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Lepidurus Arcticus Egg laying strategies in the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidurus arcticus). Þorgerður Þorleifsdóttir Líf- og Umhverfisvísindadeild Háskóli Íslands 2018 i Egg laying strategies in the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidurus arcticus). 2018 Bachelor of Science Student: Þorgerður Þorleifsdóttir Supervisors: Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir and Hilmar J. Malmquist i Egg laying strategies in the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidurus arcticus). Varpaðferðir Skötuorms 10 eininga ritgerð sem er hluti af Baccalaureus Scientiarum gráðu í Líffræði Höfundarréttur © 2018 Þorgerður Þorleifsdóttir Öll réttindi áskilin Líf- og umhverfisvísindadeild Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið Háskóli Íslands Askja – Sturlugata 7 101, Reykjavík Sími: 525 4000 Skráningarupplýsingar: Þorgerður Þorleifsdóttir, 2018, Egg laying strategies in the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidururs arcticus), BS ritgerð, Líf- og Umhvefisvísindadeild, Háskóli Íslands, 25 bls. ISBN XX Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, 30. Janúar 2018 ii Útdráttur Lítið er vitað um lífsögu skötuormsins (Lepidurus arcticus). Í þessari ritgerð koma fram ný gögn um varphegðun tegundarinnar. Þessum dýrum var safnað í Veiðivötnum sumarið 1996 og þau flutt til Reykjavíkur þar sem rannsókn var framkvæmd á varphegðun dýranna. Tilraunir voru settar upp þar sem einstökum dýrum var haldið í dósum með vatni og mosagrein til að verpa á, og var dýrunum gefin fæða einu sinni á dag. Mosagreinar voru teknar daglega, þær merktar með dagsetningu og númeri dýrsins sem verpti og egg á greinunum talin og mat lagt á varpstærð (fjölda eggja í varpi). Höfundur þessarar ritgerðar tók saman niðurstöður þessarar tilraunar árið 2017 og eru þær birtar hérna. Samanburður á stærð dýranna (skjaldarstærð, carapace) og fjölda eggja sýndi að skýr jákvæð tengsl voru þar á milli þar sem stærri dýr framleiddu fleiri egg. Sams konar tengsl fundust á milli stærðar og hversu oft dýrin verpa. Rannsóknin sýndi að tíðni varps (mælt sem tími milli varps) var breytileg meðal einstaklinga, en algengast var að dýrin verptu með u.þ.b. tveggja sólahringa millibili (annan hvern dag). Meðalfjöldi eggja sem hver einstaklingur verpti var 17,9 og það var marktæk jákvæð fylgni milli stærðar dýrs og fjölda eggja sem var orpið. Einnig var jákvætt samband milli fjölda eggja í hverju varpi og stærðar dýra og flest dýr (64%) sem verptu gerðu það oftar en einu sinni á rannsóknartímanum sem stóð yfir í 2 vikur. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að hjá þessum dýrum hafi þróast ákveðin varphegðun (strategy) sem er breytileg á milli einstaklinga en frekari rannsókna er þörf til að sjá hvaða breytur það eru sem hafa mest áhrif. iii Abstract Little is known about the life history of the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidurus arcticus). This dissertation presents some new data about the egg laying strategies of the species, provided by experiments. The animals were collected in Veiðivötn area, S-Iceland, in the summer of 1996 and transported to Reykjavík where the experiments were conducted. Individual animals were kept in containers, fed once a day, and provided with a moss branch to lay their eggs on. Each day the moss branches were collected, marked with date and identity number and the branches examined for number of eggs and clutches. In 2017 the author of this dissertation worked on the samples described above and analysed the data. Comparison of the shield size (carapace) of L. arcticus and the number of eggs laid confirmed that more eggs are laid by bigger animals, as well as they lay more clutches of eggs. Also, the results show that the oviposition strategy of L. arcticus has some characteristic features, but also revealed some phenotypic plasticity. For instance, most individuals laid eggs every other day, while others did so every day or with a still longer interval. The average number of eggs per individual was 17,9 and there was a highly significant positive relationship between body size and total number of eggs laid. The relationship between both number of clutches and number of eggs per clutch with shield size was also positive and most individuals laid eggs more than once (64%). Further research is clearly needed to answer questions about the detailed reproductive strategy of L. arcticus. iv Preface In the years 1994‒1996 an ecological and behavioural field survey was carried out by Þorleifur Eiríksson (project manager), Hilmar J. Malmquist and Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir on the Arctic tadpole shrimp (Lepidurus arcticus) in the Veiðivötn area, S-Iceland (Eiríksson et al. 1996). The project was based at The Natural History Museum of Kópavogur and for three years funded by The Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannís). At first, research emphasis was aimed primarily at in situ ecology and feeding behaviour of the species, but later on the focus was extended and directed more at reproduction biology (breeding and egg laying), including experimental set up on egg laying and egg size variation (Árnason et al. 1940, Eiríksson et al. 1996, Ingimarsson 1997). The research presented here and conducted by the author of the dissertation is based on material and data described above and previously collected by others but left unprocessed. The emphasis in this dissertation is to examine reproductive biology of the animals by determining clutch size (number of eggs laid by individuals), how many and how often eggs are laid and if there is any correlation between fertility, number of clutches and eggs per clutch, and size of the animals. My contribution is based on the analyses of earlier records on behaviour and measurements of 137 individual Arctic tadpole shrimps, collected in 1994, including measurement of their size (length), size of egg clutches (number of eggs laid in a single egg laying episode), and how often eggs (egg clutches) were laid over a given time. A research report for the original, overall project has been written for Rannís and another research report on egg production (Ingimarsson 1997). Also, two conference posters with abstracts have been published (Eiríksson et al. 1998, 1999) and a general introduction of the project has been published in the newspaper Morgunblaðið (Eiríksson et al. 1996). v Table of Contents Útdráttur ............................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. iv Preface ................................................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 2 The Arctic tadpole shrimp .....................................................................................................2 2.1 Evolutionary history ........................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Morphology......................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Habitat and global distribution ................................................................................... 3 2.4 Ecological significance.................................................................................................... 3 2.5 Behaviour ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.6 Life history .......................................................................................................................... 4 3 LOCATION, MATERIAL AND METHODS.............................................................................5 3.1 Earlier research and data gathering (not done by author) ............................. 5 3.2 Research and data collection done by author ...................................................... 6 4 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................7 4.1 Size distribution ............................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Is body size correlated with the number of eggs laid? ..................................... 9 4.3 How is the frequency of clutches and clutch size in the sample of 137 individuals distributed? ....................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Does body size affect the number and size of clutches the individuals lays? ............................................................................................................................................ 11 4.5 How often and how fast does L. arcticus lay its eggs? ................................... 12 4.6 Does body size affect the frequency of egg laying? ........................................ 13 5 Discussions and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 14 References .................................................................................................................................... 15 vii Figures
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