel Sh., Tapeats Ss. Thl. 3. "Early and middle Cenozoic rocks of the Lake Mead area." (p. 34) Data: Rock unit, composition, color, texture, structure, weathering form, age, approximate thickness (ft). Mount Davis volcanics, Golden Door volcanics, Kingman rhyolite series, Tertiary deposits on Hualapai Plateau, Horse Spring Fm., Bull Mountain series, Patsy Mine volcanics, Tassi Fm... Overton ate, Thumb Fm. Tbl. 6. "Char ics of facies in the Grand Wash �ssemblage." �p. 88) D:.ta: Unit, composition, color, texture, structure, weathering fom, derivation [provenance], relation to other rocks. Data for c.o nglomerate-breccia facies, ss.-siltst. facies. rrystalline precipitate facies. Fig. 35. "Calculation of volume of Muddy Creek rocks in Grapevine Wash area." (p. 160) Muddy Creek Fm. Incl. schematic cross-sections. Tbl. 12. "Characteristics of post-Muddy Creek deposits in the upper Lake Mead area." (pp. 168-169) Data for: alluvium; recent fan and stream deposits; terrace and pediment gravels; unconsolidated Colorado River gravels; Chemehuevi Fm.; stream and lake deposits; and fan, pediment and river gravel; mass-wastage deposits; youfiger cemented river gravels; lava flows and dikes; older cemented river gravels; landslide breccia. Data: Composition, textw·e, structure, geomorphic characteristics, relation to other rocks, identifying features. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlviii H p. 181: [Counts of randomly selected pebbles, " ...perc entage of the various clast lithologies in the gravels below the lava, above the lava, and above the Chemehuevi formation at the western edge of Sandy Point. .. "] Identifications for count: qtzt. and qtz. ss., Is. chert, qtz., igneous and metamorphic rocks. A Citation number. Each number is consecutive through all eight sections of the Guide (Part 1). 8 Author listing. Format: Author(s), date, journal or volume title, page(s). C A code inserted for some automatic indexing fu nctions; in this case [SEDCZ] stands for "sedimentology, Cenozoic". These ::odes can be ignored by the user. D Table, figure, or (in the case of tabular material included within a text) page number. All referen�es are presented in page order (in the order in which they appear in the publication), hence the interleaving of "Fig." and "Tbl." E The figure legend or table caption is quoted from the publication. F Page number(s) on which the figure or table appears. G Contents of the figure or table, listing stratigraphic data [ witi; clarifications or updating inside square brackets}, geographic localities, and components of the figure or table. H If the figure or table carries no legend or caption, its contents are summarized and placed within square brackets. An abbreviated citation style (deleting titles for the most part) was selected as a space-saving measure. The information given with each entry should, however, be sufficient for the user to easily locate the publication or paper. Every reference cited !n the Guide has a corresponding annotation in Geology of the Grand Canyon: An Annotated Bibliography (Spamer, 1983, 1984b, 1988, 1990; Geological Society of America Microform Publications 13, 14, 17, 20). The full citation as well as the abstract can be located in the Annotated Bibliography if necessary. A guide to authors cited in the Annotated Bibliography is provided in Part II. hat part is a comprehensive author and chronological index to all citations in the Annotated1 Bibliography. Thus there are papers listed in these indexes that have not been included in the present Guide. Such unincluded papers are those that had no figures or tabular data, or were strictly paleontologiclll in content. It is intended to be used as a list of all Grand Canyon geological authors, and a chronological !siting of the voluminou:; iiterature overall. It also serves as an updated index to Vols. 1-4 (the previous such index having covered Vols. 1-3 only). Th: listings are explained in Part II. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 xlix A few last-minute references were included in the Guide, which have not appeared in the Annotated Bibliography. These references are cited in fu ll, with annotations, in Part III. Part IV uf the volume is devoted to indexes to the Guide: stratigraphic index, geogr;.�hic index, .md subject index. These are designed to fo llow the whole text so as tt> simply any •1pdat'.ng to the indexes which may become necessary; they are designed to be ?roduced on scpdlate fiche. Each index has been generated by computer. The text wa� prepared on WordPerfect 5.0 text processing software, and the indexes were gen�rated using concordances supplied to the indexing program. The original file was htodified so ·.hat the index would be keyed to citation number rather than to page number, this because on most different citaitons appear. Some entries in the indexes may not J).!IJ;C:. :.e•�ral justifiabl.j belong there because the computer program cannot examine context. Many potl''ltial instances of incorrect index keying have been anticipated and avoided. Hopefully, the utilitarian value of the indexes overall will outweigh the few inconsistencies which may have rel;lained therein. This has been a first try at such computerized indexing using this sort of data; the author hopes tJ- -,t this will i:>e kept in mind when the user refers to these indexes. In any case, mo�t researchers will have specific tasks in mind, and may wish to examine every citation rather than refer to the indexes, since only the researcher can determine exactly what material may actually pertain to thtl tasks at hand. Also included in this voiume (immediately preceding this section) is a "Historical Overview of Geological Studies in the Grand Canyon." This is a generalized survey of the trends in Grand Canyon geological research. Tables correlating the uses of stratigraphic names and definitions of formational boundaries, as appearing in the literature from 1856 to 1989, are included in that section. The stratigraphic data also serve as a key to what names earlier author!' have used for stratigraphic units, which may be different from the names and formational boundaries in use todav. These tables thus serve as a key to older nomenclature, so that users of the stratigraphiC' index can locate additional potentially useful references. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3744487/9780813759210_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021