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Handicraft Survey Report, Panja Dari, Part-XD, Series-17, Punjab

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Handicraft Survey Report, Panja Dari, Part-XD, Series-17, Punjab CENSUS OF INDIA 1981 Part - XD SERIES 17 PUNJAB HANDICRAFT SURVEY REPORT: PANJA DARI DRAFTED BY CHARAN SINGH INVESTIGATOR EDITED BY R. K. BHATIA DY. DIRECTOR; OF CENSUS OPERATIONS SUPERVISED BY J. Co. KALRA. JOINT DIRECTOR CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB CHANDIGARH CE~Sl:S OF INDIA-1981 .\ CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Pl:BLICATTO~S The 1981 census Reports on Punjab will bear uniformly Series No. 17 and v.rill t1l' published in following part:- Part IA Admir.istrat10n Report- ·Enumeration (for ofllclal use only). Part IB Administration Report-Tabulation. Part 11.,\ General Population Tables-A Series ::'"l.g:e Vohme. Part TIB Primar:,>' Census A bs tract. Part :II General EC')flomic Tables. Part IV Social ar.d Cultural Tables. Part V :vIigration Tables. Part VI E'Ntility Tables. Part VI: Tables on Houses and Disabled Population Part v:u 1I(;useh()!d Tables. Part :X Specia: Tables on Scheduled Castes and Schedu!ed Tribes Par~ XA Town Directory. Pa"t XB SJ~ vey Rppt'rts on Selected TO\\ ns Part XC" Survey Report<; on Selected Villages. Part XD Surn'~' Reports un Selected Handicrafts Par: XI Ethnographlc Notes and Special Studies on Scheduled Cast('s and Scheduled Tribes Par't XII r.,'ns:.ts Atlas. ., B STATE GOVERNMENT PCBLJCATlO);S Part AlII District Census Handbook for each ~; .,·~rict ~'ar. XIlIA .:lage and Town Directory Fart XU:B 11 iW' and Towny. I" • :)rimary Census .\b')tra .... ~. l! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FieLd Work Charan Singh, Investigator and Malkit Singh, S.A. Tabulation Raj Pal Pathak, A.C. First and Revised Draft Charan Singh Photography, illustrations Ravinder Pal Singh, Draftsman Cover design Kulbir Singh, Artist Editing / Supervision J. C. Kalra, Joint Director R. K. Bhatia, Deputy Director G. S. Gill, Assistant Director CONTENTS Li::;t Df Illustrative Figurps List 01 I'lates \11 F'orl'word ,x Preface xi Chapt£>r I History of Origin and DE'Yt'loplllt:'nt l)f the craft Chapter II - -Craftsmen in Their Rural :::.etting 8 ChaptN In -Procesli of Learning 2S Chapter rV--Manufacturing Process 3 Chapter V-Markpting Chapter VI- Craft and Employment ::>3 5)) Chapter VII-Conclusion tts'r 6ff ILLUSTRAT10N~ 1ll ustrative Description 'Pages Figure No. l. Traditional Tam (Bow) and mogra l (wooden hamn)er) I 2. TakaH (Spindle Whorl) I 39 3. Teran for preparing Skeins J 4. Stretched Taana for weaving l >­ 41 5. Panja or Hathhi (comb) for beating Wefts J 6. (a) Web 'and, Rachh (heddle) in beginning l >- 43 (b) The central shed shifted to extreme left J 7. A portable A-dda (frame) with details l 8. (a) Side view of single heddle web. Tension I released when shed stick is in horizontal >- position I 44 I (b) Side view of single heddle web .•Tension j created when shed stick is in vertical I position I I 9. Basic pattern of weaving I>- 45 I 1p. Panakh or gaj (Breadth regulating too!) j 11. Outlines of some prevalent designs of daris in the villages • 47 LIST OF PLATES Pl3te No, DescriptIon 1. Busy at traditional Vel lla (cotton ginning machine) <I". Traditional Tara (bow) and modern machine for flicking cotton wool. 3. Traditional Clwrkha (Spinning Wheell 4. Woman busy in spinmng s(}')t (yam) at Charkha (Spinnin~ Wheel) 5. Woman preparing skeins with Teran 6. lJrying 01' d~t['d sllnt (yarn) for \NPlt strands 7. A ful!y strptched TaaTla (web) s. PU71ja or Hathhi (a pronged comb). as wpl1 as Teran 9. Instructions to young girl for dan \Vf'aving creating the shed and beating of wdt is also seen 10. Females busy in weaving daTi at portable Before page ';l) arlaa (framE') 11. Single female attending to weaving operation 1::!. A geoinC'trical design rcachmg cOlllp1etion in the dad 13 Lehalia (wavy) designs in woven daris as required by Khadar Bhal1dar 14. Other Leharin (wavy) d(.'signs in dafis J5. Daris of various other prevalent desif(ns in villages. 16. Daris indicati11g rabbit and Leh{lfla destglls 17. MOfe intricate nesigns on daris 18. Arrival and departure with headloaos of soot (yarn) and woven daris 19. Transactions-giving and taking oj material at Khadar Bhandar vii FOREWORD The Indian handicrafts are known the world over for their rich variety, grace, elegance and skilled craftmanshi-p. Nevertheless, a number of handicrafts because of their stiff competition with factory made products, non-availability of raw materials, exhorbitant increase in the manufacturing cost, lack of proper marketing facilities for finished products or due to a variety of other reasons have either become extinct or have reached the moribund stage. After independence, however a number of schemes were introduced by different government agencies f6r their growth and development but still this sudden impetus has helped only a few crafts to flourish and thereby become spinners of foreign exchange for the country. Despite the unique position being enjoyed by the handi­ crafts especially in the realm of national economy, the general awareness among the people in the country about our crafts and craftsmen had been deplorably poor. Nothing was practically known about the commodities produced, techniques employed for the manufacture of different objects, raw materials used, their availability, methods adopted for the sale of finished products etc. An attempt was therefore made in connectjon with the 1961 Census to study about 150 crafts from different parts of the country with a view' to provide basic information on those crafts which were selected for the study. At the 1971 Census, the study on handicrafts was not taken up but this was again revived in connection with the 1981 Census. There has been, however, some difference bet­ ween the studies taken up in connection with the Censuses of 1961 and 1981. While the 1961 studies have covered both rural and urban crafts, the 1981 studies have focussed their attention only on traditional rural based crafts. That apart, the 1981 studies besides touching upon those aspects which were covered under the 1961 series, have laid emphasis on matters that are vital for the revival of rural crafts and thereby for the rejuve­ nation of the economy of the region particularly the villages. This is in consonance with the policy of the government to give due importance to the rural sector with focus on employ­ ment intensive strategy of development in which next to agriculture, the small scale industries and handicrafts playa significant role. The formats required for undertaking the study were iormulated by Dr. K. P. Ittaman under the able, guidance of ix Dr. N. G. Nag, the then Depufy Regis'fiar General, Social Studies Division. - Dr. Ittaman who succeeded Dr. Nag as Deputy Rfigtstrar .General, Social Studies Bivisi'on co-ordinateq the study undertaken in different States/Union Territories by the 'Dir,ectorates of Census Operations. The -reports received fr6m the Directorates wet;e examined by Shri M. R'. Jain. Senior H.es~arch Officer with the help of Smt. Suman Prashar, Assis­ tant Director of Census Operati6ns and the staff working under thenl. I am grc.\teiul to all of them 'for organising this study. , Tpe pre~ent report is the outcome of a study undertaker1 Gt;1.P(.qlja. ~ani by. the Directorq_te of Census Operations, Punjab. 1 Qfly'e .immense pleasure in ackpowledging the services rendered by Shri 3. <;:;, Kalra and Shri R. K. Bhatia, Joint Director and Deputy Director respectively and their colleagues in the ,CellSUf:i Directorate for bringing out this publication. New Delhi, V. S. VERMA, the 1st June, 1988 Registrar GE!neral, India PREFACE The study was conducted in three villages : NIajri in Hl~pn()ga" District. Samgoli in Patiala District and Sanghol·in Ludhinna District of the state during the first half of 1986. The workC'rs in thes(' villages were prt·dominantly from culti­ vator households. Even so, some of the women folk practised PrOljn DaTi weaving when frt>e fronl other work. Spinning and weaving were performed entfrely by women. Lack of Cl)lllmensurate monE'tary return. want of adequate market l'iH'ilitics and difficulty in procuring raw materials pose some problems in the devC'lopnlents of the craft. The data for this study was collected in four schedules A, B. C and D~ Schedule A was canvassed through various oII:cc's to collect basic information about the craft within and outside the state>; Schedule> B termed as village schedule sOdght to collect variuus types at data on selpcted villag<:'s; Sdl('dul(· C was tC'rmed as hous('hold schedule, which sought to collect information from households practising thE" craft in the villagps; and SchedulE" D was canvass('d amongst house­ holds who had since left the craft to ascertain their attitudC's about the craft. Photographic illustrations and sketches have been includ~d to elaborate the techniques and stages of processes involved in the manufacture' of the dari. Certain d('signs available in the village have particularly been added to provide a realistic pictur(' of the craft. The Social Studies Division of the office of the Registrar GenL~ral India, offered useful suggestions to improve thE' draft report which were incorporated accordingly. I am thankful to Dr. K. P. Ittanlun, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) for his guidance and Sh1'i :!_\/[. K. Jain, Senior Research OffIcer and his tealn of officers for scrutiny and valuable COmm<'Ilts which made the monograph see the light of the day. Shri Charan Singh, Investigator, assistE"d by Shri, Malkit Singh. S.A. condueted the field work with zeal perS0verance und tenacity during the turbulent times in th(' state. Shri Charan Singh prepared the draft of thf' monograph. S/Shri IVlalkit Singh, S.A.
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