[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Geographical Analysis of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) Population in

Amit Kumar Ph.D. Research Scholar, Centre of Advanced Study (UGC), Department of Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Received: July 01, 2018 Accepted: August 13, 2018

ABSTRACT Haryana, an Indian state has been on the boil because of caste-based agitations for the inclusion in OBCs during February, 2016. The state went through a horrific phase of violence for the matter of OBCs. Haryana was carved out of Punjab as a new entity of federal on 1 November, 1966. Forty-seven years may be too small a period in the annals of any state but the tiny state of Haryana makes an absorbing tale of big transformation. Concerned about the welfare of its people, Haryana government also launched a slew of welfare programmes spanning all segments of the society such as Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Other Backward Classes. In case of OBCs, the government of Haryana extended welfare programmes from 1969 (Mathur, 2004). But OBCs as targeted beneficiaries of state programmes are not counted as separate category till date. The district wise OBCs population as well as their demographic variables is not available. It is very well known that every policy has its spatial expression and non availability of data is the main hurdle in the formulation of policies and programmes for the development of OBCs in the state. It is also meaningless to enlarge the list of OBCs without having the population data of already listed OBCs. The absence of population figures for OBCs renders difficult the task of assessing their conditions. However, there are some other data sources such as NSSO, NFHS, BPL survey 2007 and various backward classes commissions/committees that give a fairly distinct estimates on the size of OBCs over space and time. NFHS survey (1998-99) estimated twenty one per cent households belonged to OBCs in Haryana and whereas the NFHS (2005-2006) estimated twenty three percent households belonged to OBCs. The present research paper is a humble initiative to analyse available data sources in context of Haryana state.

Introduction

The reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) was announced by Indian Government on August 7, 1990. This was done in accordance with implementing the Mandal Commission Report. Recently, the position concerning other backward classes also varies from State to State. The central List of OBCs is issued in respect of 25 states and 6 union Territories so for. Four states- Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram- are not identified OBCs till now. Similarly, the Union Territory of Lakshadweep is also not covered OBC quota. On the other hand, all the other states (except above mentioned) have officially identified OBCs. A substantial percentage of vacancies in all state services are also reserved for them to the extent of 50 percent in Tamil Nadu, 40 percent in Kerala, 38 per cent in A&N, 34 per cent in Puducherry, 33 percent in Bihar, 32 percent in Karnataka, 29 percent in Andhra Pradesh, 27 per cent in Assam, NCT Delhi, Goa, , Odisha, , Chandigarh and Daman & Diu Islands, 27 percent in class III and IV jobs and services and 10 per cent in Class I and Class II jobs in Haryana, 25 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir, 21 per cent in , and Sikkim,, 18 percent (in class III and IV jobs and services) and 12 percent in Class I and Class II jobs in Himachal Pradesh, 17 per cent in Manipur and West Bengal, 14 per cent in Chhatisgarh, 14 per cent in Jharkhand and Uttarakhand, 12 percent in Punjab, 5 per cent in Dadra & Nagar Haveli (Parliament of India, 2014). The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 153 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY– SEPT 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar. Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Haryana have sub- divisions of the OBCs. In the remaining States, the entire OBC list is one and, therefore, all of them are treated at par officially.

But the concept of identification of OBCs varies region to region. There were three contiguous groupings of regional pattern for the identification of OBCs. First, there was peninsular bloc comprising the four Dravidian states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerla and Tamil Nadu) and Maharashtra. In these states, the OBCs have a long history descending from pre independence and a major section of population (38 per cent to 55 per cent) was considered as OBCs (Galanter 1984). A major segment of scarce opportunities were reserved for them. The second was eastern middle band stretching across India from Assam in the northeast through West Bengal and Orrissa, across to Rajasthan (except Gujarat). In these states, there was no significant use of the OBCs category. Third was the northern tier of states who displays an intermediate pattern. It comprises of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar where the listing had a communal base initially and make up a sizeable portion of the population, but the benefits were not as extensive as in the south (Galanter 1984).

Objective of the Study

1. To understand the changes in the list of OBCs (including composite Punjab as well as Haryana) from 1951 to 2018. 2. To understand the spatial patterns of OBCs population with the objective of identifying areas recorded high and low concentration of OBCs population during 1993-94.

Database and Methodology

The study is based on district level estimated data of OBCs population collected by Haryana Second backward Classes Commission during 1993-94. The percentage rate constitutes the measure used to describe the spatial variation in the distribution as well as concentration of OBCs population. The percentage of OBCs population to total population and concentration of OBCs has been calculated by using the following formula:

OBCs in Composite Punjab, 1951-1966

As a part of northern tier of states, the history of identification of OBCs in Haryana could be traced back to the early 1950s when Haryana was part of Punjab (virtually east Punjab). The process of identification of OBCs in this part of the country was belated event and it could never become very strong and effective due to various causes (Government of Haryana, 1995). In 1948, central Government added OBCs to the list for award of post matriculation scholarship (1948-1949) for the first time (Galanter, 1984). To that extent, the state governments were required to draw up list of the castes that fell under OBCs. In August, 1951, Punjab Government appointed a

154 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 committee consisting of election commissioner, deputy commissioner, criminal tribes and census superintendent to go into the whole question (Government of Punjab, 1965). On the basis of their recommendations and after

Table 1 Composite Punjab: List of OBCs, 1951 OBCs list identified by the Committee OBCs list recognized for Government of India consituted by Punjab Government Scholarship, 1951-1952 SR. No Name of Caste Sr. No Name of Caste 1 Aheria, Aheri, Heri, Naik, Thori or Thri 1 Bagria 2 Barra 2 Bagi 3 Beta, Hensi or Hesi 3 Chamak Dhamak 4 Changar 4 Dhobi 5 Chirimar 5 Ghosi 6 Daiya 6 Khohli 7 Gawaria, Gauria or Gwar 7 Kahar 8 Kanjar or Kanchan 8 Mahtam 9 Kurmi 9 Sweeper 10 Nai 10 Weaver

11 Rehar, Rehara or Rer 12 Ghirath 13 Darain 14 Ghai Source: Government of Punjab. (1966). Report of the Evaluation Committee on Welfare. Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery, Punjab. p 138.

Commissioner for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. (1951). Report. New Delhi: Manger of Publications. p 168. consultation with deputy commissioners in the state the Punjab government identified 14 castes (Table 1) as OBCs constituting 2 per cent of the state population (Government of India, 1980). The criterion for the identification of castes as OBCs was economic and educational backwardness coupled with some inherent factor that the community concerned was looked down which was an act almost akin to untouchability. However, as per the List of backward classes in India recognised for scholarships (1951-1952), only 10 caste of Punjab were considered as OBCs (Table 1).

The census 1951 estimation, based on the existing state lists (i.e., 14 castes), counted 7.88 lakhs persons as OBCs in composite Punjab which constituted 6.2 per cent of state population and 1.1 per cent of OBCs population of India. While the backward classes commission (1953-1955) identified 88 castes/communities as OBCs in composite Punjab. The commission also estimated 25.56 lakhs persons as OBCs in the state which constituted 20.2 per cent of the state population and 2.25 per cent of OBCs population of India. Out of 88 castes/communities, this population figure was only for 59 OBCs castes/communities of the state. The commission had no population figures for the others. Of the 59 castes/communities, Kumhar Teli, Tarkhan, Faqir, Mewati, Nai,Ahir, and Ghirath together constituted 54.7 per cent of the state OBCs population (Table 2). The table 3 reveals that the lists of OBCs Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 155 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY– SEPT 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 from 1951 right up to 1966, collated fully capture the lengthening of the OBCs list from just 14 in 1951 to 63 in 1966. Table 2 Composite Punjab: Population Estimates of OBCs Castes/Communities, 1955 Sr. Name of Estimated Per cent to Sr. Name of Estimated Per cent to No Caste/Community population Total No Caste/Community population Total OBCs OBCs Population Population

1 Kumhar 244723 9.57 31 Labana 10145 0.40 2 Teli 194871 7.62 32 Rai Sikh 9568 0.37 3 Tarkhan 179500 7.02 33 Batwal 9283 0.36 4 Faqir 176033 6.89 34 Pinja 9195 0.36 5 Mewati 154790 6.06 35 Naik 8088 0.32 6 Nai 153518 6.01 36 Manihar 7751 0.30 7 Ahir 152584 5.97 37 6102 0.24 8 Ghirath 143044 5.60 38 Noongar 4688 0.18 9 Lohar 140115 5.48 39 Hadi 4114 0.16 10 Mochi 131176 5.13 40 Thathera 3608 0.14 11 Dhanak 81544 3.19 41 Thori 3208 0.13 12 Mirasi 79060 3.09 42 Ghosi 3124 0.12 13 Saini 78625 3.08 43 Kanjar 2602 0.10 14 Phool Mali ,Saini 64976 2.54 44 Dhogri 2430 0.10 15 Kahar 62340 2.44 45 Hali 2210 0.09 16 Kasab 56754 2.22 46 Mina 1489 0.06 17 Jogi Nath 54325 2.13 47 Shorgir 1444 0.06 18 Kamboj 49345 1.93 48 Bhojki 1219 0.05 19 Chimba, Chippi 48910 1.91 49 Kurmi 1057 0.04 20 Dhobi 46835 1.83 50 Beta 600 0.02 21 Baragi 31807 1.24 51 Rehar 425 0.02 22 Gadaria 22798 0.89 52 Dhosali 358 0.01 23 Mallah 21052 0.82 53 Tambole 318 0.01 24 Taga 15490 0.61 54 Chirimar 250 0.01 25 Dhimar 14273 0.56 55 Sikligar 185 0.007 26 Dhiman Brahman 14273 0.56 56 Bhand 140 0.005 27 Biloch 13918 0.54 57 Bagaria 86 0.003 28 Aheria 12571 0.49 58 Ghai 22 0.001 29 Chang 12144 0.48 59 Nar 21 0.001 30 Bhat Bhatra Darpi 10963 0.43 Total 2462357 100 Source: Government of India. (1955). Report of the backward classes commission (Vol. II). Shimla: Government of India. pp. 94-99.

Note:- However Backward Classes Commission (1953-55) identified 88 castes/communities as OBCs in composite Punjab but the population figure was given only for 59 OBCs castes/communities in composite Punjab. The commission had no population figures for the others

156 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Table 3 Composite Punjab: OBCs, 1951-1966 year No of caste entries in central list of OBCs No of castes entries in state list of OBCs 1951 10 14 1955 88 16 1956 - 21 1957 - 22 1958 - 23 1966 - 63 Source: Commissioner for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. (1951). Report. New Delhi: Manger of Publications. p 168.

Government of India. (1955). Report of the backward classes commission (Vol. II). Shimla: Government of India. pp. 94-99.

Government of Punjab. (1966). Report of the Evaluation Committee on Welfare. Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery, Punjab. pp 138-143.

Note:-However Backward Classes Commission (1953-55) identified 88 castes/communities as OBCs but the population figure was given only for 59 OBCs castes/communities in composite Punjab. The commission had no population figures for the others.

OBCs in Haryana, 1969-2018

The Punjab reorganization bill passed by the Indian Parliament on September 10, 1966 bifurcated the bilingual state of Punjab, and Haryana was carved out of Punjab on 1st November, 1966. (Government of Haryana, 2001). During the year, 1969 the Government of Haryana published a list of OBCs without a formal inquiry into their economic backwardness and social status. It announced 10 per cent reservation in Govt. services and 2 per cent in Table 4 Haryana: OBCs, 1990-2018 Year No of caste entries in central list No of Castes entries in state list 1990 76 66 1993 60 67 1996 69 72 2008-09 74 76 2018 74 78 Source: Government of India. (1980). Report of the backward classes commission (7 Vols. In 2 parts). New Delhi: Controller of publications.

Government of Haryana. (1990). Report of the backward classes commission. Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery Haryana.

Government of Haryana. (1995). First report of the second backward classes commission. Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery Haryana.

Government of Haryana. (2008-2009). Annual administrative report of scheduled castes & backward classes department. Chandigarh.

Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Haryana. Retrieved from haryanascbc.gov.in

National Commission for Backward Classes, India. Retrieved from http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User Panel/CentralListStateView.aspx.

Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 157 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY– SEPT 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 professional and technical institutions. The backward classes commission (1980) identified 76 castes as OBCs in the state. However the recommendations of backward classes commission (1980) were not implemented till 1990. Predominantly on political consideration, the State Government went on adding castes to the state list of BCs from time to time (Table 4). Consequently, there were 66 castes in the BCs state list issued by Haryana Government till 1990 but their number has been increased to 78 in 2018 and there were 60 castes in the central list of OBCs of Haryana in 1993 but their number have been increased to 74 in 2018 (Table 4). It is ironic that Haryana developed tremendously in socio-economic terms, but conversely there has been steep increase in backwardness according to constitutional criterion. There is almost 80 per cent (SCs-20.17, OBCs-29, SBCs-30.7) population declared as backward till date (Census of India, 2011; Government of Haryana, 1995; Government of Haryana, 2012).

OBCs Population in Haryana

However, there are discrepancies in proportion of OBC population in Haryana, because no systematic study was conducted for the counting of OBCs in state till date. The last caste-wise census was undertaken by the Government of India in 1931 and after that the system of caste-wise census has been discontinued and caste-wise percentage population figures are not officially available. The different surveys of NFHS put the OBCs households

Table 5 Haryana: Estimates of OBCs Population, 1993-94 Sr. District Total Total Per Per cent Rural Per Urban Per No estimated OBCs cent to to total OBCs cent to OBCs cent to population populati total OBCs population total population total during -on populat of state OBCs OBCs 1993-94 -on populati populati -on -on 1 Sonipat 803600 204094 25.40 7.74 162181 79.46 41913 20.54 2 Kurukshetra 683300 161021 23.57 6.11 137867 85.62 23154 14.38 3 Karnal 942900 211905 22.47 8.04 165534 78.12 46371 21.88 4 Sirsa 961900 181157 18.83 6.87 143151 79.02 38006 20.98 5 Panipat 887300 148778 16.77 5.64 117663 79.09 31115 20.91 6 Hisar 1963700 322519 16.42 12.24 269510 83.56 53009 16.44 7 Kaithal 873700 142138 16.27 5.39 117570 82.72 24568 17.28 8 Yamuna Nagar 875000 138906 15.87 5.27 86782 62.48 52124 37.52 9 Ambala 1189000 184098 15.48 6.98 140030 76.06 44068 23.94 10 Jind 1025300 157409 15.35 5.97 126157 80.15 31252 19.85 11 Bhiwani 1213300 169059 13.93 6.41 131563 77.82 37496 22.18 12 Mahendragarh 725900 97933 13.49 3.72 83749 85.52 14184 14.48 13 Faridabad 1572600 189419 12.04 7.19 68381 36.10 121038 63.90 14 Gurgaon 1220100 118730 9.73 4.50 92660 78.04 26070 21.96 15 Rewari 663500 61927 9.33 2.35 50221 81.10 11706 18.90 16 1925400 146905 7.63 5.57 88081 59.96 58824 40.04 Total 17526500 2635998 15.04 100.00 1981100 75.16 654898 24.84 Source: Government of Haryana. (1995). First report of the second backward classes commission. Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery Haryana. p 113.

158 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 in the state from 21 per (1998-99) cent to 44 per cent (2015-2016). While another survey conducted by NSSO (2009-2010) put the OBCs household at 31 per cent and OBCs population in the state at 30.7 per cent.

Haryana Government set up its first ever backward classes commission on September 7, 1990. The Commission (1990) surveyed 80 castes for the identification of OBCs in Haryana. Out of 80 castes, only 16 castes (Ahir, Arora/Khatri, Bishnoi, Brahman, Gossain, Gujar, Jat, Jat Sikh, Kalal, Mahajan/Bania, Meo, Muslim, , Ror, Saini and Tyagi) do not find mention in the lists of scheduled castes and OBCs notified by the Haryana government. The rest 64 castes have already been notified either as SCs or OBCs by the Haryana government. Consequently, the work of commission has been narrowed down to identify OBCs only from amongst the above mentioned 16 castes. The commission identified 9 castes (Ahir, Bishnoi, Gujar, Jat, Jat Sikh, Meo, Rajput, Saini, Tyagi) from amongst the 16 castes as OBCs. The identified OBCs constituted almost 43 per cent of the total population of Haryana. No information was collected on already notified list of OBCs of Haryana.

Distribution of OBCs Population in Haryana, 1993-94

Haryana Government set up second backward classes commission on October 12, 1993. The commission estimated the population of 67 OBCs castes of the state. As per estimates of Haryana Backward Classes Fig 1

Source: Government of Haryana (1995). Report of Second Backward Classes Commission, Chandigarh.p.113. Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 159 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY– SEPT 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Fig 2

Source: Government of Haryana (1995). Report of Second Backward Classes Commission, Chandigarh.p.113.

Commission (1993-94), the total population of OBCs was 26,35,998 in 1993-94 which constituted about 15.04 per cent of total population of Haryana. The majority of OBCs population i.e, 75.15 per cent resided in rural areas and only 24.88 per cent in urban areas. More than one-third of the state OBCs population lived in only four districts Hisar (12.24 per cent), Karnal (8.04 per cent), Sonipat (7.74 per cent), and Faridabad (7.19 per cent). While low concentration (less than 5 per cent) of OBCs population recorded in Gurgaon (4.50 per cent), Mahendragarh (3.72 per cent), and Rewari (2.35 per cent; Fig 1).

160 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 There were significant areal variations in the proportion of the OBCs population to total population. At the district level, the highest proportion (more than 16 per cent) of OBCs population to total population has been registered in Sonipat district (25.40 per cent) closely followed by Kurukshetra (23.57 per cent), Karnal district (22.47 per cent), Sirsa (18.83 per cent), Panipat (16.77 per cent), Hisar (16.42 per cent), and Kaithal (16.27 per cent). The lowest proportion (less than 10 per cent) of OBCs population to total population has been recorded in Rohtak (7.63 per cent) followed by Rewari (9.33 per cent), and Gurugaon (9.73 per cent; Fig 2).

It is reflected well in the data presented in Table 5 that the OBCs population is unevenly distributed in the rural & urban areas of the state. Out of total OBCs population of the state, rural OBCs population was 19, 81,100 constituting 75.15 per cent of the total OBCs population of Haryana. On the other hand, the urban OBCs population also varies from district to district. The urban OBCs population was 6, 54,898 constituting about 24.84 per cent of the total OBCs population of the state (Table 5). The Commission also considered the representations for inclusion of those castes/communities which stand in the list of OBCs of Haryana in Mandal Commission Report. Consequently the commission recommended more 4 castes (Ahir/Yadav, Gujar, Lodh/Lodha, Saini) for the inclusion in existing list of OBCs of Haryana. The Commission also revised population figures (15.04 per cent) of 67 OBCs castes of Haryana Government. The Commission observed from all the sources (newspaper, magazines, and books) that this figure is less than the actual figure. The commission registered more than 19 per cent population of the existing list of 67 OBCs castes and more than 10 per cent of newly recommended four castes/communities. Resultantly, it was estimated that the OBCs population constituted more than 29 per cent of total population.

Conclusions

Haryana emerged as one of the most prosperous state of Indian federation from its inception. Service sector boom along with sizeable industrialization has propelled a vertical increase in state per capita income. But even after such type of growth, the eighty per cent (SCs-20.17 per cent, OBCs-29 per cent, and SBCs-30.7 per cent) of state population is backward. Especially the matter of OBCs is most disputed matter in the state from its inception to till date. The process of identifying OBCs that started with mere listing of castes without formal inquiry in 1969 has not culminated yet. While list of castes identified as OBCs expanded in size yet. The enumeration of their population size was based either on estimates or on samples. The socio-economic caste census (henceforth SECC- 2011) was expected to provide the caste-wise numerical strength of people. However, a strong political will is yet to emerge in making this data public.

The number of castes included in the state list of OBCs and central list of OBCs varied from 66 (1990) to 78 (2018) and from 60 (1990) to 74 (2018) respectively. On the other hand, the proportion of OBCs in the total population of Haryana varied from 15.04 per cent (1993-94) to 30.7 per cent (2009-2010). The OBCs households estimated by National Sample Survey provided the lowest figure of 21 per cent (1998-1999) to the highest figure 44 per cent (2015-2016). The reservation provided to OBCs is not in proportion to their population unlike reservation provided to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The reservation provided to OBCs excludes creamy layer unlike scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 161 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY– SEPT 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 There were regional variations in the distribution of OBCs population in Haryana. The highest proportion of OBCs to total population was registered in Sonipat district and highest concentration of state OBCs population was recorded in in 1993-94. The majority of OBCs population resided in rural areas. Equally, there were regional differences in the OBCs caste composition of OBCs category. The different districts have different proportion of OBCs population. There is a need to have comprehensive data on the castes included in the list of OBCs by state and also central government in order to have an objective and transparent operations of various government schemes extending reservation to OBCs. There is no use to enlarge the list of OBCs whenever the population of existing OBCs is not available. In the absence of strong political will to do away the caste system in India, It is important that the SECC-2011 data of all castes are made public. So that we levels of development of all the castes, are workout objectively. The spatial indicators of OBCs will increase the awareness among people and unrest in the states like Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra will put to rest.

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