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Cern Courier May/June 2019 3 CERNMay/June 2019 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition PERSPECTIVES ON THE Welcome to the digital edition of the May/June 2019 issue of CERN Courier. PROTON It is 100 years since Ernest Rutherford published his results proving the existence of the proton. For many decades the proton was considered elementary. But ever since experiments at SLAC and DESY started firing electrons into protons, beginning in the 1960s, deep-inelastic-scattering experiments have revealed a complex internal picture. In this issue we take an expert tour of physicists’ evolving understanding of the proton, and find that there is still much to learn about this ubiquitous particle – including the origin of its spin, whether or not it decays and the puzzling value of its radius. Flavour physics is another theme of the issue. LHCb’s observation of CP violation in the charm sector represents a milestone result, and the collaboration recently released an update of the ratio RK concerning the ratio of certain B-meson decays. From a theoretical perspective, new gauge bosons and leptoquarks are promising potential explanations for the current anomalies reported in the b-quark system, although the picture is far from clear and more data are needed. Meanwhile, researchers are also searching for ultra-rare muon decays that violate lepton-number conservation. Also in this issue: LHCb’s discovery of a new pentaquark, DESY’s astroparticle ambitions, news on the International Linear Collider, the first image of the centre of a galaxy, and more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/sign-up. To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. CP violation in charm decays SKA and treaty-based science EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN Reports from Moriond DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY DESIGN STUDIO, IOP PUBLISHING, UK CCMayJun19_Cover_v2.indd 1 17/04/2019 13:55 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 9 N UMBER 3 M AY /J U N E 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM IN THIS ISSUE V OLUME 5 9 N UMBER 3 M AY /J U N E 2 01 9 EHT MEG II/PSI RE-EARTH-BASED HIGH TEMPERATURE Bernet Lison SUPERCONDUCTORS OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS SUPERIOR IN-FIELD CRITICAL CURRENT Impressions Reports from Moriond 2019. 19 Black hole Matching the first image to a MEG II The elusive muon decay that would model. 10 signal new physics. 45 EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES NEWS PEOPLE ANALYSIS ENERGY FRONTIERS FIELD NOTES CAREERS OBITUARIES EXTREMELY UNIFORM CRITICAL CURRENT LHCb sees CP violation New pentaquarks at Moriond 2019 • Feynman Science Michael Atiyah 1929– in charm • Japan puts LHCb • ALICE on high- centenary • FCC and communication 2019 • Hans-Jürg Gerber the ILC on ice SESAME p suppression CMS 1929–2018 Bastiaan De • T • industry • Wakefield Giovanni Mazzitelli • goes solar • Flavour boosts search for fourth- accelerators • Vienna paints a picture of the Raad 1931–2018. 71 MANUFACTURED USING OPTIMISED IBAD AND PLD PROCESSES anomalies persist generation quarks Conference on changing face of science • Wakefield record • ATLAS squeezes Instrumentation communication. 59 broken. 7 SUSY. 15 • Neutrino connoisseurs talk stats. 19 VOLUME PRODUCTION AVAILABLE NOW. FEATURES PROTON CENTENARY LEPTON-FLAVOUR THE PROTON LEPTON-FLAVOUR UNIVERSALITY CONSERVATION R Mathews Rutherford, The proton laid bare transmutation and The flavour What a proton is depends Hunting the muon’s the proton of new physics on how you look at it, or forbidden decay The events leading to Recent experimental rather on how hard you MEG II is gearing up to Ernest Rutherford’s results hint that some hit it. Our picture of this search for the muon’s discovery of the proton, electroweak processes ubiquitous particle is flavour-violating decay published in 1919. 27 are not lepton-flavour coming into focus. 38 to a positron and a independent. 33 photon. 45 CERNMay/June 2019 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics PERSPECTIVES ON THE OPINION DEPROTONPARTMENTS VIEWPOINT INTERVIEW REVIEWS FROM THE EDITOR 5 Building scientific DESY’s astroparticle Multi-messenger NEWS DIGEST 13 resilience aspirations adventures APPOINTMENTS 61 New political landscapes Christian Stegmann, Introduction to Particle & AWARDS make international describes the ambitious and Astroparticle On the cover: RECRUITMENT 63 organisations in science plans for the German Physics • Rutherford The fluctuating gluon more vital than ever. 49 laboratory. 51 • Quàntica. 55 density of a high-energy BACKGROUND 74 proton, after PRL 117 052301 (image byCP violation H Mäntysaari). in charm decays 5 SKA and treaty-based science Reports from Moriond CERN COURIER MAY/JUNE 2019 3 CCMayJun19_Conts_v6.indd 3 17/04/2019 15:32 CERNCOURIER www. V OLUME 5 9 N UMBER 3 M AY /J U N E 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM FROM THE EDITOR More than 35 Years of experience A peek into the proton’s complexity recognized in the world of particle accelerator D Dominguez/CERND ow do you visualise a proton? A high-school student might sketch a circle containing three blobs connected Hby springs; an artist might go further by attempting to capture some of the dynamical mayhem of valence quarks, sea quarks and gluons (see right). Ask a phenomenologist, and you could get something like the image on the cover of Turbo-ICT & BCM-RF this issue – a representation, constrained by HERA data, of Matthew the fluctuating gluon density around the valance quarks of Chalmers the proton (or, more precisely, a heat map of the trace of the Editor Wilson line encoding the proton structure at given transverse Optimized to measure short point). At best, each of these pictures gives a limited view of this ubiquitous particle. bunches with very low charge For decades following Rutherford’s 1919 discovery (p27), Colourful Artistic depiction of the proton’s complexity. the proton was considered elementary. But ever since exper- iments at SLAC started firing electrons into protons in the and, increasingly, in driving medical imaging and advanced 1960s, revealing the existence of point-like scattering cen- cancer treatments. Resolution down to 10 fC tres, and those at DESY uncovered the gluon in 1979, deep- inelastic-scattering experiments have revealed a complex Change of flavour internal picture. In short, what a proton looks like depends Flavour physics is another theme of this issue, and was a focus on how hard – and with what – you hit it. In this issue (p38), of discussions during the electroweak session of the 2019 Ren- Amanda Cooper-Sarkar gives an expert tour of our evolving contres de Moriond (p19). A stand-out new result was LHCb’s picture of the proton, and argues that a deeper understanding observation of CP violation in the charm sector (p7), and the is key to the search for new physics. collaboration also released an eagerly awaited update of the ratio Surprisingly, on its centenary, there is still much to learn RK based on Run 2 data which leaves the interesting picture of about the proton: the origin of its spin (p39); whether or not it b-decay anomalies poised at the same statistical significance, decays on long timescales (p40); and the puzzling, although despite new data (p9). Updated with the latest results from soon-to-be resolved, value of its radius, as we report on p41. experiment, our feature by theorists Jure Zupan and Jorge Martin Meanwhile, ultra-precise experiments comparing protons with pulls the big picture together (p33). Complementary to these CWCT & BCM-CW antiprotons, discovered in 1955, continue apace at experiments c h a l le nge s to le pton-fl avou r u n ive r s a l it y, t he M EG-II c ol l a b- such as BASE at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator. Recently, for a oration describes an upcoming run to search for an ultra-rare short period, BASE’s measurement of the magnetic moment of muon decay that violates lepton-number conservation (p45). Developped to measure the average the antiproton with a relative precision of 1.5 parts per billion Also in this issue, read about LHCb’s discovery of a new r e pr e s e nt e d t h e fi r s t t i m e t h a t a nt i m a t t e r h a d b e e n m e asured pentquark (p15), DESY’s plans to expand its astroparticle physics Flavour beam current of CW beams or macropulses more precisely than matter. So far, no differences between activities (p51), news from Japan on the International Linear physics is the proton and the antiproton have been seen. What is beyond Collider (p8), the increasing importance of intergovernmental another theme doubt, however, is the continuing importance of the proton in organisations in science (p49), and the first-ever images of of t h i s i ssue allowing physicists to probe nature’s smallest constituents the centre of a galaxy (p10). Enjoy! Resolution down to 1 uA Reporting on international high-energy physics CERN Courier is distributed Editor Laboratory INFN Antonella Varaschin SLAC National Accelerator Production editor advertising); e-mail to governments, institutes Matthew Chalmers correspondents: Jefferson Laboratory Laboratory Melinda Baker Ruth Leopold [email protected] and laboratories affiliated Associate editor Argonne National Kandice Carter SNOLAB Technical illustrator with CERN, and to Mark Rayner Laboratory Tom LeCompte JINR Dubna B Starchenko Samantha Kuula Alison Tovey General distribution individual subscribers. A rchive contributor Brookhaven National KEK National Laboratory TRIUMF Laboratory Advertising sales Courrier Adressage, It is published six times Peggie Rimmer Laboratory Achim Franz Hajime Hikino Marcello Pavan Tom Houlden CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, per year. The views Astrowatch contributor Cornell University Lawrence Berkeley Recruitment sales Switzerland; e-mail expressed are not Merlin Kole D G Cassel Laboratory Spencer Klein Produced for CERN by Chris Thomas courrier-adressage@ necessarily those of the E-mail DESY Laboratory Los Alamos National Lab IOP Publishing Ltd Advertisement cern.ch Visit www.bergoz.com CERN management.
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